This document discusses design considerations for healthcare applications related to diabetes. It covers interface design for mobile devices, ensuring usefulness and usability of applications, managing healthcare data integrity, and recommendations. The conclusion emphasizes that good information design for small screens, functional and performance testing, maintaining data quality, and centralized management approaches are important for effective diabetes management applications.

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DESIGN FOR
HEALTHCARE
RELATED TO DIABETES

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Interface Design for Healthcare
a. Information Design
b. Mobile and Small Devices
4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications
a. Functional Analysis
b. Performance Analysis
5. Healthcare Data & Information
a. Data Integrity and Quality
b. Interactions with the Systems
c. Recommendations
6. Conclusion

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1. INTRODUCTION

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1. Introduction
• Millions of consumers have sought health information
online.
• Due to the increasing availability and accessibility of the
Internet with advancements in technology including
mobile devices.
• Diabetes is one of most difficult challenges facing the
health-care industry today.
• Mobile technology is widely used in managing chronic
diseases.

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1. Introduction
• Use of the Internet
• Studies indicate that 30 to 35% of diabetes patients seek
information about their illness on the Internet.
• The ability to find information quickly and easily with anytime
access and no geographical barriers.
• Mobile Apps Trend
• Patients have many apps to choose for managing diabetes.
• Studies shown mobile and internet tools helped a group of
people with diabetes lower their blood glucose levels.
Common interaction issues are the visual design of the
user interface and the case with hand-held devices’
limited screen size

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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2. Literature Review
• Incurable disease is becoming as widespread as
the mobile phone itself.
• Context-awareness can enable these individuals
to make better informed choices.
• Self-management of diabetes consists of
exercises, nutrition control, etc.
• Facilitating ideal functions on self-help tools for
diabetes patient.

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3. INTERFACE DESIGN FOR
HEALTHCARE

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3. Interface Design for Healthcare
• Information Design
• Enable viewers to pick up information effortlessly through
imagery.
• Neat layout structure of information and give viewers a
proper interpretation of information.
• To keep on motivating the users.
• Visual interfaces and application structure.
• Voice and tactile interfaces.
• Automatic tailoring of information, context awareness and
self-configuration of the user interface.

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3. Interface Design for Healthcare
• Mobile and Small Devices
• Each person associated with mobile phone.
• Limited screen sizes of mobile devices.
• Reading of text on a handheld computer screen is more
difficult than on paper.
• Presenting graphical information is limited as regards the
size and complexity of image.
• Interactivity may be compromised due to the lack of
keyboard and mouse.

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4. USEFULNESS AND
USABILITY FOR HEALTHCARE
APPLICATIONS

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• Functional Analysis
• Increasing numbers of diabetes patients using internet
and mobile devices as source of health information.
• Concerns of the potential harm that inaccurate health
information can mislead or misinform to patients.
• Marketing Health Services found that patients having
unrealistic hopes or needless anxiety as a result of
online information.
4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications

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• Web-based Applications
• The readability of web-based material was found to be
‘too difficult’ for most consumers.
• Diabetes patients felt overwhelmed or confused by the
amount of information.
• Only half of the sites contain contents that were in line
with current diabetes science and clinical practices
(Children’s Hospital Boston).
4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications

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4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications
• Mobile Health Applications
• Regardless of appearance, if it does not address a
specific problem, it will not be considered useful/
• Currently health consumers are being overloaded with
mobile health apps.
• Difficulty with finding the right app, and information and
features are fragmented over too many apps thereby
limiting usefulness.

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• Performance Analysis
• Poorly designed or misleading health applications could have
consequences for consumers. E.g. frustration, wrong treatment.
• Diabetes management required long-term behavior modification,
thus, rigorous assessment is essential for health care applications.
• A comprehensive review of diabetes web sites showed there are
many diabetes information sites cannot be operated with ease and
efficiency.
• Adult with poor visions/memory limitation face design problems
such as small screens with small text and poor color contrast, and
a font size.
4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications

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4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications
• Recommendations - Involvement of Relevant
Authorities
• Health seekers also pay attention to what many experts believe in
judging quality of health information.
• Health professionals should involve in the evaluation of diabetes
applications to ensure the accuracy and completeness.
• Health application are often required to have clinician input into
the design.
• The convergence of health care professionals, technologists and
consumers is becoming a must in mobile health industry.

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• Recommendations - User Education and Training
• Suggest to identify important role for user education and training to
inform patients on how to identify reliable information.
• The mobile apps should intuitive and easy to learn.
• Can be improved by having fewer things to learn.
• Or making the learning process more intuitive.
4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare
Applications

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5. HEALTHCARE DATA &
INFORMATION

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5. Healthcare Data & Information
• Preece et al stated that the goal of human computer
interaction is to ensure that designed systems should be
able to support humans to carry out their tasks safely,
efficiently, effectively and enjoyably [7].
• Dix et al explained that we study human computer
interaction to determine how we can make computer more
usable by human [8].

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5. Healthcare Data & Information
• Data Integrity and Quality
• Data Logging - A study had been done on various diabetes
management applications using keystroke level modelling (KLM) [1].
The results had shown that the main issues laid on the personal
settings and data entries. Heuristics evaluation had shown that further
problems were related to the loss of the device, learnability,
aesthetics, error management and security [1].
• Decision Supporting Context - To be able to decide better on the
dosage of insulin used for a patient diagnosed with Type 1 insulin
dependent diabetes, one can make use of the hindsight of supporting
context of past activities which match to the current situation [2].

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5. Healthcare Data & Information
• Critical Role Identity - An application called Mobile Access to Health
Information (MAHI) is capable of recording rich and intensely personal
stories of a diabetic person [3]. These contents may not necessarily be
related to the management of diabetes such as logging of blood
glucose level, etc. but stories which were inspiring to help diabetic
individuals cope with negative emotions, to regain their confidence, to
maintain the link to their selves before they were diagnosed with the
disease. With these, researchers in social sciences have argued that
these are factors related to identity management [3].

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5. Healthcare Data & Information
• Interactions with the Systems
• Connectivity - There are systems which make use of RFID
technology and the convenient internet connectivity to monitor the
patients’ health statuses in an ambient assisted living (AAL) based on
internet of things (IoT) [4]. Timely update of their glucose levels would
be retrieved from the personal device and stored at the management
portal via the internet.
• Integration of Devices - The contextual evidences can be captured
by using a camera, with time stamps. Subsequently, these data are
displayed in the means of data visualization [5]. In a prolonged period,
these useful data can be analysed to explain the changes discovered
in the glucose levels of a patient captured by a glucometer and help
to increase awareness of them to better manage the disease [5].

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5. Healthcare Data & Information
• Support - Robots were invented to be the companions for diabetic
children to reduce the children’s stress, to educate the children with
the relevant knowledge so as to improve their response to the
treatments like that of Robot Assisted Learning [6]. And to improve
their self-efficacy by developing their self-confidence and
responsibility like that of Animal Assisted Therapy and lastly to
motivate them to do physical activity [6].

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5. Recommendations
• In most of the solutions provided for the management of diabetes,
they have been using ubiquitous computing [1], data analytics [2],
social media sourcing [3], centralized management system [4], new
media functionality [5] and artificial intelligence [6] as mentioned above.
• Some suggestions are about integrating advanced technologies
further into the ambient assisted living environments such as installing
monitoring and educational systems into the electronic appliances like
refrigerator, weighing machine, and onto home structures like the
bathroom mirror as well as home entertainment systems.
• With that, the idea here is to integrate seamlessly into one’s
surrounding for easier adaption and encourage better responses to
information, monitoring and treatment, etc. to improve a diabetic
condition and also to help prevent getting the disease.

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6. CONCLUSION

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6. Conclusion
• Information Design for Mobile and Small Devices - When
addressing to information design, both the perceptual organization
and conceptual model are important factors to be considered but to
apply them, a good understanding of the small screen usability is
essential.
• Functional and Performance Analysis - Because of the challenges
in the area of accuracy, readability and disintegration of the diabetes
related healthcare information, the effectiveness, efficiency and
satisfaction of the usage of applications consisting of such information
have been greatly degraded. Therefore, the involvement of relevant
authorities, and user training and education are needed.

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6. Conclusion
• Data Integrity and Quality for Interactions with the Systems - To
ensure data integrity and quality, the effectiveness and efficiency of
data logging, leveraging on decision supporting context, and
collecting social content on critical social role identity need to be
understood. And in order to enhance the usability of healthcare
computing systems, using centralized management approach,
combining new media functionalities, and using artificial intelligence
are also necessary for implementation.

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