The document provides an overview of common dental problems, mainly focusing on tooth decay, gum disease, and teeth malalignment. It discusses the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options for these issues, highlighting the importance of dental hygiene and regular check-ups. The information emphasizes the widespread impact of dental health on individuals and the need for greater public awareness and care.

1. DENTAL PROBLEMS Kano dental presentation © 2011

2. Introduction Tooth is a bone like structure in the mouth embedded in jaw bones Functions Digestive apparatus Cutting piercing Grinding-chewing Phonation Appearance

3. Tooth anatomy

4. Dental problems Dental problems remain one of the most common diseases affecting mankind The physical, social and economic impact on individuals and the nation can not be over emphasized However this area of health has not received the attention it deserves The trend whereby the public attend dental only when they are in pain continue unabated

5. The most common dental problems include:- Dental caries Gum (periodontal) conditions Teeth malialignment

6. LESSON ONE Tooth decay (dental caries)

7. Tooth decay (Dental caries) Is the demineralization/destruction of the hard tooth substances by the acid produced by bacteria feeding on surgery food in the mouth Most common disease that destroys teeth and can result in the loss of teeth if not treated Transmissible disease (infectious)

8. What causes tooth decay? Tooth decay is caused by the bacteria in dental plaque The bacteria feeds on the dietary sugars & releases acid, which dissolves & destroy the teeth.

9. Primary factors for tooth decay bacteria tooth Sugary food Decay (caries) TIME

10. Progression of a cavity Outer layer (enamel) Middle layer (dentine) Inner layer (pulp)

11. Clinical picture of caries

12. Signs and symptoms of decay Chalky white spots- initial decay See through blackish discoloration-unexposed cavity Cavity of varying sizes Sensitive teeth Painful teeth Swelling around gums and face

13. Prevention of teeth decay home care professional care

14. Home care Regular proper brushing & flossing, at least twice daily Eat healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables Reduce frequency of in between meals Use fluoridated toothpaste

15. Professional care Visit dental clinic at least two times a year- routine checkups for early detection & treatment Fissure sealants Simple fillings Prescription of remineralisation agents (fluoride) Prescription of antimicrobials- chlorrhexidine

16. Treatment Remineralisation technique Fillings Root canal treatment Extraction followed by tooth replacement

17. Decayed teeth before and after treatment Decayed lower Rat. 1 st premolar (irr. pulpitis) The premolar tooth after root canal treatment and filling Pictures by Kano dental © 2011

18. END OF LESSON ONE

19. LESSON TWO Gums disease (periodontal conditions)

20. Gum disease

21. What is gum disease? Gum disease is an inflammation or infection of the gums and or bone supporting the tooth

22. What causes gum disease? Layer of bacteria on teeth surface (Dental plaque and calculus) Trauma from objects like tooth picks, poor fillings etc

23. Food debris, dental plaque and calculus Food debris are white small particles on the teeth- easily rinsed off Dental plaque is a thin film of bacteria that sticks to teeth – yellow in colour can’t be rinsed off, removed by brushing & flossing Calculus is calcified plaque- hard, brownish or darkish in colour- only removed by scaling

24. Risk factors to gum disease Poor oral hygiene Diabetes High blood pressure Smoking Alcoholism Pregnancy Impaired immunity e.g. HIV/AIDS Malnutrition

25. Signs and symptoms Painful gums Swollen and reddish gums Easily bleeding gums (on brushing, eating hard foods like epos, sugarcane etc) Bad smell from the mouth Yellowish, brownish or black deposits on teeth Shaking and displacement of teeth

26. Treatment Early stage-proper tooth brushing Scaling and polishing -+ medication Surgery in advanced stages Teeth extraction- last option

27. Periodontal conditions Diseased gums Healthy gums after proper brushing Generalized plaque, mild calculus and swollen reddish gums

28. Teeth with tenacious calculus Before scaling After scaling Pictures kano dental © 2011 calculus

29. Prevention Proper brushing and flossing- at least twice daily Regular visits to the dentist Eating healthy foods rich in vitamin C Avoid risk factors-alcohol, smoking etc Appropriate use of tooth picks

30. END OF LESSON TWO

31. LESSON THREE Teeth malialignment

32. Teeth malialignment Improper teeth positioning Improper jaw positioning

33. Effects of malialignment Unpleasant appearance-open mouth, protruded/ detruded chin Risk teeth decay and gum disease Impaired chewing Jaw joint problems (TMJ problems)

34. Causes/risk factors Hereditary Habits –finger sucking, object biting Retained or delayed exfoliation of baby teeth Very early loss of baby teeth Teeth extraction Gum disease

35. Treatment Serial extraction followed by spontaneous realignment Removable orthodontic appliances (ROA) Slow Depend on pt. compliance Fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) fast Best results-before 17yrs

36. Pictures of orthodontic patients Before treatment After fixing FOA After treatment

37. Prevention Routine check ups- early detection and mgt. Avoid bad habits Use of space maintainer in early exfoliation Prevention of dental caries

38. THE END THANK YOU