Health Education
Introduction
Definition
Aims and objectives
Approaches
Contents of health education
Principles of health education
Models of health education
Aids in health education
Levels of health education
Methods of health education
Communication
Key elements and barriers in communication
Steps of health education planning
Domains and Steps of learning
Public health significance
Conclusion
References
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
Health education is an important component of community health nursing and every health care provider need to know about health education. how they educate the individuals, families and communities.
health education is included in nursing and all allied health education services and disciplines.
All health care providers including doctors, nurses, paramedics and others health care providers also know about the aims, objectives & purposes, methods and models of health education.
Discussion 1 Marlon RodriguezPopulation and Community Health ProVinaOconner450
Discussion 1 Marlon Rodriguez
Population and Community Health Promotion
Health practitioners and the general public play a competitive role in population health prevention and promotion. Health care providers such as nurses and doctors sometimes have multifaceted roles as holistic healthcare providers to promote community health. They can organize public outreach programs and coordinate health education to enlighten the community about well-being. The paper explores specific actions health providers can take regardless of their professional practices to promote community health.
Health Education and Promotion Programs
Health education is an everyday social science used by health providers to promote health behaviors and well-being in the community. Health education initiatives focus on providing essential knowledge and information to the community members and practical skills that enable the public to adopt healthy behaviors (Whitehead, 2018). Health education increases health knowledge and influences the health attitudes of individuals. For instance, nurses can educate the public about the benefits of child immunization in preventing diseases and boosting immunity. Knowledge of immunization can influence individuals who have specific attitudes toward vaccination to seek these services, thus promoting the well-being of children. Health promotion is much broader since it is done by professionals while responding to health developments. It helps address concerns related to health inequities and access within the communities.
Community Assessment and Intervention Planning
Community diagnosis or assessment is an action that health practitioners conduct to identify factors that promote the health of a community and develop strategies to improve them. Health practitioners then design specific goals and programs that help solve particular health concerns identified (Lee et al., 2017). The nurse collaborates with community members to conduct a community assessment and diagnosis processes to help them plan community programs. A nurse must perform a community diagnosis for them to implement a nursing intervention that helps solve the problem. Nurses conduct the diagnosis process to ensure the interventions’ efficiency, promote standardization, and conduct follow-up activities, monitoring, and evaluation while assessing if they have achieved their goals. A nurse can also plan health activities and programs that entail fundamental behavior changes. For example, nurses can coordinate nutritional assessment or diagnosis to prevent concerns of being underweight, malnutrition, or overweight in the community.
Advocate Social Change
Social change initiatives focus on the interaction of humans and the transformation of institutions and functions. Nurses can promote social change by advocating for better policies that solve health inequities. Professional advocacy that orients towards better policies can address social conditions an ...
Health Education is one of most important way which can be imparted to have modified the behaviour of any individual, or community to prevent them from engaging in ill health practices
Position and role of health education in health promotion. Niru Magar
This ppt explores the Position and role of health education in health promotion.Health education is the process of providing individuals and communities with the knowledge, skills, and motivation they need to make informed choices about their health and well-being.
It's more than just learning facts; it's about developing the ability to understand, critically evaluate, and apply that knowledge to your life.
HE is aimed at bringing about behavioral changes in individuals, groups, and larger populations from behaviors that are presumed to be detrimental to health, to behaviors that are conducive to present and future health.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health and its determinants. Health promotion is about creating the conditions and conducive environment for healthy choices for all and where people live, work, age and play.
Health promotion is an umbrella term that includes disease prevention, improvement of health, and enhancing well-being.
Through various platforms and strategies, HE aims to improve health outcomes, reduce health disparities, and foster a culture of informed decision-making and wellness.
Introduction
Some Recent Dengue Out breaks
Clinical manifestations of dengue
Problem statement
Epidemiological determinants
Transmission of disease
Clinical and Laboratory diagnosis
WHO classification and Grading of severity of dengue infection.
Guidelines for treatment:
Management of DHF Grade I, II, III and IV.
Indications for red cell and platelet transfusion.
Global and National strategies.
Conclusion &References.
External modifying factors of periodontal diseasesMonika
Terminologies
Periodontitis
Risk indicator, risk factor & risk predictor
Socioecological model of periodontal diseases
Introduction
External modifying factors
a. Role of tobacco products
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies involving periodontal attachment loss & periodontal healing
Role of low socioeconomic status
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
c. Role of lifestyle & dental care habits
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
Role of Acquired Systemic & Infectious disease
Role of psychosocial stress
Effect of Allergies
Effect of epilepsy & phenytoin therapy
Effect of Human immunodeficiency virus
e. Conclusion
f. References.
Introduction
Planning
Definitions
Components
Types of health planning
Steps in planning process
Introduction
Planning
Definitions
Components
Types of health planning
Steps in planning process
Evaluation
Definitions..
Types
Steps in evaluation
Frame work for evaluation of public health program.
Conclusion.
References.
Introduction
Recap of Epidemiological triad
Strategies based on levels of prevention
Primary level
Secondary level
Tertiary level
Indian scenario
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Etiology of traumatic dental injuries
Mechanism of traumatic dental injuries
Epidemiological triad
Host factors
Agent factors
Enviromental factors
Impact of TDI on Oral health related quality of life
Classification of traumatic dental injuries
Public health implications
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Chi square
Categorical data
2x2 contingency table
Yates correction
rxccontingency table
Mc Nemar test
The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test
The Kappa Statistic
X2 goodness of fit
Problem solving
References
Introduction
Suprahyoid muscle and its embryology
Relation of mylohyoid and digastric muscle
Submandibular gland and duct
Development and histology
Sublingual gland and duct ,it’s development and histology.
Submandibular ganglion and its relations
Clinical anatomy
Blood and nerve supply of submandibular and sublingual duct
Conclusion
References
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
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ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
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According to WHO,
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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4. Models of health education
Aids in health education
Levels of health education
Methods of health education
Communication
Key elements and barriers in communication
4
5. Steps of health education planning
Domains and Steps of learning
Public health significance
Conclusion
References
5
6. Introduction
It is important that dental health professionals understand
the principles of health education and the most effective
ways of delivering it within clinical settings.
Health education messages given to the public should be
consistent and scientifically correct.
Education involves the transfer of knowledge and skills
from the educator to the student or learner.
6
7. Definition
The most accepted definition by national conference on
preventive medicine (1977) is “health education is a
process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt
and maintain healthy practices and lifestyle, advocates
environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal
and conducts professional training and research to the
same end.”
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011. p156.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p894.. 7
8. PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting
lifestyle and practices
To promote the proper use of health services available to
them
To arouse interest, provide new knowledge, improve skills
and change attitudes in making rational decisions to solve
their own problems.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p895
To stimulate individual and community self reliance and
participation to achieve health development through
individual and community involvement at every step
from identifying problems to solving them.
8
9. Approaches to health education
Regulatory approach (managed prevention)
Service approach
Health education approach
Primary health care approach
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p897-898
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011. p67-68. 9
10. Regulatory approach (managed prevention)
Regulation in the context of health education may be
defined as any government intervention, direct or indirect,
designed to alter human behaviour.
Coercive or regulatory approach seeks change in health
behaviour and improvement
Variety of external control or laws
placed on people
Example: child marriage restraint act,
Compulsory seat belts
10
11. The reasons for failure of the above approach:
The cause of disease (medical or social) cannot be
eradicated by legislation at the most the government can
make laws to prevent a person spreading disease.
In areas involving personal choice no government can
pass legislation to force people to eat a balanced diet or
not to smoke
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p895
11
12. Service approach
It aimed at providing all the health services needed by the
people at their door steps on the assumption that people
would use them to improve their own health .
Reason for failure:
It was not based on the felt needs of people
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p896
12
13. Health education approach
If the necessary behaviour changes are to take place
people must be educated through planned learning
exercises and be informed, educated and encouraged to
make their own choice of healthy life.
Results are slow but enduring.
We must start health education with young population.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p896
13
14. Primary health care approach
It is a radically new approach starting from the people
with their full participation and active involvement in the
planning and delivery of health services based on
principals of primary health care i.e community
involvement and intersectoral coordination.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p896
This in turn can be done if the people receive the
necessary guidance from health care providers in
identifying their health problems and finding workable
solution.
14
15. Contents of health education
Human biology:
Understanding health, demands an understanding of the
human biology.
How to keep physically fit – the need for exercise, rest
and sleep, effects of alcohol, smoking and drugs on body.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
The best place to teach human biology is the school and
through its sequential health curriculum which can
provide in depth learning experiences for million of
students.
15
16. Nutrition:
The aim is to guide people to choose optimum and
balanced diets and promote good dietary habits.
Nutrition education is a major intervention for prevention
of malnutrition, promotion of health and improving
quality of life.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015. p896
16
17. Hygiene:
Two aspects
Personal
Enviromental
Clothing
Washing
hands after
toilet
Inculcation of
clean habits
Domestic:
Home, need for
fresh air, light,
ventilation,
hygienic
storage of foods
e.t.c
Community:
Basic sanitary
services,
Disposal human
excreta e.t.c
17
18. Family health:
The family is the first defence as well as the chief reliance for
the well being of its members.
Health largely depends on the family’s social and physical
environment and it’s lifestyle and in prevention of disease.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
18
19. Disease prevention and control:
Drugs alone will not solve health problems without health
education, a person may fall sick again and again from the
same disease.
Education of the people about the prevention and control of
locally endemic diseases is the first of eight essential activities
in primary health care.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
19
20. Mental health:
The aim of education in mental health is to help people to
keep mentally healthy and to prevent a mental
breakdown.
Health workers should help people achieve mental health
by showing sympathy, understanding and by social
contact.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015. 20
21. Prevention of accidents:
Accidents are the features of the complexity of modern life.
The predominant factor in accidents is carelessness and the
problem can be tackled through health education.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
21
22. Use of health services:
Many people particularly in rural areas do not know what
health services are available in the community.
Aim of health education is to inform people about the health
services that are available in the community and how they
can utilize them.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
22
24. Credibility:
It is the degree to which the message to be communicated is
perceived as trustworthy by the receiver.
Good health education should be based on facts- that means
it must be consistent and compatible with scientific
knowledge and also with local culture and social goals.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Hubley J. Principles of health education. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Oct 20;289(6451):1054-6
24
For example physical exercise is good for health and
reduces the chance of cardiovascular diseases, it is
scientifically proven also.
25. Interest:
It is a psychological principle that people are unlikely to listen
to those things which are not to their interest.
The health educator will have to bring about a recognition of
the needs before he proceeds to tackle them.
. Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Hubley J. Principles of health education. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Oct 20;289(6451):1054-6
25
For example population suffering from malnutrition will
be interested to know about nutritive value of food
26. Participation:
It is based on the psychological principle of active learning.
The Alma Ata declaration states: “the people have a right and
duty to participate individually and collectively in the
planning and implementation of their health care.”
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
26
For example the program of swach bharath mission will
be only successful if people will actively particpate in it.
27. Motivation:
In every person, there is a fundamental desire to learn and
awakening this desire is called motivation.
Two types:
Primary motives: they are driving forces (e.g. hunger,
survival) initiating people into action.
Secondary motives: based on desires created by outside forces
or incentives.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Health for all Sr. No. 1
27
For example in a patient who uses hard tooth brush is
having cervical abrasions and is also having sensitivity
with respect to the same. When educated about the
harmful effects of hard bristles and it is also the reason in
causing sensitivity.
He might feel motivated
28. Comprehension:
In health education we must know the level of understanding,
education and literacy of people to whom the teaching is
directed.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
28
For example in a child if we tell her we are going to use
rubber dam that child would not understand.
Then we can say, “ we are going to cover your tooth by
raincoat”.
29. Reinforcement:
Repetition at intervals is necessary.
If there is no reinforcement there is every possibility of
individual going back.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
29
30. Learning by doing:
Learning is an action- process; not a memorizing one in the
narrow sense.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
30
For example method of tooth brushing, if patient
practices on his own under expert guidance then there
are chances of learning proper technique is more.
31. Known to unknown:
In health education work, we must proceed “from the concrete
to the abstract”; “from the particular to general”; “from the
simple to the more complicated”; “from easy to more difficult”
and “from known to unknown.”
We start where the people are and with what they understand.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
31
E.g: a health education program with the aim of
introducing a tooth brush in rural population will be
better appreciated if the communicator starts with “what
are you using to clean your teeth at present”?
32. Setting an example:
The health educator should set a good example in the things he
is teaching.
For example:
If heath educator is explaining the hazards of smoking he will
not be successful if he himself seen smoking.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
32
33. Good human relations:
Sharing of information, ideas and feelings happen most easily
between people who have a good relationship.
Feedback: it is one of the key concepts of the systems
approach. The health educator can modify the elements of
system.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
33
34. Leaders:
In the work of health education we try to penetrate the
community through the local leaders – the village headman,
the school teacher or the political leader.
If the readers are convinced first about given programme the
rest of the task of implementing the programme will be easy.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
34
35. Models of health education
Medical model
Educational model
Self empowerment model
Radical model
Health belief model and health action model
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011
35
36. Medical model
Described by Vuori (1980)
Based on facts and experts knowledge given in didactic fashion.
Model uses medical profession as a teacher to control
transmission of selected knowledge.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011.
The commonly used methods such as lectures, film shows
and posters.
Most commonly used form of health education.
Criticism:
Reduces self reliance and disempowering the individual
Mere passing of relevant knowledge is insufficient to
change attitude towards health and illness.
36
37. Educational model
Aims to provide access to learning and to guide learning
in away which promotes understanding and develops
power of reasoning.
Basis of model: voluntarism
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011.
Method used is discussions, role plays and debates.
Advantage: knowledge and skills are easily transferred
amongst peers and will be valued by them and wider
society.
Criticism:
It is unrealistic to expect that learner will be able to access
or absorb all knowledge about health behaviour.
It fails to take into account the influences of socialisation
process which include parental guidance, peer pressure on
the ability to make decisions.
37
38. Self-empowerment model
Other names: the pastoral model, the self esteem model
and the individual model.
Basis: action depends on the picture individuals have of
themselves and how they feel about themselves.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011.
The concept is of self empowerment.
Model is based on actual experiences.
The element missing from this model is that of
enviromental influences and controls over which an
individual can have no power.
38
39. Radical model
This model works to enable to cooperate and work in group
to solve the problems by critical social analysis.
The fundamental feature of this model are recognition of
power control and researching ways to change the balance.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub;
2011.
39
40. Health belief model and health action model
Becker and Maiman (1984) hypothesize that decisions to
undertake health actions rely on individual’s perception of
their susceptibility and the psychological costs of taking
certain action.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011.
Certain factors include:
Knowledge
Perceived susceptibility
Potential severity of action
Prevention works
Acceptability and priority
40
48. Health education and Propaganda
To educate means to impart knowledge by formal
instruction to teach
Propaganda means the organised dissemination of
information.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011.
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49. Aids in health education
Can be categorized into audio, visual and combination.
Audio aids: they are based on the principles of sound and
electricity.
Tape recorders
Microphones
Megaphones
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011.
Gramophones
Amplifiers
Radio
Visual aids:
Which require projection:
Slides
Films
Bioscope
Over head projectors
Which don’t require projection:
Models
Blackboard
Posters
Charts
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50. Combined Audio Visual Aids:
Televisions
Cinemas
Slide tape combinations.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011. 50
51. Levels of health education
Individual level: maximum interpersonal link and there is a
scope for discussion, clarification of doubts.
Group level: Health educator chooses relevant issues to specific
groups about an issue and the decision taken will be abided by
the group.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011.
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52. Methods of health education
Individual approach:
Personal contact
Home visits
Personal letters
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
Group approach:
Lectures
Demonstration
Discussion methods:
• Group discussion
• Panel discussion
• Symposium, workshop, conferences, seminars, roleplay
52
53. Mass approach:
Television
Radio
Newspaper
Printed material
Posters
Health museum
Folk methods & Internet
• Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
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54. Health education at individual level
It is the most reliable method and has the long lasting effect.
Advantage: facilities two way communication and health
educator can persuade to change his/her behaviour.
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
Disadvantage:
Number of people receiving it is very less.
Example: village health workers in India.
54
56. Chalk and talk lecture
A lecture may be defined as carefully prepared oral
presentation of facts, organized thoughts and ideas by a
qualified person.
The chalk lends a visual component
Effectiveness depends to large extent on the speaker’s ability
to write legibly and draw with chalk on a black board.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Topic – based on health needs of the group
Group should not be more than 30 and talk should not
exceed 15 to 20 minutes.
Lecture can be made more effective by flipcharts,
flannelgraph, films and charts.
Disadvantages:
Students are involved to a minimum extent
Learning is passive
Do not stimulate problem solving capacity
56
57. Demonstration
A demonstration is a carefully prepared presentation to show
how to perform a skill or procedure.
A procedure is carried out step by step before an audience or
the target group.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Demonstration
Dramatizes by arousing interest
Persuades the onlookers to adopt recommended practices
Upholds the principles of “seeing is believing” and
“learning by doing”
It has been found to have a high educational value in
programmes like Enviromental Sanitation, Mother and
Child Health and Control of Disease.
57
58. Group discussion
A GROUP is an “aggregation of people interacting in a face to
face situation”.
It provides a wider interaction among members than is possible
with other methods .
Where long term compliance is involved e.g. cessation of
smoking) group discussion is considered valuable.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Group should comprise of not less than 6 and not more
than 12 members.
Participants all seated in a circle, so that each is fully
visible to all others.
Group should observe the following rules:
Express ideas clearly and concisely
Listen to what others say
Accept criticism carefully
Help to reach conclusion
Limitations:
There may be unequal participation of members in a
group discussion.
Some members may deviate from the subject and make
the discussion irrelevant
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59. Panel discussion
In a panel discussion, 4 to 8 persons who are qualified to talk
about the topic sit and discuss a given problem in front of a large
group or audience.
The panel comprises of: chairman, 4-8 speakers.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
The chairman:
opens the meeting
Introduces topic briefly as well as panel members
Invites panel speakers
If members of the panel are unacquainted with this method
they may have a preliminary meeting.
It can be an extremely effective method of education
provided if it is planned properly.
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60. Symposium
A Symposium is a series of speeches on selected subject.
There is no discussion among the Symposium members
like in a panel.
The chairman makes a comprehensive summary at the
end of the entire session.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015.
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61. Workshop
The work shop is the name given to a novel experiment in
education.
It consist of series of meeting, usually four or more with
emphasis on individual work, with in the group, with the help of
consultants and resource personnel.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Learning takes place in a friendly, happy and democratic
atmosphere under expert guidance.
The workshop provides each participant opportunities to
improve his effectiveness as a professional worker.
61
62. Role playing
Role playing or socio drama is based on the assumption that
many values in a situation cannot be expressed in words and
the communication can be more effective if the situation is
dramatised by the group.
Size of group is about 25.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
It is a useful technique to use in providing discussion of
problems of human relationship.
It is a particularly useful educational device for school
children.
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63. Conferences and seminars
The programmes are usually held on a regional, state or
national level.
They range from once half a day to one week in length.
They usually use a variety of formats to aid the learning
process.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas
Bhanot;2015.
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65. Television
It is most popular media.
Advantages:
Coverage of large number of people
Many topics can be conveyed
Can cater to all groups of people
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
Disadvantages:
The high costs of television sets.
Accessibility by all people
Through television, communication is one way
65
66. Radio
Before selecting particular topic on health education, the local
language has to be considered and chosen appropriately
through radios.
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
Advantages:
Cheaper media
They are accessible to people of all socio economic status.
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67. Newspaper/Press
They are easily accessible by the community and are
available in languages they can follow.
This method may not be useful in rural areas where in
large percentage of illiterate people are residing.
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011.
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68. Printed materials
Magazines, booklets and hand outs have long been in use for
health communication.
They are aimed at those who can read.
They can convey detailed information.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011
They can be produced in bulk for very little cost
68
69. Health museums and exhibitions
They can attract large number of people.
Health museums: The three dimensional models with lighted
visuals are quite effective.
Health exhibitions: Exhibitions can be conducted during some
fairs and festivals.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011
Advantages:
People can come across new ideas in health matters which
they have not heard otherwise.
69
70. Communication
DEFINITION
Daniels and Spiker (1994) define communication as
shared meaning created among two or more people
through verbal and non verbal transaction.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011.
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71. Key elements in communication:
Communicator
Audience
Message
Channels of communication
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2011. .
71
72. Communicator: He is the person who has to deliver the
health message.
Audience: They are the target groups who needs the
health message.
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical
Pub; 2011.
MESSAGE: it is information which the communicator
passes to the audience.
Communication channels: it is the medium of
communication
72
73. Types of communication
One way communication (didactic method): e.g lecture method
in classrooms.
Two way communication (Socratic method): both
communicator and audience take part.
Verbal communication: the traditional way of communication
has been by word of mouth.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015
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Visual communication: the visual forms comprise of:
charts, graphs, pictograms, tablets, maps, posters e.t.c.
Telecommunication and internet: it is the process of
communication over distances using electromagnetic
instruments.
74. Barriers of communication
Physiological – difficulties in hearing, expression
Psychological – emotional disturbances, neurosis e.t.c
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015..74
Enviromental: noise, invisibility, congestion
Cultural: customs, beliefs, religion, attitudes, social class
differences.
75. Steps of health education planning
Identify the needs and priorities
Set aims and objectives
Decide the best way of achieving the aims
Identify resources
Plan evaluation methods
Set an action plan
Evaluation
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78. Public health significance
In study done by Wang H et al. (2017) demonstrated that the
School-Edu Salt intervention program for salt reduction is of low
cost and highly cost-effective. The nationwide implementation
program over 10 years is predicted to prevent at least 42,720
AMI deaths and 107,512 stroke deaths and achieve significant
medical cost savings.
Li X, Jan S, Yan LL, Hayes A, Chu Y, Wang H, et al. (2017) Cost and cost-effectiveness of a school-based education program to reduce
salt intake in children and their families in China. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0183033 78
79. In an economic evaluation (Pukallus et al 2013)based on a
non-randomised study in a socially disadvantaged area in
Australia estimated that oral health advice delivered by an
oral health therapist over the telephone when the child was
aged 6, 12 and 18 months would save approximately £70,000
(2012 UK £) and prevent 43 caries per 100 infants over 6
years of follow up.
Lord J et al. Economic analysis of oral health promotion approaches for dental teams.
79
80. In study done by locker et al 1996, this study examined papers
relating to dental health education interventions, which were
published between 1982 and 1994 (n=143). This combination of
qualitative and quantitative review techniques showed that
dental health interventions have: a small positive, but temporary
effect on plaque accumulation (reduction in plaque index=0.37
95% CI ‐0.29–0.59);and a consistent positive effect on
knowledge levels.
Kay EJ, Locker D. Is dental health education effective? A systematic review of current evidence. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol 1996;24:231-5
80
81. Indian scenario
Prevention and low-cost strategies for behavioural change as
suggested by national commission, “Step up funding for health
education and IEC to launch public health campaigns for
promoting environmental hygiene, family health, anti tobacco
and alcohol, etc.
Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
81
The Commission recommends that the IEC budget for the
NHPs’ be increased substantially by at least twenty times
from the abysmally low amount of less than 0.5% of the
total departmental budget
83. CONCLUSION
Health education is a complex activity in which different
individuals and organisations play a part.
No country in the world least of all a country with a large
population and small resources such as India can afford to
employ institutionally trained health workers.
83
84. Therefore, health education should be the concern of
everybody engaged in any form of community welfare
work.
84
85. REFRENCES
Marya CM. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. 1st
edition. New Delhi (India): Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub;
2011. p156-163.
Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive And Social Medicine.
23rd ed. Jabalpur (India): M/s Banarsidas Bhanot;2015.
p891-904.
85
86. Hiremath SS. Text book of Preventive and Community
Dentistry. 2nd ed. Elsevier. New Delhi; 2011. p67-77.
Hubley J. Principles of health education. Br Med J (Clin Res
Ed). 1984 Oct 20;289(6451):1054-6.
Li X, Jan S, Yan LL, Hayes A, Chu Y, Wang H, et al. (2017)
Cost and cost-effectiveness of a school-based education
program to reduce salt intake in children and their families in
China. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0183033
86
87. Ramya K, KVV Prasad, Niveditha H. Public oral primary
preventive measures: An Indian perspective JIOH Volume
3; Issue 5: October 2011: 7-12.
Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics
and Health
Kay EJ, Locker D. Is dental health education effective? A
systematic review of current evidence. Community Dent
Oral Epidemiol 1996;24:231-5
87