This document provides an overview of health economics. It defines health economics as the application of economic theories to the health sector. This includes analyzing the allocation of healthcare resources, the quantity and organization of health resources, and the effects of health services on individuals and society. The document also discusses key concepts in health economics like demand and supply of healthcare, economic evaluation of treatments and the healthcare system, and the role of economic information in health planning and budgeting.
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
Here is the slide on Healthcare economic evaluation. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
This presentation gives a basic introduction to the field of health economics and includes important concepts like that of efficiency, equity, opportunity costs, demand and supply and also includes financial evaluation
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Introduction
What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
Factors determine price & quantity of health care
What is the production function for health
Market equilibrium
Investing in the healthcare sector
Cost production in healthcare
Different healthcare system
Models of non-profit agencies
References
Here is the slide on Healthcare economic evaluation. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
This presentation gives a basic introduction to the field of health economics and includes important concepts like that of efficiency, equity, opportunity costs, demand and supply and also includes financial evaluation
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Introduction
What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
Factors determine price & quantity of health care
What is the production function for health
Market equilibrium
Investing in the healthcare sector
Cost production in healthcare
Different healthcare system
Models of non-profit agencies
References
𐫱 This file is especially for engineering students.
This is 'economics for engineers'.
I hope it will help you in your studies as well as university exams.😃
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Business Economics - D...Divyansh Agrawal
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Wealth Definition, Welfare Definition, Criticism, Scope of Economics, Economics a science or an artScience teaches us to know and an art teaches us to do. Science and art are complementary to each other, A Positive or a Normative Science, Business Economics,Methodology of Economics, Nature of Business Economics, Scope of Business Economics, Divyansh Agrawal, Divyansh Agrawal Shivpuri, PIMR, Prestige Institute of Management, Indore
Climate change is an acute threat to global development and efforts to end poverty. Without urgent action, climate impacts could push an additional 100 million people into poverty by 2030.
2016 was the hottest year since record-keeping began, and in November 2016 the UN announced that global temperatures have risen 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
The impact of extreme natural disasters is equivalent to a $520 billion loss in annual consumption, and forces some 26 million people into poverty each year.
(Source: World Bank, 2016)
BIO= Life
DIVERSITY= Variety, Difference
Richness and variety of life on earth
Biological Diversity, Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968.
Term biodiversity was coined in 1985, W.G. Rosen in 1985.
Charles Darwin: All species were linked in a single great phylogeny, or tree of life, and that all could be traced back to a presumed single original species at some distant time in the geological past.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
2. Unit: 10 Health Economics
• General concept Economics
• Concept and framework of HE/ Importance in Health
Planning
• Theory of Demand, Supply, and Price system in Health.
• Health Budgeting
• Health Service Resource identification and Allocation
• Health Care cost concept
• Economic Evaluation
• Audit
• Health Financing
3.
4. • 1776 : Adam Smith (Father of Economics) –
Science of Wealth
• Economy is concerned with the production,
consumption, distribution and investment of
goods and services.
5. Concept of Economics
Stages & Definitions of Economics
Wealth
Definition
(Adam Smith)
Welfare
Definition
(Ayred
Marshall)
Scarcity
Definition
(L. Robbins)
Growth
Oriented
Definition
(Samuelsons)
Need
Oriented
Definition
(Jacob
Viner)
6. Wealth Concept
Adam Smith, who is generally regarded
as father of economics, defined
economics as “ a science which
enquires into the nature and cause of
wealth of nation”. He emphasized the
production and growth of wealth as the
subject matter of economics.
7. Welfare Concept
According to A. Marshall “Economics is a study ofAccording to A. Marshall “Economics is a study of
mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines thatmankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that
part of individual and social action which is most closelypart of individual and social action which is most closely
connected with the attainment and with the use ofconnected with the attainment and with the use of
material requisites of well being. Thus, it is on one side amaterial requisites of well being. Thus, it is on one side a
study of wealth; and on other; and more important side,study of wealth; and on other; and more important side,
a part of the study of man.a part of the study of man.
8. Scarcity Concept :
According to Lionel Robbins:
“Economics is the science which
studies human behavior as a
relationship between ends and scarce
means which
have alternate uses”
9. Growth/DevelopmentGrowth/Development
ConceptConcept
According to Prof. Samuelson “Economics is the study of howAccording to Prof. Samuelson “Economics is the study of how
men and society choose with or without the use of money, tomen and society choose with or without the use of money, to
employ the scarce productive resources which have alternativeemploy the scarce productive resources which have alternative
uses, to produce various commodities over time and distributeuses, to produce various commodities over time and distribute
them for consumption now and in future among various peoplethem for consumption now and in future among various people
and groups of society.and groups of society.
11. Significance/Advantages of Economics
Theoretical Advantages
- Increase in Knowledge
- Developing Analytical Attitude
Practical Advantages
- Significance for the consumers
- Significance for producers
- Significance for workers
- Significance for politicians
- Significance for academicians
- Significance for administrators
- Effective man-power planning
- Helpful in fixing price
- Solving distribution problems
12. Macro-economics
Concerned with the overall performance of the economy.
This concept came into being after 1935 when General
Theory of Employment, Internet and Money was
published by John Maynard Keynes. Macroeconomics is
the study of aggregate economic activities, such as:
1. The economy level of outputs;
– We can measure that by some variables such
as; GDP, Rate of depression, Rate of
slackness ..ets.
– Real GDP is the market value of all final goods
and services produced in the domestic economy
during a one year period measured with
constant prices.
13. 2. Level of national income;
– We can measure that by some variables
such as N.I.
– National income (N.I) is the income earned
by the factors of production.
– Income earned of the sold or consumed
GDP.
14. 3. Level of employment;
– We can measure that by some variables such
as the rate of unemployment.
– The Rate of Unemployment is the percent of
the total labor force which is unemployed.
15. Microeconomics the study of economic behavior
of individual decision making units such as:
– Consumers
– resource owners and
– business firms in a free –enterprise economy.
• We can measure that by some studies such
as market , pilot and feasibility studies.
16. Microeconomics
Microeconomics the study of economic behavior of
individual decision making units such as:
– Consumers
– resource owners and
– business firms in a free –enterprise economy.
• We can measure that by some studies such
as market , pilot and feasibility studies.
17. Samuelson (Definition of Economics)
“The Study of how people and society end up
choosing, with or without use of money, to
employ scarce productive resources that
could have alternative uses, to produce
various commodities and distribute them for
consumption, now or in future, among
various persons and groups in society. It
Analyses the cost and benefits of improving
the patterns of resource allocation.”
18. Health Economics
Application of theories, concepts and techniques of
economics to the health sectors.
• The allocation of resources between various health-
promoting activities.
• The quantity of resources used in health delivery.
• The organization and funding of health Institution.
• The efficiency with which resources are allocated and
used for health purposes.
• The effects of preventive, curative and rehabilitative
health services on individual and society.
19. HE- Scopes
• Economic Development and health
• The role of state in Health care Provision
• Economic evaluation concepts and techniques
• Economic Information relevant to health
sectors and its sources
• Health Financing Issues
• Financial planning and Budgeting
20.
21. Framework- Alan Willians
• What influences health ( Beyond health)
• What is health and what is its Value
• The demand for health care
• The Supply of Health care
• Micro-economic evaluation at the treatment
level
• Market equilibrium
• Evaluation at whole system level
• Planning, budgeting and monitoring mechanism.
22.
23. Contribution of HE in Health Planning
• Health policy and its implementation is
strongly influenced by macro-economic
consideration.
• Social and economic welfare of population.
• Economic Evaluation of Health Services,
provision of infrastructures.
• Reappraisal of health programs.
• Cost-effective , cost benefit , cost utility
analysis etc