This document discusses head injuries, including classification, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and rehabilitation. Head injuries can be classified as scalp injuries, skull fractures, or brain injuries including concussions and contusions. Signs of head injury include dilated pupils, changes in behavior, vomiting, and seizures. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI, EEG, and bloodwork. Initial management focuses on the ABCDE approach and may include surgery for open or depressed skull fractures. Nursing management addresses risks like impaired skin integrity or impaired thermoregulation. Rehabilitation therapies can help with cognitive, physical, and speech impairments.
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems is what the patient or family/friends tell you (by body system).
General appearance
The patient shows facial we ...
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems is what the patient or family/friends tell you (by body system).
General appearance
The patient shows facial we ...
A brief presentation on how to focus on histroy taking on neurology with case scenarios and imaging in the context of emergency medicine for emergency medicine residents
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
Muhammad Aftkhar
Grand Canyon University
December 04th, 2020
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems i ...
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
Muhammad Aftkhar
Grand Canyon University
December 04th, 2020
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems i ...
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems is what the patient or family/friends tell you (by body system).
General appearance
The patient shows facial we ...
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems is what the patient or family/friends tell you (by body system).
General appearance
The patient shows facial we ...
A brief presentation on how to focus on histroy taking on neurology with case scenarios and imaging in the context of emergency medicine for emergency medicine residents
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
Muhammad Aftkhar
Grand Canyon University
December 04th, 2020
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems i ...
1
15
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
Muhammad Aftkhar
Grand Canyon University
December 04th, 2020
Academic Clinical History & Physical Notes for Cerebral Ischemia
I am presenting the academic clinical history and physical notes for the patient of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia occurs when one of the cerebral arteries is blocked by the clot leading to diminished blood supply and oxygen to brain cells resulting in damage or death of brain cells (Celik et al., 2020)
History and Physical Note
1.Chief complaint/reason for admission/visit/consult.
A 52 years old male patient came to the acute care hospital with the chief complaint of sudden severe headache, dizziness, and slurred speech.
HPI for the H&P or consult notes.
The patient felt a severe burning and shooting pain in the frontal region of the head while he was reading the newspaper in the morning. The patient said that he developed blurred vision during reading. The patient felt numbness when the pain started (Harriot et al., 2020). The patient said that the pain was not subsiding with the time as it persisted since its onset. The pain scale was nine by 10, started in the frontal region, and radiated towards the temporal region. The associated symptoms with pain are nausea, vomiting, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and vertigo (De Cock, et al., 2020). The symptoms become aggravate in a standing position and become alleviating when he lay down on the bed with 3 pillows. The patient felt a significant change in body posture. He is positive for facial drooping while negative for fever and chills. He finds difficulty in sitting and maintaining coordination. The patient stated that he had a medical history of neck trauma in a road accident. He was hospitalized for 3 weeks after neck surgery.
2.Medical, surgical, family, social, and allergy history.
Medical history
The patient has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Haegens, et al., 2018).
Surgical history
The patient underwent neck surgery after neck trauma at the age of 42.
Family history
The patient’s mother is alive and diabetic. The father of the patient died due to a cardiac stroke. His sister is normal. One of the two brothers has hypertension, and the other is normal. Currently, the patient is living with his normal wife.
Social history
The patient has a long history of smoking and boozing, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.
Allergy history
· Raw fruits and vegetables, Shellfish, Soy.
· Amoxicillin and aspirin.
3.Home medications, including dosages, route, frequency, and current medications, if a consultation note.
Antihypertensive drugs Edarbi & Hygroton.
40 mg oral Edarbi once a day, as the patient is on diuretics, Hygroton. Oral 50 mg Hygroton once in the morning.
Hypercholesterolemic drugs Lipitor
Oral tablet 40 mg once a day. He takes this tablet at night.
4.Review of systems with all body systems for H&P or consult notes. Review of systems i ...
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
6. CLASSIFICATION
SCALP INJURY:
The scalp has many blood vessels, so any scalp injury
may bleed profusely. Control bleeding with direct
pressure
SKULL INJURY:
Skull injury includes fracture to cranium and the
face. If severe enough there can be injury to the
brain.
BRAIN INJURY:
Brain injury can be classified as direct or indirect.
Direct injuries to the brain can occur in open head
injuries
7. CONCUSION
Concussions result from direct blows to the
head, gunshot wounds, violent shaking of the
head, or through a whiplash type of injury.
8. CONTUSION
A contusion is a bleeding bruise to the brain
caused by a direct impact to the head.
12. RISK FACTORS:
Colour blindness
Alcohol addiction
Youngsters
Vertigo
Males (about 1.5 times as likely as females to sustain
a brain injury)
Young children or teenagers (especially infants to 4-
year-olds and 15–19-year-olds)
Certain military personnel (for example,
paratroopers)
African Americans (who have the highest death rate
from brain injury)
13. ETIOLOGY:
Common causes of head injury include
traffic accidents, falls, physical assault,
and accidents at home, work, outdoors,
or while playing sports.
14. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
Dilated pupils
Changes in behaviour, such as irritability or
confusion
Trouble walking or speaking
Drainage of bloody or clear fluids from ears or
nose
Vomiting
Seizures
Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
15. DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS:
Complete blood count (e.g. Hb, RBC, WBC)
Normal values:
Hb: in male 13-18gm/dl
Platelet: 1, 50,000-4, 50,000/cu mm
WBC: 4,000-10,000 /cu mm
S. NA+:135-145mEq/l
S.k+:3.5-4.5mEq/l
Arterial blood gas level
PaO2:85-95 mm of Hg
PaCO2:35-45 mm of Hg
19. COMPLICATIONS:
Coma
Chronic headaches
Loss of or change in sensation, hearing,
vision, taste, or smell
Paralysis
Seizures
Speech and language problems
Death
20. INITIAL MANAGEMENT
A: Airway control including cervical
spine immobilisation with a stiff collar.
B: Breathing
C: Circulation
D: Dysfunction or Disability
E: External Examination
22. NURSING MANAGEMENT:
Ineffective Cerebral tissue perfusion related
to increased ICP and decreased CPP
Fluid volume deficit related to decrease LOC
and hormonal dysfunction.
Risk for injury related to decreased level of
consciousness.
Knowledge deficit regarding the treatment
modalities and current situation.
23. Ineffective thermoregulation related to
damage to hypothalamic centres.
Risk for Impaired skin integrity related to
compromised circulation shifting of fluid
from intra vascular to interstitial space.
Anxiety related to outcome of diseases as
evidenced by poor concentration on work,
isolation from others, rude behaviour
24. DIET PLAN
Amino Acids
Protein is used for the growth, repair and
maintenance of nearly every tissue in the
body and is composed of amino acids.
Those with traumatic brain injuries require
0.55 to 0.73 grams of protein per pound of
body weight
25. Other Foods
A person living with a brain injury should
consume a rounded diet that is rich in fruits,
vegetables and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat,
hydrogenated fats and sodium because they may
increase your risk of suffering a stroke.
26. CALORIE REQUIREMENTS
The Glasgow Coma Scale is a tool used by
medical professionals to measure someone's
level of consciousness.
Someone with a GCS of 4 to 5 needs 22.7 to
27.3 calories per pound of body weight per day.
Someone with a GCS of 6 to 7 needs 18.2 to
22.7 calories.
Those with less-severe injuries who have a GCS
of 8 to 12 require 13.6 to 16 calories.
27.
28. JOURNALS:
Nutrition Considerations in Traumatic Brain
Injury
Nutritional treatment of patients with severe
traumatic brain injury during the first six
months after injury
