Headache in ENT
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Headaches have many causes and are classified into three main categories: primary, secondary, and cranial neuralgias. Primary headaches include tension, migraine, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches can result from head/neck trauma, blood vessel disorders, non-vessel diseases, medications, environmental changes, and psychotic disorders. Sinusitis is a common cause of headaches, accounting for 20% of cases, with symptoms like nasal discharge and facial swelling. CT scans and physical exams are used to diagnose sinus headaches and check for sinus blockages.
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Headache ent perspective
Rhinologic aspects related to causation of headache are disussed
The information contained in the presentation is based on the personal experience and cases collected at Choithram Hospital Indore over the last 20 years.
It is intended for the use of Medical students ENT post graduates.
The views expressed are purely on personal opinion. viewers can make their own opinion. For any confusion please contact sole author.
Everybody is allowed to copy or download the material best suited to him. I am not responsible for any controversies arising out of the presentation.
For any suggestions or corrections you may please contact phatak_shrikant@yahoo.in
Acute and chronic sinusitis
This document provides information on sinusitis, including:
1) It defines sinusitis as inflammation of the sinus mucosa and lists the most commonly involved sinuses. Bacterial causes are noted.
2) Predisposing factors for sinusitis include local obstructions that inhibit drainage as well as general factors like poor health and environment.
3) Diagnosis involves imaging like x-rays and CT scans. Treatment includes antibiotics, nasal decongestants, and surgery in some cases.
Complications of sinusitis
1) Sinusitis complications arise when infection spreads beyond the sinus mucosa into surrounding areas like the orbit or skull. Common local complications include mucoceles/pyocles, osteomyelitis of the frontal bone or maxilla, and orbital issues like preseptal cellulitis, subperiosteal abscesses, or orbital cellulitis.
2) Intracranial complications from sinusitis spreading can cause meningitis, extradural or subdural abscesses, brain abscesses, or cavernous sinus thrombosis. Descending infections from sinus discharge can also lead to otitis media, pharyngitis, or laryngitis.
3) Orbital cell
Nasal polyps
Nasal polyps can be either antrochoanal polyps, typically seen in children, or ethmoid polyps, more common in adults. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and extend backwards towards the nasopharynx, while ethmoid polyps originate in the ethmoid sinuses and grow forwards, often bilaterally. Treatment involves surgical removal of antrochoanal polyps and may require postoperative antibiotics to prevent recurrence, whereas ethmoid polyps are usually first treated medically with steroids and antihistamines and only require surgery if medical treatment fails or for large polyps.
Tumours of external and middle ear
This document discusses tumours of the ear, including both benign and malignant types. It provides details on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of various tumours such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and others. Treatment options discussed include surgical excision with various techniques depending on tumour size and location, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, and reconstruction after tumour removal. Staging criteria and classifications of temporal bone tumours are also presented.
Diseases of external ear
This document discusses diseases of the external ear. It begins by describing the anatomy of the external ear canal. It then categorizes conditions affecting the external ear into congenital, inflammatory, reactive, traumatic, and tumors. Under congenital conditions it discusses preauricular sinus, congenital ear swellings, fistulas and anomalies. It provides details on preauricular sinus including embryology, clinical features, management and associated syndromes. It also discusses other congenital conditions such as ear swellings, fistulas and atresia. The document further describes inflammatory conditions including erysipelas, perichondritis and malignant otitis externa. It also covers reactive, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions of the external
2. adenoid enlargement
The document discusses adenoid enlargement, including its embryology, anatomy, blood supply, histology, function, clinical features, diagnosis and management. It begins by describing the development of the adenoids from the 3rd month of fetal development. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, posterior rhinoscopy and CT scans. Management options include watchful waiting if symptoms are mild, or surgical removal (adenoidectomy) if symptoms are severe and persistent. Adenoidectomy aims to relieve nasal obstruction but risks include hemorrhage, infection and airway complications.
Different ear conditions
Furunculosis is a localized infection of a single hair follicle in the external ear canal caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It presents as a painful, blocked ear with discharge and tender swelling around the pinna. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of abscesses, and topical antiseptic ear drops. Without treatment, it can cause scarring and narrowing of the ear canal.
Recommended
Headache ent perspective
Rhinologic aspects related to causation of headache are disussed
The information contained in the presentation is based on the personal experience and cases collected at Choithram Hospital Indore over the last 20 years.
It is intended for the use of Medical students ENT post graduates.
The views expressed are purely on personal opinion. viewers can make their own opinion. For any confusion please contact sole author.
Everybody is allowed to copy or download the material best suited to him. I am not responsible for any controversies arising out of the presentation.
For any suggestions or corrections you may please contact phatak_shrikant@yahoo.in
Acute and chronic sinusitis
This document provides information on sinusitis, including:
1) It defines sinusitis as inflammation of the sinus mucosa and lists the most commonly involved sinuses. Bacterial causes are noted.
2) Predisposing factors for sinusitis include local obstructions that inhibit drainage as well as general factors like poor health and environment.
3) Diagnosis involves imaging like x-rays and CT scans. Treatment includes antibiotics, nasal decongestants, and surgery in some cases.
Complications of sinusitis
1) Sinusitis complications arise when infection spreads beyond the sinus mucosa into surrounding areas like the orbit or skull. Common local complications include mucoceles/pyocles, osteomyelitis of the frontal bone or maxilla, and orbital issues like preseptal cellulitis, subperiosteal abscesses, or orbital cellulitis.
2) Intracranial complications from sinusitis spreading can cause meningitis, extradural or subdural abscesses, brain abscesses, or cavernous sinus thrombosis. Descending infections from sinus discharge can also lead to otitis media, pharyngitis, or laryngitis.
3) Orbital cell
Nasal polyps
Nasal polyps can be either antrochoanal polyps, typically seen in children, or ethmoid polyps, more common in adults. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and extend backwards towards the nasopharynx, while ethmoid polyps originate in the ethmoid sinuses and grow forwards, often bilaterally. Treatment involves surgical removal of antrochoanal polyps and may require postoperative antibiotics to prevent recurrence, whereas ethmoid polyps are usually first treated medically with steroids and antihistamines and only require surgery if medical treatment fails or for large polyps.
Tumours of external and middle ear
This document discusses tumours of the ear, including both benign and malignant types. It provides details on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of various tumours such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and others. Treatment options discussed include surgical excision with various techniques depending on tumour size and location, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, and reconstruction after tumour removal. Staging criteria and classifications of temporal bone tumours are also presented.
Diseases of external ear
This document discusses diseases of the external ear. It begins by describing the anatomy of the external ear canal. It then categorizes conditions affecting the external ear into congenital, inflammatory, reactive, traumatic, and tumors. Under congenital conditions it discusses preauricular sinus, congenital ear swellings, fistulas and anomalies. It provides details on preauricular sinus including embryology, clinical features, management and associated syndromes. It also discusses other congenital conditions such as ear swellings, fistulas and atresia. The document further describes inflammatory conditions including erysipelas, perichondritis and malignant otitis externa. It also covers reactive, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions of the external
2. adenoid enlargement
The document discusses adenoid enlargement, including its embryology, anatomy, blood supply, histology, function, clinical features, diagnosis and management. It begins by describing the development of the adenoids from the 3rd month of fetal development. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, posterior rhinoscopy and CT scans. Management options include watchful waiting if symptoms are mild, or surgical removal (adenoidectomy) if symptoms are severe and persistent. Adenoidectomy aims to relieve nasal obstruction but risks include hemorrhage, infection and airway complications.
Different ear conditions
Furunculosis is a localized infection of a single hair follicle in the external ear canal caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It presents as a painful, blocked ear with discharge and tender swelling around the pinna. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of abscesses, and topical antiseptic ear drops. Without treatment, it can cause scarring and narrowing of the ear canal.
Rhinitis
The document describes various types of rhinitis including infective causes like the common cold from viruses like rhinovirus and influenza. It also discusses chronic rhinitis, which can be simple or hypertrophic. Non-infective causes like allergic rhinitis are mentioned. Specific conditions involving the nasal mucosa are outlined such as atrophic rhinitis, ozaena, rhinoscleroma, and nasal cholesteatoma. Causes, symptoms, examinations, and treatments are provided for each condition in the summary.
Earache discharge and ear ache
This document discusses the anatomy and causes of ear ache and ear discharge. It describes the external, middle and inner ear structures and their innervation. Common causes of ear ache include otitis externa, acute otitis media, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and referred pain from other structures like the TM joint. Ear discharge can be normal cerumen or abnormal purulent, bloody, or clear fluid indicating various ear conditions. Complications from untreated ear discharge include deafness, bone erosion, and brain infections.
Acute and chronic rhinitis
This document summarizes different types of rhinitis including viral, bacterial, allergic, vasomotor, and chronic non-specific inflammations. Common cold is usually viral in origin while diphtheritic rhinitis involves a membrane covering the nasal cavity. Allergic rhinitis is an immunologic response to allergens. Vasomotor rhinitis is due to overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Chronic non-specific rhinitis can lead to hypertrophy or atrophy of the nasal mucosa over time if left untreated.
Nasal polyp
This document defines and describes nasal polyps and two main types - ethmoid and antrochoanal polyps. Ethmoid polyps arise from the ethmoid sinuses and appear as grape-like structures visible on anterior rhinoscopy. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and may extend through the nasal cavity and choana. Both cause nasal obstruction and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves nasal endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment options include medical management, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, steroids, and polypectomy.
Ludwig's angina
Ludwig's angina is a severe bacterial infection that involves the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces of the neck. It causes swelling in these areas bilaterally and can potentially lead to airway obstruction. The infection is usually caused by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria spreading from an odontogenic source such as a dental abscess. Treatment involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, incision and drainage of the swollen areas, and airway management to prevent respiratory distress. Without proper treatment, Ludwig's angina can cause complications such as sepsis, mediastinitis, or even death from asphyxiation within 12 to 24 hours.
Tinnitus
This document discusses tinnitus, including its definition, epidemiology, evaluation, and various treatment options. It provides an overview of pulsatile tinnitus and its etiologies. Evaluation involves patient history, exams, and tests. Treatments discussed include lidocaine, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, stapedectomy, electrical stimulation, and enoxaparin, with evidence for their effectiveness. Other options like acupuncture, ginkgo biloba, and hyperbaric oxygen showed no effect or mixed results.
Nasal polyposis
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths that can develop in the nose or sinuses. They are most common in people over 50 years of age and affect males more than females. Histologically, nasal polyps contain edema fluid and high numbers of eosinophil inflammatory cells. The most common sites for nasal polyps are the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Nasal polyps can cause symptoms like nasal obstruction, loss of smell, sneezing and headaches. Treatment involves steroid nasal sprays, oral steroids or surgery to remove the polyps.
orbital cellulitis
1. Orbital cellulitis is an acute infection of the soft tissues behind the orbital septum that may progress to a subperiosteal or orbital abscess.
2. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes entering through the sinuses, face, or eyes.
3. Symptoms include eye swelling, pain, and vision issues. Left untreated, it can lead to complications affecting the eye, orbit, sinuses, or brain.
Diseases of the paranasal sinuses.
1) The document discusses diseases of the paranasal sinuses, focusing on sinusitis which is the inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses.
2) Sinusitis can be acute or chronic and involves inflammation of the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, or sphenoid sinuses.
3) Sinusitis is usually caused by infection spreading from the nasal cavity or upper teeth, but may also be due to immunodeficiency, anatomical abnormalities blocking sinus drainage, or changes in sinus secret quality.
Thyroglossal duct cyst
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a neck mass that develops from leftover tissue from when the thyroid gland forms during embryonic development. It is most common in preschool-aged children and adolescents. Diagnostic tests include physical examination, ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration to evaluate the mass and rule out thyroid abnormalities. Treatment involves antibiotics if infected or surgical removal (Sistrunk procedure) of the entire cyst and tract to prevent recurrence, which is performed under general anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. Complications can include infection or rare chance of malignancy.
Malignant Otitis Externa
Malignant otitis externa is an aggressive infection of the external ear and skull base that commonly affects older diabetics. It is caused mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria invading the external ear canal and spreading through fissures in the bone. Symptoms include severe ear pain, discharge, and potentially cranial nerve palsies. Diagnosis involves culture, imaging like CT showing bone destruction, and ruling out other causes. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, tight blood sugar control, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or surgery. Prognosis has improved but mortality remains high if the infection spreads intracranially or causes multiple cranial neuropathies.
Otitis externa
This document discusses various conditions affecting the external ear canal, including:
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which can range from mild to severe bacterial infections. Pseudomonas and Staph are common causes. Treatment involves cleaning, topical antibiotics, and pain control.
- Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal most often caused by Aspergillus or Candida. Symptoms are similar to bacterial otitis but with more pruritus. Treatment involves thorough cleaning and topical antifungals.
- Necrotizing external otitis is a potentially lethal Pseudomonas infection seen in diabetics and immunocompromised patients.
Tumours of nose and pns
This document discusses inverted papilloma, a rare benign tumor affecting the non-olfactory mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It most commonly arises from the middle meatus in the lateral wall of the nose in males aged 40-70 years. It has a 10% chance of malignancy. Treatment involves wide surgical excision through an endoscopic or open approach depending on tumor size and location.
Tumors of nose and paranasal sinus dr.sithanandhakumar -13.06.16
This document discusses tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It begins by classifying inverted papilloma, a benign neoplasm originating from the Schneiderian membrane. Inverted papilloma commonly presents in males aged 40-70 as a unilateral polypoidal mass in the lateral nasal wall. It has a tendency to recur after surgery and is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in 10-15% of cases. The document then discusses clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment options for various tumors including hemangioma, osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, and malignant tumors like squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors, routes of spread, and clinical manifestations are described for malignant tumors
Smr and septoplasty
This document describes the indications, techniques, and postoperative care for septoplasty surgery. It indicates that septoplasty is performed to correct a deviated nasal septum causing obstruction or other issues. The key steps described are making an incision, raising mucoperichondrial flaps, removing deviated cartilage and bone, and re-approximating the flaps. Potential complications are also outlined.
Maxillary sinus carcinoma
The maxillary sinus is the largest and most commonly involved sinus in malignancies. Maxillary sinus carcinoma arises from the sinus lining and spreads locally through bone destruction and invasion of surrounding structures. Distant metastases occasionally occur in the lungs. Diagnosis involves radiography, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment depends on tumor stage and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemoradiation. Prognosis diminishes with increased stage, with a 5-year survival rate of 40-50% even with advances in multimodal therapy.
NASAL POLYPS
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous masses of swollen nasal or sinus mucosa. There are two main types: bilateral ethmoidal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Bilateral ethmoidal polyps commonly arise from inflammatory conditions like rhinosinusitis or disorders of ciliary motility. Antrochoanal polyps originate from the maxillary sinus near its opening and grow into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, headache and discharge. Signs include pale grape-like masses seen on nasal examination. Treatment involves polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery. Recurrence is less common for antrochoanal polyps if completely removed from their
Otitis Media with Effusion
This document provides information about otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear. It defines OME as a chronic accumulation of mucus or non-purulent effusion in the middle ear cavity lasting more than 12 weeks. The document discusses the etiology, symptoms, examination findings, and treatment options for OME. Treatment may involve watchful waiting, medical management using decongestants or mucolytics, or surgical insertion of ventilation tubes to drain the middle ear.
Hoarseness of voice
Hoarseness is defined as a roughness of the voice caused by irregular vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords must approximate properly, have the right size and stiffness, and vibrate regularly in response to air flow in order to produce normal voice. Conditions that can cause hoarseness include loss of approximation between the vocal cords due to paralysis, tumors, or cysts, as well as changes in cord size or stiffness. Causes of hoarseness include inflammation, both acute such as from a cold and chronic such as from infections, tumors either benign or malignant, trauma, paralysis, fixation of the cords, and congenital issues. An examination of the larynx through indirect laryngoscopy is needed to diagnose many local lary
Acute And Chronic Pharyngitis
Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa, mostly involving the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. It is commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, pain when swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic Pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that can develop from repeated acute infections. It may cause hypertrophy or atrophy of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on identifying and eliminating the cause, using local soothing treatments, and targeting hypertrophied tissues if needed. Therapy is often unsatisfactory due to high rates
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Are you worried about the risks of developing tinnitus after a common cold? This article will tell you how Coronavirus frequently causes sinus and upper respiratory side effects like loss of smell, blockage, and an extreme headache.
iNTRODUCTION TO HEADACHE
This document provides an introduction to headaches, including their prevalence, origins, symptoms, pathophysiology, classification, and types. Some key points:
- Headaches are the most common neurological disorder and reason patients seek medical attention.
- Tension-type headaches are the most prevalent primary headache, affecting 69% of the population. Migraines affect 16%.
- Headaches can originate from extracranial structures like sinuses, eyes, teeth, and ears, or intracranial structures like arteries and dural veins.
- Pathophysiology involves stimulation of nociceptors and transmission of pain signals through small myelinated fibers to the thalamus.
- Classification systems
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Rhinitis
The document describes various types of rhinitis including infective causes like the common cold from viruses like rhinovirus and influenza. It also discusses chronic rhinitis, which can be simple or hypertrophic. Non-infective causes like allergic rhinitis are mentioned. Specific conditions involving the nasal mucosa are outlined such as atrophic rhinitis, ozaena, rhinoscleroma, and nasal cholesteatoma. Causes, symptoms, examinations, and treatments are provided for each condition in the summary.
Earache discharge and ear ache
This document discusses the anatomy and causes of ear ache and ear discharge. It describes the external, middle and inner ear structures and their innervation. Common causes of ear ache include otitis externa, acute otitis media, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and referred pain from other structures like the TM joint. Ear discharge can be normal cerumen or abnormal purulent, bloody, or clear fluid indicating various ear conditions. Complications from untreated ear discharge include deafness, bone erosion, and brain infections.
Acute and chronic rhinitis
This document summarizes different types of rhinitis including viral, bacterial, allergic, vasomotor, and chronic non-specific inflammations. Common cold is usually viral in origin while diphtheritic rhinitis involves a membrane covering the nasal cavity. Allergic rhinitis is an immunologic response to allergens. Vasomotor rhinitis is due to overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Chronic non-specific rhinitis can lead to hypertrophy or atrophy of the nasal mucosa over time if left untreated.
Nasal polyp
This document defines and describes nasal polyps and two main types - ethmoid and antrochoanal polyps. Ethmoid polyps arise from the ethmoid sinuses and appear as grape-like structures visible on anterior rhinoscopy. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and may extend through the nasal cavity and choana. Both cause nasal obstruction and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves nasal endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment options include medical management, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, steroids, and polypectomy.
Ludwig's angina
Ludwig's angina is a severe bacterial infection that involves the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces of the neck. It causes swelling in these areas bilaterally and can potentially lead to airway obstruction. The infection is usually caused by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria spreading from an odontogenic source such as a dental abscess. Treatment involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, incision and drainage of the swollen areas, and airway management to prevent respiratory distress. Without proper treatment, Ludwig's angina can cause complications such as sepsis, mediastinitis, or even death from asphyxiation within 12 to 24 hours.
Tinnitus
This document discusses tinnitus, including its definition, epidemiology, evaluation, and various treatment options. It provides an overview of pulsatile tinnitus and its etiologies. Evaluation involves patient history, exams, and tests. Treatments discussed include lidocaine, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, stapedectomy, electrical stimulation, and enoxaparin, with evidence for their effectiveness. Other options like acupuncture, ginkgo biloba, and hyperbaric oxygen showed no effect or mixed results.
Nasal polyposis
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths that can develop in the nose or sinuses. They are most common in people over 50 years of age and affect males more than females. Histologically, nasal polyps contain edema fluid and high numbers of eosinophil inflammatory cells. The most common sites for nasal polyps are the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Nasal polyps can cause symptoms like nasal obstruction, loss of smell, sneezing and headaches. Treatment involves steroid nasal sprays, oral steroids or surgery to remove the polyps.
orbital cellulitis
1. Orbital cellulitis is an acute infection of the soft tissues behind the orbital septum that may progress to a subperiosteal or orbital abscess.
2. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes entering through the sinuses, face, or eyes.
3. Symptoms include eye swelling, pain, and vision issues. Left untreated, it can lead to complications affecting the eye, orbit, sinuses, or brain.
Diseases of the paranasal sinuses.
1) The document discusses diseases of the paranasal sinuses, focusing on sinusitis which is the inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses.
2) Sinusitis can be acute or chronic and involves inflammation of the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, or sphenoid sinuses.
3) Sinusitis is usually caused by infection spreading from the nasal cavity or upper teeth, but may also be due to immunodeficiency, anatomical abnormalities blocking sinus drainage, or changes in sinus secret quality.
Thyroglossal duct cyst
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a neck mass that develops from leftover tissue from when the thyroid gland forms during embryonic development. It is most common in preschool-aged children and adolescents. Diagnostic tests include physical examination, ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration to evaluate the mass and rule out thyroid abnormalities. Treatment involves antibiotics if infected or surgical removal (Sistrunk procedure) of the entire cyst and tract to prevent recurrence, which is performed under general anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. Complications can include infection or rare chance of malignancy.
Malignant Otitis Externa
Malignant otitis externa is an aggressive infection of the external ear and skull base that commonly affects older diabetics. It is caused mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria invading the external ear canal and spreading through fissures in the bone. Symptoms include severe ear pain, discharge, and potentially cranial nerve palsies. Diagnosis involves culture, imaging like CT showing bone destruction, and ruling out other causes. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, tight blood sugar control, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or surgery. Prognosis has improved but mortality remains high if the infection spreads intracranially or causes multiple cranial neuropathies.
Otitis externa
This document discusses various conditions affecting the external ear canal, including:
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which can range from mild to severe bacterial infections. Pseudomonas and Staph are common causes. Treatment involves cleaning, topical antibiotics, and pain control.
- Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal most often caused by Aspergillus or Candida. Symptoms are similar to bacterial otitis but with more pruritus. Treatment involves thorough cleaning and topical antifungals.
- Necrotizing external otitis is a potentially lethal Pseudomonas infection seen in diabetics and immunocompromised patients.
Tumours of nose and pns
This document discusses inverted papilloma, a rare benign tumor affecting the non-olfactory mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It most commonly arises from the middle meatus in the lateral wall of the nose in males aged 40-70 years. It has a 10% chance of malignancy. Treatment involves wide surgical excision through an endoscopic or open approach depending on tumor size and location.
Tumors of nose and paranasal sinus dr.sithanandhakumar -13.06.16
This document discusses tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It begins by classifying inverted papilloma, a benign neoplasm originating from the Schneiderian membrane. Inverted papilloma commonly presents in males aged 40-70 as a unilateral polypoidal mass in the lateral nasal wall. It has a tendency to recur after surgery and is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in 10-15% of cases. The document then discusses clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment options for various tumors including hemangioma, osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, and malignant tumors like squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors, routes of spread, and clinical manifestations are described for malignant tumors
Smr and septoplasty
This document describes the indications, techniques, and postoperative care for septoplasty surgery. It indicates that septoplasty is performed to correct a deviated nasal septum causing obstruction or other issues. The key steps described are making an incision, raising mucoperichondrial flaps, removing deviated cartilage and bone, and re-approximating the flaps. Potential complications are also outlined.
Maxillary sinus carcinoma
The maxillary sinus is the largest and most commonly involved sinus in malignancies. Maxillary sinus carcinoma arises from the sinus lining and spreads locally through bone destruction and invasion of surrounding structures. Distant metastases occasionally occur in the lungs. Diagnosis involves radiography, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment depends on tumor stage and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemoradiation. Prognosis diminishes with increased stage, with a 5-year survival rate of 40-50% even with advances in multimodal therapy.
NASAL POLYPS
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous masses of swollen nasal or sinus mucosa. There are two main types: bilateral ethmoidal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Bilateral ethmoidal polyps commonly arise from inflammatory conditions like rhinosinusitis or disorders of ciliary motility. Antrochoanal polyps originate from the maxillary sinus near its opening and grow into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, headache and discharge. Signs include pale grape-like masses seen on nasal examination. Treatment involves polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery. Recurrence is less common for antrochoanal polyps if completely removed from their
Otitis Media with Effusion
This document provides information about otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear. It defines OME as a chronic accumulation of mucus or non-purulent effusion in the middle ear cavity lasting more than 12 weeks. The document discusses the etiology, symptoms, examination findings, and treatment options for OME. Treatment may involve watchful waiting, medical management using decongestants or mucolytics, or surgical insertion of ventilation tubes to drain the middle ear.
Hoarseness of voice
Hoarseness is defined as a roughness of the voice caused by irregular vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords must approximate properly, have the right size and stiffness, and vibrate regularly in response to air flow in order to produce normal voice. Conditions that can cause hoarseness include loss of approximation between the vocal cords due to paralysis, tumors, or cysts, as well as changes in cord size or stiffness. Causes of hoarseness include inflammation, both acute such as from a cold and chronic such as from infections, tumors either benign or malignant, trauma, paralysis, fixation of the cords, and congenital issues. An examination of the larynx through indirect laryngoscopy is needed to diagnose many local lary
Acute And Chronic Pharyngitis
Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa, mostly involving the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. It is commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, pain when swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic Pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that can develop from repeated acute infections. It may cause hypertrophy or atrophy of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on identifying and eliminating the cause, using local soothing treatments, and targeting hypertrophied tissues if needed. Therapy is often unsatisfactory due to high rates
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Tumors of nose and paranasal sinus dr.sithanandhakumar -13.06.16
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Are you worried about the risks of developing tinnitus after a common cold? This article will tell you how Coronavirus frequently causes sinus and upper respiratory side effects like loss of smell, blockage, and an extreme headache.
iNTRODUCTION TO HEADACHE
This document provides an introduction to headaches, including their prevalence, origins, symptoms, pathophysiology, classification, and types. Some key points:
- Headaches are the most common neurological disorder and reason patients seek medical attention.
- Tension-type headaches are the most prevalent primary headache, affecting 69% of the population. Migraines affect 16%.
- Headaches can originate from extracranial structures like sinuses, eyes, teeth, and ears, or intracranial structures like arteries and dural veins.
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Meniere's disease causes severe dizziness, ringing in the ears, and eventual hearing loss. It results from a buildup of fluid in the inner ear which disrupts normal balance. While the exact cause is unknown, it may be related to issues with blood flow or genetics. Symptoms include episodes of vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves identifying these symptoms, and treatment focuses on managing dizziness through medication and lifestyle changes while researchers work to better understand the disease and develop new treatments.
Meniere’s disease
Meniere's disease causes severe dizziness, ringing in the ears, and eventual hearing loss. It results from a buildup of fluid in the inner ear which disrupts normal balance. While the exact cause is unknown, it may be related to issues with blood flow or genetics. Symptoms include episodes of vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves identifying these symptoms, and treatment focuses on managing dizziness through medication and lifestyle changes while researchers work to better understand the disease and develop new treatments.
Meniere’s disease 2
Meniere's disease causes severe dizziness, ringing in the ears, and eventual hearing loss. It results from a buildup of fluid in the inner ear which disrupts normal balance. While the exact cause is unknown, it may be related to issues with blood flow or genetics. Symptoms include episodes of vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves identifying these symptoms, and treatment focuses on managing dizziness through medication and lifestyle changes while researchers work to better understand the disease and develop new treatments.
Meniere’s disease
Meniere's disease causes severe dizziness, ringing in the ears, and eventual hearing loss. It results from a buildup of fluid in the inner ear which disrupts normal balance. While the exact cause is unknown, it may be related to issues with blood flow or genetics. Symptoms include episodes of vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves identifying these symptoms, and treatment focuses on managing dizziness through medication and lifestyle changes while researchers work to better understand the disease and develop new treatments.
MENIERES DISEASE.
Meniere's disease is a chronic inner ear condition characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of pressure in the ear. It is caused by endolymphatic hydrops, which is an excess buildup of fluid in the inner ear. Symptoms include severe vertigo, nausea, hearing loss in one or both ears, tinnitus, headaches, and pain or discomfort in the abdomen. Diagnostic tests include neurological exams, audiometry tests, and CT/MRI scans to examine the brain, middle ear, and inner ear structures. Treatment options include medications, Meniett device, hearing aids, surgery such as endolymphatic sac decompression, endoly
Mastoiditis
Mastoiditis is a complication of a middle ear infection. It happens when the infection in the middle ear spreads into the mastoid bone
head injury.pptx
A head injury refers to any injury to the scalp, skull, brain or underlying tissues in the head. Head injuries can range from mild concussions to severe traumatic brain injuries. Common types of head injuries include hematomas, cerebral contusions, skull fractures, and diffuse axonal injuries. Symptoms vary in severity from mild headaches following a concussion to loss of consciousness and seizures with severe injuries. Treatment depends on the severity of the injury and may involve medication, surgery, and rehabilitation to help recover lost functions. Nursing care focuses on airway protection, monitoring for complications, preventing further injury, and supporting recovery.
Headaches and its types
Migraines and tension headaches are the two most common types of primary headaches. Migraines are characterized by severe pulsating pain that is often unilateral, lasting from 2-72 hours and accompanied by symptoms like nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause non-pulsating mild to moderate bilateral pain that feels like tightness or pressure around the head. Cervicogenic headaches originate from issues in the neck muscles or structures and cause unilateral pain that increases with neck movement. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying medical conditions and can include headaches due to head trauma, vascular disorders, infections or psychiatric disorders.
Tinitus
Tinnitus, commonly known as ringing in the ears, is the sensation of hearing noises such as ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling that are not caused by external sounds. It affects approximately 50 million adults in the United States. While it is usually merely an annoyance, in severe cases it can cause difficulty concentrating and sleeping. Tinnitus can be caused by ear infections, blockages, certain medications, noise-induced hearing loss, underlying medical conditions, and stress. Prolonged exposure to loud noises is the most common cause of long-term tinnitus.
The common bane of head pain
Headache is one of the most common disorders seen to occur in all age groups but much more so in women. Broadly headaches can be classified as Primary and Secondary Headaches disorders. Primary Headache disorders have no apparent causative factor and are thought to be interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental provocative factors. The most common by far is Migraine. Secondary headaches are those that result from a cause e.g. Brain Tumor.
Headache, types, etiology, history taking and management
This document provides an overview of headaches, including their history, classification, causes, pathophysiology and management. It begins with definitions of headaches and discusses their epidemiology and economic impact. The document then covers the classification of primary and secondary headaches according to the International Headache Society. It describes some major headache types like migraines and tension headaches. Finally, it discusses approaches to diagnosing and managing different headache conditions.
Bells palsy
Bell's palsy is a type of facial paralysis caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve. It affects 30,000-40,000 people in the US each year. The cause is often unclear but may involve herpes viruses. Symptoms include an inability to control facial muscles on one side leading to drooping and twitching. Diagnosis involves examination and sometimes imaging tests or nerve tests. Treatment focuses on eye lubrication, corticosteroids, antivirals, and physiotherapy to prevent complications like eye damage. Prevention is not currently possible.
Tinnitus[1]
Tinnitus is a symptom characterized by hearing noises such as ringing, buzzing, or roaring in the ears when no external sound is present. It affects around 1 in 5 people and can be caused by age-related hearing loss, ear injury, circulatory system disorders, exposure to loud noises, earwax buildup, changes in the ear bones, and certain health conditions. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing any underlying causes that may be associated with tinnitus symptoms, and may include procedures like earwax removal or medication changes. Common risk factors include a history of loud noise exposure without hearing protection, being over age 65, having age-related hearing loss, being male, or having PTSD.
Otalgia/earache
Ear pain, or otalgia, can originate from diseases within the ear itself or from diseases in surrounding areas that cause referred pain. Referred otalgia is a common presentation and can be caused by conditions of the teeth, jaw, throat, neck muscles, or cancers of the throat or neck. A thorough history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests are needed to identify the underlying source of the ear pain.
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Headache in ENT
- 1. Ahmed Abdullatif Al Awwad 208002865
- 3. A Headache is defined as a pain in the head or upper neck. It is one of the most common locations of pain in the body and has many causes.
- 4. Headaches have numerous causes, and in 2007 the International Headache Society agreed upon an updated classification system for headache.
- 5. There are three major categories of headaches: • Primary headaches Tension headache Migraine headache Cluster headache • Cranial neuralgias, facial pain, and other headaches
- 6. • Secondary headaches Head and neck trauma Blood vessels disorders in head and neck Non-vessel disease in brain Medications Changes of body’s environment Psychotic disorders Eye, ear, nose throat, teeth
- 8. They are form 20% of all causes of headache which are : • Sinusitis • Furunculosis of vestibule • Abscess of septum • Nasal bones fracture and deviated septum • Malignant tumors
- 10. The pain is usually accompanied by other sinus symptoms, such as nasal discharge, feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, and facial swelling. CT scans or MRI along with a physical exam are usually conducted to determine if there is a blockage in the sinuses.
- 14. A nasal cavity tumor has eroded through the hard palate and is causing difficulty with fitting a denture.