1) MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication capabilities. This allows for increased data rates and signal strength.
2) Traditional wireless systems use a single antenna at both ends (SISO) while MIMO can have multiple at both, known as MISO, SIMO, or fully multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO).
3) MIMO provides higher capacity through spatial multiplexing and increases spectrum efficiency. The Shannon capacity can increase linearly with the number of antennas or data streams.
Multi Carrier Modulation and Single Carrier Modulationfernandomireles
The document compares multi-carrier (DMT) and single carrier modulation techniques. DMT divides the available spectrum into multiple sub-carriers, each with a low symbol rate, allowing different modulation schemes per sub-carrier. Single carrier modulation uses a single carrier to transmit all data simultaneously. DMT offers higher bandwidth efficiency and throughput through bit loading and simpler equalization, while single carrier modulation provides simpler implementation through a single equalizer but lower spectrum utilization. The author is Fernando Ramirez-Mireles, a professor specializing in digital signal processing and communications engineering.
3rd UNIT Microwave Engineering PPT.pptxShaikShahin7
This document discusses microwave engineering and microwave cavity resonators. It provides details on:
- Microwave cavity resonators, which confine electromagnetic energy inside a metallic enclosure. The resonant frequency depends on the equivalent capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the cavity.
- Rectangular waveguide cavity resonators, which are constructed by shorting both ends of a closed waveguide section to form a cavity.
- The different modes resonant cavities can support and how maximum energy is stored at the resonant frequency.
- Common coupling mechanisms like probe coupling and loop coupling to feed or extract signals from the resonator.
low pw and leakage current techniques for cmos circuitsAnamika Pancholi
This document discusses various techniques to reduce leakage power in CMOS circuits, including the sleep mode approach, stack mode approach, leakage feedback approach, sleepy stack approach, and sleepy keeper approach. It then proposes a new LECTOR technique which introduces two leakage control transistors between the pull-up and pull-down circuits to ensure that one transistor is always near cutoff, reducing leakage power dissipation. The document concludes that leakage reduction is important for VLSI circuit design as scaling continues, and that the LECTOR method is effective at reducing leakage power in both active and standby modes.
Here are the key points about NMOS transistor operation in the subthreshold region:
- When 0 < Vgs < Vt, a depletion region forms in the channel due to the electric field repelling majority carriers (holes).
- This depletion region means there are no carriers to conduct current through the channel.
- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
- Some applications exploit this behavior for very low power analog/digital circuits.
So in summary, a small current flows due to weak inversion in the
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
1) MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication capabilities. This allows for increased data rates and signal strength.
2) Traditional wireless systems use a single antenna at both ends (SISO) while MIMO can have multiple at both, known as MISO, SIMO, or fully multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO).
3) MIMO provides higher capacity through spatial multiplexing and increases spectrum efficiency. The Shannon capacity can increase linearly with the number of antennas or data streams.
Multi Carrier Modulation and Single Carrier Modulationfernandomireles
The document compares multi-carrier (DMT) and single carrier modulation techniques. DMT divides the available spectrum into multiple sub-carriers, each with a low symbol rate, allowing different modulation schemes per sub-carrier. Single carrier modulation uses a single carrier to transmit all data simultaneously. DMT offers higher bandwidth efficiency and throughput through bit loading and simpler equalization, while single carrier modulation provides simpler implementation through a single equalizer but lower spectrum utilization. The author is Fernando Ramirez-Mireles, a professor specializing in digital signal processing and communications engineering.
3rd UNIT Microwave Engineering PPT.pptxShaikShahin7
This document discusses microwave engineering and microwave cavity resonators. It provides details on:
- Microwave cavity resonators, which confine electromagnetic energy inside a metallic enclosure. The resonant frequency depends on the equivalent capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the cavity.
- Rectangular waveguide cavity resonators, which are constructed by shorting both ends of a closed waveguide section to form a cavity.
- The different modes resonant cavities can support and how maximum energy is stored at the resonant frequency.
- Common coupling mechanisms like probe coupling and loop coupling to feed or extract signals from the resonator.
low pw and leakage current techniques for cmos circuitsAnamika Pancholi
This document discusses various techniques to reduce leakage power in CMOS circuits, including the sleep mode approach, stack mode approach, leakage feedback approach, sleepy stack approach, and sleepy keeper approach. It then proposes a new LECTOR technique which introduces two leakage control transistors between the pull-up and pull-down circuits to ensure that one transistor is always near cutoff, reducing leakage power dissipation. The document concludes that leakage reduction is important for VLSI circuit design as scaling continues, and that the LECTOR method is effective at reducing leakage power in both active and standby modes.
Here are the key points about NMOS transistor operation in the subthreshold region:
- When 0 < Vgs < Vt, a depletion region forms in the channel due to the electric field repelling majority carriers (holes).
- This depletion region means there are no carriers to conduct current through the channel.
- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
- Some applications exploit this behavior for very low power analog/digital circuits.
So in summary, a small current flows due to weak inversion in the
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) allows mobile phones to send and receive data across mobile networks. It provides always-on connectivity, supports new applications, and reduces costs for operators through billing based on data volume rather than connection time. GPRS enables multimedia messaging, internet access on smart devices, and push-to-talk features. It requires updates to existing network elements and adding new packet network nodes to fully implement a GPRS network.
This document provides instructions for configuring the basic network elements, OSPF areas, radio links, traffic routing, saving reports and configurations, viewing inventory, and configuring Ethernet switches, WAN, LAN, VLANs, and performing radio link loops on a MINI-LINK TN control system. The default login credentials provided are control_user/view_user with the password Ericsson.
This document provides a tutorial on Optical Transport Network (OTN) standards and their applications. Some key points covered include:
- OTN uses stronger forward error correction than SONET/SDH, allowing up to 6.2dB improvement in signal to noise ratio.
- OTN supports multiple levels of tandem connection monitoring to monitor client signals across multiple network elements.
- OTN can transparently transport different client signals.
- OTN switching scales better than SONET/SDH as capacity increases.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve channel robustness and throughput. By utilizing reflected signals, MIMO can provide gains in channel robustness and throughput. MIMO was initially developed in the 1990s after additional processing power made it possible to utilize both spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. MIMO systems provide either spatial multiplexing gain to maximize transmission rate or diversity gain to minimize errors and prioritize reliability. MIMO is now used in many wireless communication standards and ongoing research aims to develop more advanced MIMO techniques.
This document discusses the implementation and optimization of dual polarization microwave links using XPIC technology. It covers:
- Using dual polarization antennas and XPIC to create two radio links through one path for increased capacity and hardware protection.
- The hardware configuration including two MMUs and RAUs integrated to a dual polarization antenna at each terminal.
- Procedures for alignment and configuration of the dual polarization links.
- Tests and optimization of cross polarization discrimination (XPD) to ensure adequate isolation between the two polarizations.
- Using ML Craft to test for interference by turning off the far end transmitter and checking for unexpected signal levels.
The document discusses FPGA design flow and programming. It describes the roles of the systems architect who defines high-level requirements and provides a golden model and test vectors. The FPGA designer is responsible for delivering a firmware that approximates the golden model on a hardware platform using vendor tools. The design flow includes simulation, synthesis, placement and routing, and testing at different stages to verify functionality and timing.
HSPA is a mobile telecommunications protocol that extends 3G networks by improving data transmission rates. It consists of HSDPA for faster downloads and HSUPA for faster uploads. HSPA was designed for non-real time data and increases peak rates to 14Mbps down and 5.8Mbps up. It achieves these improvements through technologies like shorter transmission time intervals, link adaptation, advanced modulation schemes, and MIMO antennas. The architecture introduces new channels like HS-DSCH for user data and HS-SCCH for control information. Subsequent evolutions like HSPA+ and DC-HSDPA have further increased speeds through higher order modulation and dual-cell connections.
Spread spectrum is a communication technique that spreads a narrowband communication signal over a wide range of frequencies for transmission then de-spreads it into the original data bandwidth at the receive.
The document describes technical specifications for multi-function watt-hour meter communication, including physical layer specifications for different interface types (infrared light, serial port), frame formats, and data identifier codes. It defines specifications for signal levels, transfer speeds, frame structure with start/end flags, address fields, error checking, and a four-level tree data structure using a two-byte identifier code to represent different data types and attributes.
The document discusses various techniques for encoding analog signals into digital pulses for transmission, including:
1. Pulse code modulation (PCM) which samples and quantizes an analog signal then assigns a codeword to each quantization level.
2. Common encoding schemes for the digital pulses including unipolar, polar, and bipolar encodings as well as return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ).
3. Specific encoding methods like alternate mark inversion (AMI) used in telephone systems, and bipolar with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) used to prevent long runs of zeros in transmission.
WCDMA FDD MODULATION):
- Set the channel number or frequency to be used on the RNC
- Set the expected power to the value determined in the power
measurement
- Carry out modulation analysis (softkey Start)
9
Rohde & Schwarz
RBS3202 Test with CMU300 and RNC/Iub SIM
- Check the results for compliance with the limits in [1]
- Save the results if required
- Repeat the measurements for other test models if required
- Switch to spectrum analysis (softkeys Menus / Assistant:
WCDMA FDD SPECTRUM) and carry out spectrum mask
measurement
Microwave Links Correct Installation at Telecom Siteibrahimnabil17
- The document provides standards for installing microwave antennas, brackets, ODUs, IF cables, IDUs, APMs, and related equipment. Key requirements include properly matching antenna sizes to brackets, ensuring vertical poles and proper grounding, labeling all equipment clearly, arranging cables safely and with proper spacing, and configuring IDUs, power sources, and connections as specified. The goal is to perform all installations according to these standards to ensure safety, reliability, and manageability of the microwave network.
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
Este documento discute la función y protección del conductor neutro en una instalación de baja tensión de acuerdo con la norma CEI 60364. Explica que el conductor neutro debe protegerse contra sobrecargas y cortocircuitos mediante un disyuntor tetrapolar que garantice un corte omnipolar simultáneo. También analiza cómo los esquemas de enlace a tierra y la presencia de corrientes armónicas afectan los requisitos de protección del neutro. Concluye que un disyuntor tetrapolar que integra un corte omnip
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. It distributes data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart to prevent interference. There are different types of OFDM including COFDM, MIMO-OFDM, V-OFDM, W-OFDM, and Flash-OFDM. OFDM has applications in digital audio/video broadcasting, ADSL, wireless networking, and power-line technology. It offers benefits over other multiplexing techniques like WDM and TDM such as higher bandwidth efficiency and flexibility.
The document discusses the MINI-LINK TN product, which provides microwave radio functionality, traffic routing, circuit management, terminal multiplexing, Ethernet, and protection/synchronization mechanisms for mobile networks and broadband access applications. It describes the MINI-LINK TN's modulation schemes, frequency bands, capacity ranges, modem configurations, traffic routing capabilities, and redundant switching function.
OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. It converts a high-rate data stream into multiple lower-rate streams that are transmitted in parallel over narrowband channels. OFDM has advantages for high data rate transmission in delay dispersive environments and is used in technologies like DAB, DVB, wireless LANs, and 4G cellular systems. It works by splitting information into parallel streams that modulate distinct subcarriers. The subcarriers are chosen to be orthogonal to avoid interference between signals. OFDM can be implemented digitally using the IDFT/DFT, which makes it simpler and more efficient than analog implementations.
Mobile phone generations (Protocols, Terminology,interfaces)AliVahedifar
A great power point about : 2G/3G/4G/5g/OSI/SS7/GSM/UMTS/SCCP(protocols,stack,interface)
with emphasis on the protocols and interfaces and communication.
We tried to make a regular list of the information provided.
and we tried to make mobile networks easier to train.
This document discusses the I2C bus which is commonly used to link microcontrollers into industrial control systems. It provides an overview of the key aspects of the I2C bus including its structure, electrical interface using an open drain configuration, physical protocol using start and stop sequences, device addressing, and typical bus transactions. The I2C bus allows for communication between processing elements that may be physically separated, enabling improved debugging and diagnosis of issues across a distributed network.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) used in radio broadcasting. It describes the principles of AM including: how the carrier amplitude changes proportionally to the modulation signal, its advantages of simple circuits and use for audio/video broadcasting, and its disadvantages of noise and inefficient power use. Key aspects of AM include: the carrier signal combined with the modulating signal in the modulator, which produces an AM envelope waveform and sidebands around the carrier frequency. The bandwidth of an AM signal is equal to twice the highest modulating frequency.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) allows mobile phones to send and receive data across mobile networks. It provides always-on connectivity, supports new applications, and reduces costs for operators through billing based on data volume rather than connection time. GPRS enables multimedia messaging, internet access on smart devices, and push-to-talk features. It requires updates to existing network elements and adding new packet network nodes to fully implement a GPRS network.
This document provides instructions for configuring the basic network elements, OSPF areas, radio links, traffic routing, saving reports and configurations, viewing inventory, and configuring Ethernet switches, WAN, LAN, VLANs, and performing radio link loops on a MINI-LINK TN control system. The default login credentials provided are control_user/view_user with the password Ericsson.
This document provides a tutorial on Optical Transport Network (OTN) standards and their applications. Some key points covered include:
- OTN uses stronger forward error correction than SONET/SDH, allowing up to 6.2dB improvement in signal to noise ratio.
- OTN supports multiple levels of tandem connection monitoring to monitor client signals across multiple network elements.
- OTN can transparently transport different client signals.
- OTN switching scales better than SONET/SDH as capacity increases.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve channel robustness and throughput. By utilizing reflected signals, MIMO can provide gains in channel robustness and throughput. MIMO was initially developed in the 1990s after additional processing power made it possible to utilize both spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. MIMO systems provide either spatial multiplexing gain to maximize transmission rate or diversity gain to minimize errors and prioritize reliability. MIMO is now used in many wireless communication standards and ongoing research aims to develop more advanced MIMO techniques.
This document discusses the implementation and optimization of dual polarization microwave links using XPIC technology. It covers:
- Using dual polarization antennas and XPIC to create two radio links through one path for increased capacity and hardware protection.
- The hardware configuration including two MMUs and RAUs integrated to a dual polarization antenna at each terminal.
- Procedures for alignment and configuration of the dual polarization links.
- Tests and optimization of cross polarization discrimination (XPD) to ensure adequate isolation between the two polarizations.
- Using ML Craft to test for interference by turning off the far end transmitter and checking for unexpected signal levels.
The document discusses FPGA design flow and programming. It describes the roles of the systems architect who defines high-level requirements and provides a golden model and test vectors. The FPGA designer is responsible for delivering a firmware that approximates the golden model on a hardware platform using vendor tools. The design flow includes simulation, synthesis, placement and routing, and testing at different stages to verify functionality and timing.
HSPA is a mobile telecommunications protocol that extends 3G networks by improving data transmission rates. It consists of HSDPA for faster downloads and HSUPA for faster uploads. HSPA was designed for non-real time data and increases peak rates to 14Mbps down and 5.8Mbps up. It achieves these improvements through technologies like shorter transmission time intervals, link adaptation, advanced modulation schemes, and MIMO antennas. The architecture introduces new channels like HS-DSCH for user data and HS-SCCH for control information. Subsequent evolutions like HSPA+ and DC-HSDPA have further increased speeds through higher order modulation and dual-cell connections.
Spread spectrum is a communication technique that spreads a narrowband communication signal over a wide range of frequencies for transmission then de-spreads it into the original data bandwidth at the receive.
The document describes technical specifications for multi-function watt-hour meter communication, including physical layer specifications for different interface types (infrared light, serial port), frame formats, and data identifier codes. It defines specifications for signal levels, transfer speeds, frame structure with start/end flags, address fields, error checking, and a four-level tree data structure using a two-byte identifier code to represent different data types and attributes.
The document discusses various techniques for encoding analog signals into digital pulses for transmission, including:
1. Pulse code modulation (PCM) which samples and quantizes an analog signal then assigns a codeword to each quantization level.
2. Common encoding schemes for the digital pulses including unipolar, polar, and bipolar encodings as well as return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ).
3. Specific encoding methods like alternate mark inversion (AMI) used in telephone systems, and bipolar with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) used to prevent long runs of zeros in transmission.
WCDMA FDD MODULATION):
- Set the channel number or frequency to be used on the RNC
- Set the expected power to the value determined in the power
measurement
- Carry out modulation analysis (softkey Start)
9
Rohde & Schwarz
RBS3202 Test with CMU300 and RNC/Iub SIM
- Check the results for compliance with the limits in [1]
- Save the results if required
- Repeat the measurements for other test models if required
- Switch to spectrum analysis (softkeys Menus / Assistant:
WCDMA FDD SPECTRUM) and carry out spectrum mask
measurement
Microwave Links Correct Installation at Telecom Siteibrahimnabil17
- The document provides standards for installing microwave antennas, brackets, ODUs, IF cables, IDUs, APMs, and related equipment. Key requirements include properly matching antenna sizes to brackets, ensuring vertical poles and proper grounding, labeling all equipment clearly, arranging cables safely and with proper spacing, and configuring IDUs, power sources, and connections as specified. The goal is to perform all installations according to these standards to ensure safety, reliability, and manageability of the microwave network.
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
Este documento discute la función y protección del conductor neutro en una instalación de baja tensión de acuerdo con la norma CEI 60364. Explica que el conductor neutro debe protegerse contra sobrecargas y cortocircuitos mediante un disyuntor tetrapolar que garantice un corte omnipolar simultáneo. También analiza cómo los esquemas de enlace a tierra y la presencia de corrientes armónicas afectan los requisitos de protección del neutro. Concluye que un disyuntor tetrapolar que integra un corte omnip
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. It distributes data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart to prevent interference. There are different types of OFDM including COFDM, MIMO-OFDM, V-OFDM, W-OFDM, and Flash-OFDM. OFDM has applications in digital audio/video broadcasting, ADSL, wireless networking, and power-line technology. It offers benefits over other multiplexing techniques like WDM and TDM such as higher bandwidth efficiency and flexibility.
The document discusses the MINI-LINK TN product, which provides microwave radio functionality, traffic routing, circuit management, terminal multiplexing, Ethernet, and protection/synchronization mechanisms for mobile networks and broadband access applications. It describes the MINI-LINK TN's modulation schemes, frequency bands, capacity ranges, modem configurations, traffic routing capabilities, and redundant switching function.
OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. It converts a high-rate data stream into multiple lower-rate streams that are transmitted in parallel over narrowband channels. OFDM has advantages for high data rate transmission in delay dispersive environments and is used in technologies like DAB, DVB, wireless LANs, and 4G cellular systems. It works by splitting information into parallel streams that modulate distinct subcarriers. The subcarriers are chosen to be orthogonal to avoid interference between signals. OFDM can be implemented digitally using the IDFT/DFT, which makes it simpler and more efficient than analog implementations.
Mobile phone generations (Protocols, Terminology,interfaces)AliVahedifar
A great power point about : 2G/3G/4G/5g/OSI/SS7/GSM/UMTS/SCCP(protocols,stack,interface)
with emphasis on the protocols and interfaces and communication.
We tried to make a regular list of the information provided.
and we tried to make mobile networks easier to train.
This document discusses the I2C bus which is commonly used to link microcontrollers into industrial control systems. It provides an overview of the key aspects of the I2C bus including its structure, electrical interface using an open drain configuration, physical protocol using start and stop sequences, device addressing, and typical bus transactions. The I2C bus allows for communication between processing elements that may be physically separated, enabling improved debugging and diagnosis of issues across a distributed network.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) used in radio broadcasting. It describes the principles of AM including: how the carrier amplitude changes proportionally to the modulation signal, its advantages of simple circuits and use for audio/video broadcasting, and its disadvantages of noise and inefficient power use. Key aspects of AM include: the carrier signal combined with the modulating signal in the modulator, which produces an AM envelope waveform and sidebands around the carrier frequency. The bandwidth of an AM signal is equal to twice the highest modulating frequency.
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Download luận văn đồ án tốt nghiệp với đề tài: Dòng PLC Modicon M340 hoạt động vô cùng hiệu quả và đáp ứng tốt yêu cầu công việc, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Bộ điều khiển PLC SIMATIC S7-1200 của Siemens là một sự lựa chọn thông minh cho các giải pháp tự động hóa nhỏ gọn với các tùy chọn mở rộng truyền thông và các chức năng tương thích khác.
2. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước lắp đặt – Sơ đồ kết nối
2
1. Lắp đặt phần cứng hoàn thiện 2 đầu: bộ gá, anten, dây IF, tiếp địa ODU, tiếp địa cáp đồng trục, IDU, dây nguồn/CB, tiếp địa
IDU, dây luồng TDM 16E1, bắn E1 lên phiến Krone.
2. Lưu ý:
• Mặc định kết nối cáp trung tần đến IDU radio port #1 (bên trái);.
• Trường hợp cần bảo vệ nguồn VDC thì đấu 2 jack nguồn đến 2 hệ thống tủ cấp khác nhau.
3. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước lắp đặt – Hệ thống tiếp địa
3
3. Nguyên lý chung lắp đặt hệ thống tiếp địa mô tả như hình dưới. Tiếp địa luôn phải lắp theo nguyên lý nước chảy, với mối nối
chắc chắn.
4. Anten nằm trong góc hình nón 45 độ tính từ đỉnh hình nón là kim thoát sét. Nên đảm bảo khoảng cách với các anten hiện
hữu tối thiểu 5~6m (đặc biệt là các anten cùng dải tần số).
4. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước lắp đặt – install ODU (RFU-C) & Antenna
4
ODU/RFU-C
Antenna
N-TYPE female
(IF port)
BNC
female
DO NOT REMOVE
the plastic cover
1. Chi tiết file HD lắp đặt ODU/RFU-C & HD lắp đặt
anten 0.6m Ceragon.
Foxit Reader PDF
Document
Foxit Reader PDF
Document
5. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước lắp đặt – install IDU (IP-20G)
5
1. Chi tiết file hướng dẫn lắp đặt IDU/IP-20G
Foxit Reader PDF
Document
6. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – First login
6
1. Bật nguồn, cắm cáp LAN kết nối máy tính vào cổng MGMT
2. Đặt địa chỉ laptop theo lớp 192.168.1.x /
255.255.255.0 ;
3. Mở trình duyệt web, login vào địa chỉ 192.168.1.1
(địa chỉ mặc định xuất xưởng) hoặc 192.168.1.2 (địa
chỉ đã được đổi ở kho ITC)
4. User ID/ pass: admin / admin
1
2
3
7. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Activation key
7
1. Kiểm tra xem license đã active chưa:
Platform>Management>Activation
Key>Activation Key Configuration
2. Nếu license đã được active, sẽ có thông số
“Normal” với dãy key xuất hiện như hình bên.
3. Nếu license chưa được active -> sẽ có thông số
“Default” và không có dãy key đi kèm. Vào mục
Platform>Management>Inventory tra S/N của
IDU; đối chiếu S/N và tìm trong danh sách S/N
file excel gửi kèm. Copy dãy key và paste vào
mục này xong “Apply”.
4. File excel license đi kèm bên dưới.
1
2
3
Microsoft Excel
Worksheet
8. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Install FileZilla software
8
1. Cài đặt phần mềm FileZilla:
2. Mở FileZilla, thêm vào account “anonymous”
(bước 1 -> 4)
3. Trỏ thư mục gốc đến thư mục trên máy tính, nơi
lưu trữ sẵn file cấu hình (bước 5 -> 10).
4. Lưu ý: việc cài đặt, cấu hình FileZilla chỉ làm lần
đầu tiên khi máy tính chưa cài. Các lần tiếp theo
không cần lặp lại.
1
2
3
C:UsersTD
DesktopFileZilla_Server-0_9_
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
9. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Load configuration file
9
1. Platform>Configuration: “Server IP address” = địa
chỉ laptop; “File name” = tên file cấu hình lưu trên
máy tính (có đuôi .zip)
2. Cách chọn file ứng với NE (đầu gần) và FE (đầu
xa): NE ứng với site gần BSC/mạng lõi TDM/gốc
quang; FE ứng với site gần BTS hơn.
1 2
3
4
C:UsersTD
DesktopBKU file cau hinh MBF
C:UsersTD
DesktopBKU file cau hinh MBF
10. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Restore configuration file
10
1. Chọn “Restore”, hệ thống sẽ yêu cầu xác nhận.
2. Hệ thống tự động restore và khởi động lại IDU. Mở
cửa sổ ping của Windows (cmd) để biết chắc khi
nào thiết bị khởi động xong. Login vào thiết bị sẽ
thấy tên thiết bị đã được thay đổi.
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11. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Cài mã trạm, thời gian, IP
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1. Đổi tên mã trạm, mã link. (bước 1 -> 3). VD:
NE_BTN9706-BTN9701_Tx High….
2. Đặt lại ngày giờ hệ thống theo thời gian thực (bước
4 -> 6). VD: 09-04-2017 15:30:00
3. Cài lại địa chỉ IP/sub-net quản lý theo quy hoạch
(nếu có) (bước 7 -> 9). Lưu ý: sau khi cài IP quản
lý xong, phải đặt lại địa chỉ IP laptop theo sub-net
mới (nếu có) và login lại thiết bị theo địa chỉ mới.
4. Lưu ý: địa chỉ IP của 2 đầu hoặc cụm chuỗi nối
đuôi nhau phải cùng sub-net, nhưng khác IP. Để
đảm bảo quản lý thông suốt.
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12. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Cài tần số, công suất phát
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1. Vào phần “Radio Parameters”: kiểm tra “Radio Slot 1, port 1” đã hiện tên “RFU-C” chưa. Nếu chưa hiện tên (“Unknown”)
kiểm tra lại cáp IF/connector.
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2. Click vào “Edit” (bước 3), cửa sổ cấu hình tần số, công suất
phát hiện ra. Đặt vào tần số đã quy hoạch (bước 4);. Công
suất phát “Tx Level” đặt giá trị tối đa cho phép trong ô mở
ngoặc bên phải. Bật Tx (Tx mute = Off), xong “Apply”
3. Lưu ý: trường hợp lo ngai nhiễu tần ảnh hưởng đến dịch vụ
tuyến đang chạy, thì cấu hình tần số trước xong “Apply”.
Kiểm tra mức thu “Rx Level (dBm)” nếu thấy không có thu (
-99) thì khẳng định không có nhiễu. Sau đó mới tiến hành
bật Tx (Tx mute = Off).
13. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước lắp đặt – Chỉnh anten
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1. Căn chỉnh anten sao cho mức Volts càng thấp càng tốt (lấy 2 chữ số sau dấu phẩy của Volt đo được, thêm dấu trừ là ra
mức thu dBm). Mục tiêu đạt mức thu thiết kế (thường cho phép ≤ ±2dBm với tuyến ngắn).
2. Trường hợp mức thu nhỏ hơn -25dBm (< 1.25vdc) Tạm dừng chỉnh,
login vào thiết bị, vào phần “Radio Parameter” hạ công suất tối đa xuống
khoảng 10dBm, xong tiến hành chỉnh tiếp. Mục đích không để mức thu
vượt ngưỡng (-20dBm) gây ảnh hưởng xấu đến thiết bị.
3. Sau khi chốt anten xong, login vào thiết bị phần “Radio Parameters”,
kiểm tra mức thu tốt theo thiết kế (RX Level) & giá trị Modem MSE tốt
(khoảng -34 ~ -41).
14. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Cài ACM & ATPC
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1. Tùy yêu cầu thực tế, xem xét enable tính năng ACM (tự động thay đổi điều chế theo môi trường, khuyến nghị nên dùng trong
mọi trường hợp);
2. Lưu ý sau khi đổi điều chế xong, IDU tự động khởi động lại.
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15. Proprietary and Confidential
Các bước cấu hình – Cài ATPC
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1. Tùy yêu cầu thực tế, xem xét enable tính năng ATPC (tự động thay đổi công suất phát theo mức thu tham chiếu, khuyên nghị
nên dùng đối với các tuyến có mức thu trên -35dBm).
2. Khuyến nghị chọn mức thu tham chiếu khoảng -40dBm với băng 7/13GHz; -35dBm với băng 15/18GHz
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16. Proprietary and Confidential
Hoàn thiện báo cáo, nghiệm thu
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1. Chụp ảnh site, lắp đặt theo form mẫu
2. Capture màn hình, logfile thiết bị theo form mẫu.
17. Proprietary and Confidential
Phân tích lỗi cơ bản – Current Alarms
1. Vào phần Faults>Current Alarms xem đánh giá các lỗi.
2. Đánh giá chất lượng tuyến thông qua giá trị Modem MSE
+ Nếu MSE = -99 và vẫn có thu 2 đầu bị cấu hình lệch điều chế
+ Nếu MSE > -30 (ví dụ: -25, -20) khả năng có nhiễu tần số hoặc cần loop trung tần test cáp IF.
18. Proprietary and Confidential
Phân tích lỗi cơ bản – RF loopback, IF loopback
1. RF Loopback: mục đích kiểm tra tổng thể hệ thống ODU, cáp
IF và IDU. Chọn “Loopback timeout” = 5 (phút); “RF
Loopback” = On”.
2. Quay ra “Radio Parameters”, kiểm tra có mức thu RSL, và
MSE tốt (khoảng -34 ~ -41) tổng thể hệ thống tốt. Nếu
không tốt, thực hiện tiếp IF Loopback.
3. IF Loopback: chỉ kiểm tra IDU. IF Loopback sẽ không có mức
thu, nhưng có giá trị MSE. Nếu MSE tốt IDU tốt, cần kiểm
tra lại Connectors/ Cáp IF/ hoặc ODU.
RF Loopback
IF Loopback
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19. Proprietary and Confidential
Phân tích lỗi cơ bản – TDM/E1 Loopback
1. Mục đích kiểm tra tín hiệu luồng TDM/E1
2. Đặt thời gian cần loop “TDM Loopback timeout” (phút) ->
“Apply” -> chọn luồng E1 cần loop -> “Edit” -> Chọn Loopback
type (“towards the line” hoặc “towards the system”)
3. Quay lại mục “Native TDM Services”, kiểm tra trạng thái luồng
E1 tương ứng có Status ở trạng thái “Up” là ok.
TDM Loopback
(towards the line)
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TDM Loopback
(towards the system)
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20. Proprietary and Confidential
Phân tích lỗi cơ bản – enable/disable Radio
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1. Trong trường hợp cần tháo/lắp connector cáp đồng trục, nên vào phần Interface Manager tắt (“Admin Status” =
Down) giao diện Radio trước khi thực hiện tháo/lắp nhằm tránh dò điện.
2. Sau khi lắp xong vào bật lại bình thường (“Admin Status” = Up).
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