Disaster (MSC NURSING PREVIOUS) ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE (ANP)

1. DISASTERDIVYESH PAL SINGH

2. ETYMOLOGY
Ancient Greek
DIS ASTER
(dus-) "bad
“(aster), "star".
↓
sense of a calamity blamed on the position
of planets
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

3. According to WHO-
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence
that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss
of human life, deterioration of health and
health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant
an extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area”.
DEFINITION
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4. Disaster alphabetically means:
D : Destruction
I : Incidents
S : Sufferings
A : Administrative failures
S : Sentiments
T : Tragedies
E : Eruption of communicable diseases
R : Research program and its
implementationDIVYESH PAL SINGH

5. Classification
Water Geologically
Chemical,
industrial and
nuclear
Accident Biologically
CLASSIFICATION
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6. CLASSIFICATION
Water and climate related
disasters
 Floods
 Tornados
 Cloud burst
 Snow avalanches
 Sea erosion
 Tsunami
 Cyclone
 Hailstorm
 Heat wave and cold wave
 Droughts
 Thunder and lightning
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

7. CLASSIFICATION
Geologically related
disasters
 Landslides and
mudflow
 Dam failure/dam
burst
 Earthquakes
 Mine fires
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

8. CLASSIFICATION
Chemical, industrial
and nuclear related
disasters
 Chemical and
industrial
disasters
 Nuclear disasters
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9. CLASSIFICATION
Accident-related disasters
 Forest fires
 Urban fires
 Mine flooding
 Oil spills
 Major building collapse
 Serial bomb blasts
 Festival-related disasters
 Electrical disasters and fires
 Air, road and rail accidents
 Boat capsizing
 Village fire
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

10. CLASSIFICATION
Biologically related
disasters
 Biological
disasters and
epidemics
 Pest attacks
 Cattle epidemics
 Food poisoning
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

11. NATURAL DISASTERS
Earthquakes
- aka quake / tremor / temblor
- result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust
- creates seismic waves
- Record by → seismographs
- magnitude3=Less damage
- magnitude7=serious damage
- Intensity of shaking
- measure by → Mercalli scale.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

12. Cyclone
- area of closed, circular, fluid
motion
- rotating in the same direction
as the earth.
- characterized by
- inward spiraling winds
- rotate counter-clockwise in
the Northern Hemisphere
and
- clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere of the earth.
- Cyclones also seen on other
planets outside of the earth,
such as Mars and Neptune.
NATURAL DISASTERS
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13. Floods
- Water is source of all life forms.
- Without water, no life is sustainable.
- when water is in the form of floods,
it takes thousands of human and cattle life.
- Bangladesh is a riverine country, where recurrent
flooding is both common and necessary.
- Most vulnerable things which are affect due to flood
are homes, buildings and huts made from biomass
material like bamboo leaves.
NATURAL DISASTERS
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

14. Volcanic Eruptions
- opening rupture in a earths surface
- a volcanic crater at the top
 when a volcano is active, materials
come out of it. the materials include
lava, steam, gaseous sulfur
compounds, ash and
broken rock pieces.
 When, enough pressure→ volcano
erupts→blow off the top→magma
comes out
 sometimes quickly and sometimes
slowly
 Volcanoes are found on planets other
than Earth. An example is Olympus
Mons on Mars.
NATURAL DISASTERS
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

15. Fires
 Wildfire is any uncontrolled fire that occurs in the Rural or Forest area.
 Aka
 brush fire
 forest fire
 grass fire
 hill fire
 peat fire
 vegetation fire
 wildland fire
 Wildfire differs from other fires by
 extensive size
 speed
 original source
 ability to change direction unexpectedly and
 to jump gaps, such as roads, rivers and fire breaks.
 Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical
properties such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present and
the effect of weather on the fire.
NATURAL DISASTERS
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

16. Landslides
 AKA landslide, landslip
 mass wasting
 wide range of ground movements,
such as:
 rock falls
 deep-seated slope failures
 mudflows and
 debris flows.
 landslide is triggered by a specific event. such as
 a heavy rainfall,
 an earthquake,
 a slope cut to build a road
NATURAL DISASTERS
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17. Droughts
A drought is an extended period of months or years when a
region notes deficiency in its water supply.
NATURAL DISASTERS
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18. Chemical Weapons
 Chemical Emergency occurs when a hazardous chemical released and this
release harming people’s health.
 Radiation Emergency: release radiation from radioactive
material for example: reactors, radioactive substances (uranium) and
medical supplies (radium)
 Bioterrorism: Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release of
biological agents (bacteria, viruses or toxins); these may be in a naturally-
occurring or in a human-modified form.
 Pandemic and disease:
 A global disease outbreak
 Influenza virus causes various illnesses.
 Spread is from person to person.
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
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19. War and Civil Conflicts
 In all wars, group experiencing the need to
dominate other group are unable and
unwilling to accept or permit the possibility of
a relationship of fundamental equality to exist
between the groups who have opted for
group violence (war). The aspect of
domination that is a precipitating factor in all
wars. i.e. one group wishing to dominate
another is also often a precipitating factor in
individual one-on-one violence outside of the
context of war. i.e. one individual wishing to
dominate another.
 Terrorism: Terrorism refers only to those
violence acts which are intended to create
fear (terror) are perpetrate for an ideological
goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and
deliberately target or disregard the safety of
non-combats (civilians). The word ‘terrorism’
is politically and emotionally charged, and this
greatly compounds the difficulty of providing
a precise definition.
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
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20. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 It is influenced by the type of
disaster.
 hurricane = high degree of
predictability
 earthquakes = less foreseeable
than floods.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

21. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 interventions used to control the
disaster,
 such as using
 dams for flood control;
 earthquakes→less controllability.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

22. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 Speed of onset is quick with
floods whereas hurricanes are
generally slow to develop.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

23. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 It is the period between warning
and impact communities in the
path of a
 Hurricane = may have 24 hour
warning, where as a
 tornado = warning may provide
only a few minutes of
preparation.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

24. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 Duration of impact also varies,
 tornado may be on the ground for
few minutes, where as
 floods impact usually lasts for
days.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

25. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1) Predictability
2) Controllability
3) Speed of Onset
4) Length of
forewarning
5) Duration of
impact
6) Scope and
intensity of
impact
 It refers to geographic and social
space dimension.
 A disaster such as:
 tornado may be limited to a mile
or two, but
 flood may involve hundreds of
miles.
 The population density of an area
influences this variable that can
lead to widespread
consequences.
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

26. A. AGENTS
Primary Agents: These
include:
 Falling of building
 Earthquakes
 Floods
 Hurricanes
 Bomb blasts
 Tsunami
 Automobile accidents
 Epidemic outbreaks of diseases
 Draughts
Secondary Agents:
These include:
 Bacteria and viruses that
produce contamination or
infection after the primary
agent has caused injury or
destruction.
 For Example: A hurricane with
rising water can cause flooding
and high winds. These are the
primary agents. The secondary
agents would include damaged
buildings and bacteria or
viruses that thrive as a result of
the disaster.
DISASTER AGENTS / EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISASTER
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27. B. HOST FACTORS
Host factors include:
Age
Immunization status
Degree of mobility
Emotional stability
DISASTER AGENTS / EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISASTER
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

28. C. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 PHYSICAL FACTORS: Weather conditions, the availability of food, time when the
disaster occurs, the availability of water and the functioning of utilities such as
electricity and telephone service.
 CHEMICAL FACTORS: Influencing disaster outcomes include leakage of stored
chemicals into the air, soil, groundwater or food supplies. For example: Bhopal
Gas tragedy.
 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: These are those that occur or increase as a result of
contaminated water, improper waste disposal, insect or rodent proliferations,
improper food storage or lack of refrigeration due to interrupted electrical
services.
 Bioterrorism: Release of viruses, bacteria or other agents caused by illness or
death.
 SOCIAL FACTORS: These are those that contribute to the individual social support
system. Loss of family members, changes in roles and the questioning of religious
beliefs are social factors to be examined after a disaster.
 PSYHCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: Psychological factors are closely related to agents,
hosts and environmental conditions. The nature and severity of the disaster affect
the psychological distress experienced by the victims.
DISASTER AGENTS / EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISASTER
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

29. 1. Warning Phase: Some disasters
give warning of their approach. In this,
certain precautionary measures are
undertaken to handle the disaster situation
efficiently and effectively.
2. Threat Phase: This is critical
decision-making period when one’s activity is
directed towards the survival action.
3. Impact Phase: When disaster
strikes, people may at first be stunned. Then
they begin to realize the magnitude of the
effects of disaster such as injury, death,
destruction etc.
4. Inventory Phase: During this
phase, one tries to find out what has actually
happened to him. Victim may exhibit fear,
anger, sorrow, depression, anxiety and other
emotions.
PHASES OF DISASTER
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30. 5. Rescue Phase: During this period
the victim help each other to cope and begin
to help with the rescue provide comfort to
other and to reestablish shelter and other
needs.
6. Remedy Phase: The morale of
victim usually picks up during this period as
they work together with rescue personnel
to get the community back to its feet. This
phases is the longest post disaster period
when reconstruction takes place.
7. Restoration Period: In this
phase, the individuals regain the stability
that they enjoyed prior to the disaster. The
time required for a community to reach the
state of equilibrium depends upon the
nature and intensity of disaster and disaster
relief available.
PHASES OF DISASTER
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

31. The goal of disaster management is the
safety and sustainability of human lives
SAFETY is related to avoiding death and
injuries to human lives during a disaster
SUSTAINABILITY is related to livelihood,
socioeconomic, cultural, environmental
and psychological aspects
GOAL OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DIVYESH PAL SINGH

32. A disaster is any occurrence that causes damage, economic disruption,
loss of human life and property, or deterioration of health and services
on scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from the area
or community. There is 2 Types of Disaster; Natural Disasters (Like
Earthquakes, Cyclone, Floods, Volcanic Eruptions, Fires, Landslides,
Droughts, Famines) and Man-Made Disasters (like Chemical Weapons,
War and Civil Conflicts, Terrorism. Falling of building, Earthquakes,
Floods, Hurricanes, Bomb blasts, Tsunami, Automobile accidents,
Epidemic outbreaks of diseases, Draughts are the Primary agents of
Disaster. Bacteria and viruses are Secondary Agents of disaster. Phases
Disaster are Warning Phase, Threat Phase, Impact Phase, Inventory
Phase, Rescue Phase, Remedy Phase and Restoration Period. There are
three fundamental aspects of disaster management; Disaster Response,
Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Mitigation. The goal of disaster
management is the safety and sustainability of human lives, Safety is
related to avoiding death and injuries to human lives during a disaster,
Sustainability is related to livelihood, socioeconomic, cultural,
environmental and psychological aspects.
SUMMARY
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33. Disaster is occurring due to environmental
changes. It comes without prior notice and go
with lot of harm to man and material. It is a
truth of Life; we can control all type of
disasters. Some kind of disasters is identified
and predictable and some disaster is prevented
by awareness. A nurse play major role in
disaster management by Disaster Response,
Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Mitigation. The
Primary goal of a nurse in disaster management
is the safety and sustainability of human lives.
CONCLUSION
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34. End of
the Slide
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