This document provides background information on the history and geography of Hawaii. It discusses how Hawaii was originally ruled by local Polynesian chiefs until becoming a monarchy in 1810. Hawaii later became a republic and was then annexed by the United States in 1898, becoming a U.S. territory in 1900. The document also briefly outlines some key events like the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 and Hawaii becoming a U.S. state in 1959. It provides short descriptions of popular tourist destinations and natural features across the Hawaiian islands, such as volcanoes, beaches, bays, and valleys.