This document provides an introduction to Harvard referencing. It explains why referencing is important, such as to acknowledge others' work and avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is passing off others' work as your own. The document outlines how to reference different sources like books, journal articles, and websites in both in-text citations and reference lists. It also covers topics like secondary referencing, common knowledge, and when citations are needed. Overall, the document serves as a guide to using the Harvard referencing style correctly.
Reference Link:
https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/literature-review-outline-tips/
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Literature review is a critical analysis of an authorized and accredited body of knowledge through classifications, summary, evidences, justifications and comparison of prior research studies. While writing, you must not confuse your review paper with an annotated bibliography.
Being a writer, your purpose is to realize the readers that this chapter is informative and targeted but, it still has the scope to answer “Why”, “When”, “What” and “How”. More than just sequence of names, your literature review outline must have solid substances as well.
Before understanding the rudimentary facts about outline template, learn the two major aspects either of which can be followed while designing a literature review outline.
Reference Link:
https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/literature-review-outline-tips/
For Order: https://myassignmenthelp.com/Home/
Email id:
contact@myassignmenthelp.com
Literature review is a critical analysis of an authorized and accredited body of knowledge through classifications, summary, evidences, justifications and comparison of prior research studies. While writing, you must not confuse your review paper with an annotated bibliography.
Being a writer, your purpose is to realize the readers that this chapter is informative and targeted but, it still has the scope to answer “Why”, “When”, “What” and “How”. More than just sequence of names, your literature review outline must have solid substances as well.
Before understanding the rudimentary facts about outline template, learn the two major aspects either of which can be followed while designing a literature review outline.
John Q. StudentProfessor StalbirdEnglish 1201.xxx27 February.docxvrickens
John Q. Student
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.xxx
27 February 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Name of Article in Quotation Marks.” Name of Source/Publication in Italics. Publication Date/Info. Name of Database in Italics. Url. Date Accessed.
This article discusses (give the thesis of the article). In the next 2-4 sentences, give the main points of the article. Tell what the article said.
The purpose of this article is ______. The intended audience seems to be _______. Address the credibility of the source and the author. For example, for a database article you could write: The source came from the Sinclair database and the article came from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal. The author seems credible because she has written many other articles on the subject. The article was written in 2020.
I can use this source for ______. I plan to use the following quote: “______.”
Next Citation. Note there are no extra lines of white space anywhere. Double-space throughout.
Writing the Annotated Bibliography
From the Working Bibliography that you created, you will choose 10 sources that best answer the questions you posed in your Research Proposal. Those sources will form the basis for the Annotated Bibliography. You will need a minimum of five sources from Sinclair databases and at least three of those sources should be "scholarly."
Briefly, the annotated bibliography includes notes and analysis on sources that will be quoted and paraphrased in the final essay. You have already had practice with the skills that are required, but the assignments do require that you set aside several hours for reading and analysis.
If you've taken ENG 1101 at Sinclair recently, you may have already had some experience with the annotated bibliography.
Annotated Bibliography
To begin to put the Annotated Bibliography together, review the sources you listed on your Working Bibliography. Choose 10 that look like they come the closest to answering the research questions you posted in your Research Proposal. If, after reading and researching further into your topic, you realize that you do NOT have 10 that address the issue you are writing about, go back to the library databases and find more sources. Keep searching until you have ten.
Choosing the 10 sources for the Annotated Bibliography is important because you are going to spend considerable time reading, summarizing, and critiquing these sources. Make sure you take as much time as necessary to read and choose sources that answer the questions you posed in your research proposal. The work that you do for the annotated bibliography will form the basis for your research paper. The time you put into this assignment will pay off when you go to write the paper because what you create for the annotated bibliography will go directly into your paper to support the ideas that you are sharing with your readers. This assignment is one of the most important steps in writing the paper. ...
1 Created in 2015 IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE What .docxhoney725342
1
Created in 2015
IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE
What are in-text citations?
An in-text citation is a citation within your writing to show where you found your information, facts, quotes,
and research. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005,
p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number
instead, for example: (Fields, 2015, para.3).
In-text citations follow any sentence in your writing that contains a direct quote, or paraphrased or
summarized information from an outside source.
Each in-text citation in your writing must also have a corresponding entry in your References list. There
are two exceptions to this rule: personal communications, like interviews, emails, or classroom discussion
posts, and classic religious texts, like the Bible or the Koran. These types of sources should be cited by
in-text citations only.
Always include in-text citations for:
direct quotes
paraphrased information
summarized information
All in-text citations require the same basic information:
Author
Date of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”)
Page or paragraph number (for direct quotes only)
Basic Examples of In-Text Citations
For a quote: “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in
society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
For paraphrased material: Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on
teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
For summarized material: Schooling and literacy contributed to educational divisions in society
(Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
NOTE: If you mention the author and the year in your writing to introduce the quote or paraphrased
material, then you need only include the page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
2
Created in 2015
For example:
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (p. 27).
Additional In-Text Citation Models
For online sources:
For a web page: The USDA is “taking steps to help farmers, ranchers, and small businesses
wrestling with persistent drought” (United States Department of Agriculture, 2015, “USDA Drought
Programs and Assistance,” para. 1).
Format: (Website Author, Year, “Web Page Title,” paragraph number).
For an online article: The F.B.I. “warned the families not to talk publicly” about the hostages
(Wright, 2015, para. 2).
Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year, paragraph number).
For an email communication: According to Dr. Edwards, “The coming El Niño won’t do much to
alleviate California’s current drought” (personal communicati ...
Writing Assignment: Annotated Bibliography (AB)
Due Dates (by 11:59PM):
Rubin AB entry:
1/30
AB Draft
(3 entries):
2/25
OPTIONAL:
AB Final Draft
(5 entries): 3/ 10
AB Revised Draft:
3/17
Mechanics: 6 page minimum (including 5 AB entries and a Literature Review with CRQ), double-spaced, 12 point, 1” margins, MLA (or other) format
Explanation
Annotated Bibliography is a genre of writing in academia that works to show your awareness of what others have written about a topic. The work done in an AB, including introducing the authors with brief intellectual biographies; explicating the main claims and concepts; tracing the argument and its evidence; evaluating the source; and discussing its stakes and implications gives some context to the course reading you choose to research and situates the course reading into a research topic by indicating the intellectual conversations you are entering. The point of this assignment is to practice research skills but also to dig a little deeper into 4 of our readings using research. For this assignment:Writing Task
1. Compile an Annotated Bibliographyof five scholarly sources, including one entry for Gayle Rubin’s “Thinking Sex” and 4 more scholarly sources based on researching sources that are connected to one (the deep dive) or more of our course readings. See the next page for the specific AB entry format.
· Sources
· “Scholarly” means peer-reviewed articles from academic journals or chapters in books written by experts in a field and not wikis, encyclopedias, newspapers, popular magazines/media, blogs, websites, etc. (see the Library Guide on what constitutes a scholarly source).
· “Connected” means that each of your researched, scholarly sources must be connection to a course reading in some way. You can either find a source that engages or discusses the particular critical essay or cultural text from the course calendar or you can do research on a topic or theme that is brought up in or similar to the course reading. Whatever you decide, you’ll explain the connection in your quote analysis.
· “Deep Dive” means you may also include more than one researched source per course text. You can, for instance, research two sources on a critical essay and two on a cultural text or even include 4 sources that are all about one essay or text to give some in-depth engagement with one course reading. Alternatively, you may also include 4 sources on 4 different course texts.
· Focus
· If you’d like, you canfocus your research within a broad topic, on a field of knowledge, or on a really specific object of analysis within that topic. For example, you can produce an AB based on a specific topic (like racialized hypersexuality, the sex/gender/desire matrix, or a particular sexual stereotype) or a specific discipline (for instance, focus on the sociology of sex) or an interdisciplinary one that pursues a critical research question through multiple fields of knowledge (for instance, focused on how sociology, cult.
Methodology ProjectThis project will be completed in steps wi.docxbuffydtesurina
Methodology Project:
This project will be completed in steps with several due dates throughout the semester in order to facilitate understanding of the process involved in a research project. For this project you will be responsible for writing an annotated bibliography, creating hypotheses, operationalizing variables, creating survey questions, and creating an interview guide for your chosen topic.
All steps of the project must abide by the following guidelines:
· Project must have a cover sheet with: title, name, date of submission.
· Pages must be numbered.
· Written in Times New Roman 12-point font, double spaced, with one inch margins on all sides (NOTE: default in word is 1.25).
· Spell-check and grammar-check the document prior to submission.
· Proof-read the document prior to submission.
· Cite sources using the APA format.
The entire project is worth a maximum of 200 points or 50% of your final grade!
Step One ~ Annotated Bibliography:
When searching for sources, you must find relevant academic journal/periodical articles. This means you cannot use popular magazines, newspaper articles, or other non-academic sources! You also cannot use books for this assignment.
Scholarly journal article
Non-scholarly sources
content
original research or comprehensive review of existing research
general information, typically current events, broad overview of the topic
format
structured article with abstract, literature review, methodology, conclusion, and bibliography
no structured format
audience
professionals/students in a particular field of study
general public
authors
scholars or experts in the field; articles are signed and credentials are provided
hired journalists or professional writers
evidence
thorough bibliography or "cited references" provided
No bibliography; research/reports may be mentioned in the article
purpose
inform of scholarly/scientific research
to entertain or inform general public
examples
Criminology; Criminology & Public Policy; Social Problems; Criminal Justice Review
Time; Newsweek; Sports Illustrated; Rolling Stone; National Geographic
It will be useful for you to search for articles using a computerized search program such as EbscoHost or Sociofile, both of which can be accessed through the MSU library’s database section using the instructions provided below. When in doubt, the library reference section personnel can usually be of assistance. You want to be careful in relying on your favorite search engine (such as google) to find academic sources, unless you are using a search engine oriented toward scholarly work (such as http://scholar.google.com/).
How to Access the MSU Databases to Find Scholarly Articles
(1) Go to the MSU homepage (www.montclair.edu) and under “Menu” click on “Library.”
(2) Click on “databases” on the right.
(3) On the right click on “Academic Search Complete.”
(4) You will be prompted to enter your username and password.
(5) You will now see the Ebsco.
John Q. StudentProfessor StalbirdEnglish 1201.xxx27 February.docxvrickens
John Q. Student
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.xxx
27 February 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Name of Article in Quotation Marks.” Name of Source/Publication in Italics. Publication Date/Info. Name of Database in Italics. Url. Date Accessed.
This article discusses (give the thesis of the article). In the next 2-4 sentences, give the main points of the article. Tell what the article said.
The purpose of this article is ______. The intended audience seems to be _______. Address the credibility of the source and the author. For example, for a database article you could write: The source came from the Sinclair database and the article came from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal. The author seems credible because she has written many other articles on the subject. The article was written in 2020.
I can use this source for ______. I plan to use the following quote: “______.”
Next Citation. Note there are no extra lines of white space anywhere. Double-space throughout.
Writing the Annotated Bibliography
From the Working Bibliography that you created, you will choose 10 sources that best answer the questions you posed in your Research Proposal. Those sources will form the basis for the Annotated Bibliography. You will need a minimum of five sources from Sinclair databases and at least three of those sources should be "scholarly."
Briefly, the annotated bibliography includes notes and analysis on sources that will be quoted and paraphrased in the final essay. You have already had practice with the skills that are required, but the assignments do require that you set aside several hours for reading and analysis.
If you've taken ENG 1101 at Sinclair recently, you may have already had some experience with the annotated bibliography.
Annotated Bibliography
To begin to put the Annotated Bibliography together, review the sources you listed on your Working Bibliography. Choose 10 that look like they come the closest to answering the research questions you posted in your Research Proposal. If, after reading and researching further into your topic, you realize that you do NOT have 10 that address the issue you are writing about, go back to the library databases and find more sources. Keep searching until you have ten.
Choosing the 10 sources for the Annotated Bibliography is important because you are going to spend considerable time reading, summarizing, and critiquing these sources. Make sure you take as much time as necessary to read and choose sources that answer the questions you posed in your research proposal. The work that you do for the annotated bibliography will form the basis for your research paper. The time you put into this assignment will pay off when you go to write the paper because what you create for the annotated bibliography will go directly into your paper to support the ideas that you are sharing with your readers. This assignment is one of the most important steps in writing the paper. ...
1 Created in 2015 IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE What .docxhoney725342
1
Created in 2015
IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE
What are in-text citations?
An in-text citation is a citation within your writing to show where you found your information, facts, quotes,
and research. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005,
p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number
instead, for example: (Fields, 2015, para.3).
In-text citations follow any sentence in your writing that contains a direct quote, or paraphrased or
summarized information from an outside source.
Each in-text citation in your writing must also have a corresponding entry in your References list. There
are two exceptions to this rule: personal communications, like interviews, emails, or classroom discussion
posts, and classic religious texts, like the Bible or the Koran. These types of sources should be cited by
in-text citations only.
Always include in-text citations for:
direct quotes
paraphrased information
summarized information
All in-text citations require the same basic information:
Author
Date of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”)
Page or paragraph number (for direct quotes only)
Basic Examples of In-Text Citations
For a quote: “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in
society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
For paraphrased material: Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on
teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
For summarized material: Schooling and literacy contributed to educational divisions in society
(Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
NOTE: If you mention the author and the year in your writing to introduce the quote or paraphrased
material, then you need only include the page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
2
Created in 2015
For example:
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (p. 27).
Additional In-Text Citation Models
For online sources:
For a web page: The USDA is “taking steps to help farmers, ranchers, and small businesses
wrestling with persistent drought” (United States Department of Agriculture, 2015, “USDA Drought
Programs and Assistance,” para. 1).
Format: (Website Author, Year, “Web Page Title,” paragraph number).
For an online article: The F.B.I. “warned the families not to talk publicly” about the hostages
(Wright, 2015, para. 2).
Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year, paragraph number).
For an email communication: According to Dr. Edwards, “The coming El Niño won’t do much to
alleviate California’s current drought” (personal communicati ...
Writing Assignment: Annotated Bibliography (AB)
Due Dates (by 11:59PM):
Rubin AB entry:
1/30
AB Draft
(3 entries):
2/25
OPTIONAL:
AB Final Draft
(5 entries): 3/ 10
AB Revised Draft:
3/17
Mechanics: 6 page minimum (including 5 AB entries and a Literature Review with CRQ), double-spaced, 12 point, 1” margins, MLA (or other) format
Explanation
Annotated Bibliography is a genre of writing in academia that works to show your awareness of what others have written about a topic. The work done in an AB, including introducing the authors with brief intellectual biographies; explicating the main claims and concepts; tracing the argument and its evidence; evaluating the source; and discussing its stakes and implications gives some context to the course reading you choose to research and situates the course reading into a research topic by indicating the intellectual conversations you are entering. The point of this assignment is to practice research skills but also to dig a little deeper into 4 of our readings using research. For this assignment:Writing Task
1. Compile an Annotated Bibliographyof five scholarly sources, including one entry for Gayle Rubin’s “Thinking Sex” and 4 more scholarly sources based on researching sources that are connected to one (the deep dive) or more of our course readings. See the next page for the specific AB entry format.
· Sources
· “Scholarly” means peer-reviewed articles from academic journals or chapters in books written by experts in a field and not wikis, encyclopedias, newspapers, popular magazines/media, blogs, websites, etc. (see the Library Guide on what constitutes a scholarly source).
· “Connected” means that each of your researched, scholarly sources must be connection to a course reading in some way. You can either find a source that engages or discusses the particular critical essay or cultural text from the course calendar or you can do research on a topic or theme that is brought up in or similar to the course reading. Whatever you decide, you’ll explain the connection in your quote analysis.
· “Deep Dive” means you may also include more than one researched source per course text. You can, for instance, research two sources on a critical essay and two on a cultural text or even include 4 sources that are all about one essay or text to give some in-depth engagement with one course reading. Alternatively, you may also include 4 sources on 4 different course texts.
· Focus
· If you’d like, you canfocus your research within a broad topic, on a field of knowledge, or on a really specific object of analysis within that topic. For example, you can produce an AB based on a specific topic (like racialized hypersexuality, the sex/gender/desire matrix, or a particular sexual stereotype) or a specific discipline (for instance, focus on the sociology of sex) or an interdisciplinary one that pursues a critical research question through multiple fields of knowledge (for instance, focused on how sociology, cult.
Methodology ProjectThis project will be completed in steps wi.docxbuffydtesurina
Methodology Project:
This project will be completed in steps with several due dates throughout the semester in order to facilitate understanding of the process involved in a research project. For this project you will be responsible for writing an annotated bibliography, creating hypotheses, operationalizing variables, creating survey questions, and creating an interview guide for your chosen topic.
All steps of the project must abide by the following guidelines:
· Project must have a cover sheet with: title, name, date of submission.
· Pages must be numbered.
· Written in Times New Roman 12-point font, double spaced, with one inch margins on all sides (NOTE: default in word is 1.25).
· Spell-check and grammar-check the document prior to submission.
· Proof-read the document prior to submission.
· Cite sources using the APA format.
The entire project is worth a maximum of 200 points or 50% of your final grade!
Step One ~ Annotated Bibliography:
When searching for sources, you must find relevant academic journal/periodical articles. This means you cannot use popular magazines, newspaper articles, or other non-academic sources! You also cannot use books for this assignment.
Scholarly journal article
Non-scholarly sources
content
original research or comprehensive review of existing research
general information, typically current events, broad overview of the topic
format
structured article with abstract, literature review, methodology, conclusion, and bibliography
no structured format
audience
professionals/students in a particular field of study
general public
authors
scholars or experts in the field; articles are signed and credentials are provided
hired journalists or professional writers
evidence
thorough bibliography or "cited references" provided
No bibliography; research/reports may be mentioned in the article
purpose
inform of scholarly/scientific research
to entertain or inform general public
examples
Criminology; Criminology & Public Policy; Social Problems; Criminal Justice Review
Time; Newsweek; Sports Illustrated; Rolling Stone; National Geographic
It will be useful for you to search for articles using a computerized search program such as EbscoHost or Sociofile, both of which can be accessed through the MSU library’s database section using the instructions provided below. When in doubt, the library reference section personnel can usually be of assistance. You want to be careful in relying on your favorite search engine (such as google) to find academic sources, unless you are using a search engine oriented toward scholarly work (such as http://scholar.google.com/).
How to Access the MSU Databases to Find Scholarly Articles
(1) Go to the MSU homepage (www.montclair.edu) and under “Menu” click on “Library.”
(2) Click on “databases” on the right.
(3) On the right click on “Academic Search Complete.”
(4) You will be prompted to enter your username and password.
(5) You will now see the Ebsco.
This is for Royal Holloway MSc information security students focusing on the importance of finding good quality information and evaluating the information included in MSc Projects.
This is the powerpoint slides for a library session held at Royal Holloway, University of London, for Information Security students on how to start researching their MSc project.
This aims to help Information Security students at Royal Holloway, University of London, understand the importance of referencing and introduce them to Harvard and Vancouver referencing styles.
Structure of the reference for Bibliography:
Surname, Initial (Year book was published) ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editors name (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers of chapter
Example reference:
Burman, M. and Geisthorpe, L. (2017) ‘Feminist criminology: Inequalities, powerlessness and justice’ in Liebling, S., Maruna, S. McAra, L. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 6th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 213-238.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. What is referencing and why do I need
to do it?
• Acknowledge when using
someone’s work
• To make clear to the reader that
this idea is not your own
• Demonstrate the breadth of
reading and individual research
• Support and improve your
argument
• An academic skill for all levels
• To allow you, your tutor and other
readers to retrieve items that you
have mentioned
• To avoid accusations of plagiarism
4. What is plagiarism?
• Passing off as your own a piece of work
that is partly or wholly the work of
another student
• Citing and referencing sources that you
have not used
• Quoting, summarising or paraphrasing
material in your assignment without
citing the original source
• 'Recycling' a piece of your own work that
you have previously submitted for
another module or course (i.e. self-
plagiarism).
(Palgrave Study SkillsOnline, 2018)
5. Avoiding plagiarism
• Take effective notes
• Don’t leave assignments
to the last minute
• Keep a note of the
sources you have used
• Reference accurately and
correctly
8. InText Citations – when are they
needed?
• When you quote someone word for word
• E.g. ‘Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or values that all of us develop, usually
unconsciously, about the way that the world is or ought to be’ (Brown,
Esbensen and Geis, 2015, p. 8)
• When you paraphrase someone i.e. putting something into your own words
• E.g. Brown, Esbensen and Geis state that we all develop at set of beliefs or
values about how the world should be, this is usual unconscious. (2015, p.8)
• When you summarise e.g. sum up someone’s argument, whole theory/article
• E.g. One important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and
linguistic links between European races and cultures
9. Common Knowledge and when to cite
Common Knowledge
Ask yourself:
Did I know this information before you started your course?
Did this information or idea come from my own brain?
If the answer to either or both of these questions is no, then the information is not
common knowledge and you should cite.
(Pears and Shields, 2016, p. 3)
10. Common Knowledge and when to cite
When to cite:
Distinctive ideas
Whenever the ideas or opinions are distinctive to
one particular source.
Distinctive structure or organising strategy
Even though you may have put it into your own
words, if the author has adopted a particular
method of approaching a problem, or there is a
distinctive intellectual structure to what’s written,
for example to an argument or to the analysis of a
concept, then you must cite the source.
Information or data from a particular source
If you’ve gathered information from a source in
the form of facts, statistics, tables and diagrams,
you will need to cite the source, so your readers
will know who gathered the information and
where to find it.
Verbatim phrase or passage
Even a single word, if it is distinctive to your author’s
argument.You must use quotation marks and cite the
source.
If it’s not common knowledge
Whenever you mention some aspect of another
person’s work, unless the information or opinion is
widely known, you must cite the source, so your
readers can follow it up.
Whenever in doubt, cite it!
It will do no harm, as long as you’re not citing just to
impress the examiner in the mistaken belief that
getting good grades depends upon trading facts, in
this case references, for marks.
(Palgrave Study Skills,2018)
12. How to reference a book
InText
(Author,Year, Page number)
‘Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or values that all of us develop’
(Brown, Esbensen and Geis, 2015, p. 8)
Brown, Esbensen and Geis state that we all develop a set of beliefs or
values, referred to as ideology (2015, p.8)
Structure of the reference for Bibliography:
Surname, Initial (Year book was published) Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example reference:
Brown, S.E., Esbensen, F.A. and Geis,G. M. (2015) Criminology: Explaining
crime and its context. 9th edn. London: Routledge.
13. How to reference a chapter in a book
InText
(Author of Chapter,Year, Page number)
(Burman and Geisthorpe, 2017, p.218)
Structure of the reference for Bibliography:
Surname, Initial (Year book was published) ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editors name
(ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers of chapter
Example reference:
Burman, M. and Geisthorpe, L. (2017) ‘Feminist criminology: Inequalities,
powerlessness and justice’ in Liebling, S., Maruna, S. McAra, L. (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of Criminology. 6th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 213-238.
14. How to reference an academic journal
InText
(AuthorYear: Page number)
(Becker, 1967, p. 240)
Structure of the reference:
Surname, Initial (Year journal issue was published) ‘Title of article’,
Title of journal,Volume number (issue number), page range of
article
Example reference:
Becker, H. (1967) ‘Whose side are we on?’, Social Problems, 14(3),
pp. 239-247.
15. How to reference a website
InText
(Author/Organisation,Year)
(BBC, 2018)
Structure of the reference: Author/Organisation (Year) Title of web
document or web page. Available at: web site address (Accessed
date).
Example reference: BBC(2018) Lindholme Prison: Policing perimeter
‘virtually impossible’. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
england-south-yorkshire-
45587674?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cwl
w3xz01nrt/uk-prisons&link_location=live-reporting-story
(Accessed: 01 October 2018).
16. Secondary Referencing
Secondary referencing – you may want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in
the work you are reading, this is secondary referencing.Where possible you should always
read the original text
InText – Refer to the person you are quoting but say where you cited it.
Harvey (2015, quoted in Lewis, 2016, p. 86) provides an excellent survey…
You would then just reference the book written by Lewis in your reference list
17. Reference Lists
Arranged Alphabetically at the end of your assignment
BBC(2018) Lindholme Prison: Policing perimeter ‘virtually impossible’. Available at:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-
45587674?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cwlw3xz01nrt/uk
-prisons&link_location=live-reporting-story (Accessed: 01 October 2018).
Becker, H. (1967) ‘Whose side are we on?’, Social Problems, 14(3), pp. 239-247.
Brown, S.E., Esbensen, F.-A. and Geis,G. M. (2015) Criminology: Explaining crime
and its context. 9th edn. London: Routledge.
18. In summary
In Summary
• Remember the two parts when referencing books, journals and
website
In text citation and full reference at the end in the bibliography
• You need to put an in text citation when you quote directly
from someone else and also when you paraphrase
• Ask for help if you need it, further help can be found
here:http://libguides.rhul.ac.uk/CriminologySociology/referenc
ing
21. Reference Lists
Palgrave Study Skills Online (2018) Referencing and avoiding
plagiarism. Available at:
https://www.macmillanihe.com/studentstudyskills/page/Referenci
ng-and-Avoiding-Plagiarism (Accessed: 14 September 2018).
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right. 10th edn. London:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Editor's Notes
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