The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.[2] Indus "is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World," and of the three, the most widespread.[3] It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.[4][5][6] Aridification of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilization, but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilization's demise, and to scatter its population eastward.

1. Harappa
civilization
By : venkatesh
B.B.A(I.T)

2. Harappa
• Harappa is an archaeological site in
Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 miles)
west of Sahiwal.
• The site takes its name from a modern
village located near the former course of
the Ravi River. The current village of
Harappa is 6 km (3.7 mi) from the
ancient site.
• Although modern Harappa has a legacy
railway station from the period of the
British Raj, it is today just a small
crossroads town of population 15,000.

3. The site prescription :
• The site of the ancient city contains the ruins
of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part
of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus
Valley Civilization, centred in Sindh and the
Punjab.
• The city is believed to have had as many as
23,500 residents and occupied about 150
hectares (370 acres) with clay sculptured
houses at its greatest extent during the
Mature Harappan phase (2600–1900 BC),
which is considered large for its time.Per
archaeological convention of naming a
previously unknown civilization by its first
excavated site.
• the Indus Valley Civilization is also called the
Harappan Civilization.
Harappan site :

4. Archaeology of harappan :
• Miniature Votive Images or Toy Models from
Harappa, ca. 2500. Hand-modled terra-cotta
figurines with polychromic.
• The excavators of the site have proposed the
following chronology of Harappa's
occupation:
• Ravi Aspect of the Hakra phase, c. 3300 –
2800 BC.
• Kot Dijian (Early Harappan) phase, c. 2800 –
2600 BC.
• Harappan Phase, c. 2600 – 1900 BC.
• Transitional Phase, c. 1900 – 1800 BC.
• Late Harappan Phase, c. 1800 – 1300 BC.
Models and toys :

5. Examples of harappan culture :
Harappan writing : Harappan monuments :
Harappan measurements :
Harappan models :

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