The Harappan civilization flourished along the Indus River valley from around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE. Major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 35,000 people and sophisticated infrastructure like water and sewage systems. Though the exact beliefs are unknown due to a lack of burial sites, religion likely focused on fertility. The civilization engaged in regional trade and had uniform architecture, standards, and practices across its territory. However, by 1900 BCE the civilization was in decline due environmental degradation and deforestation, and cities were abandoned by 1500 BCE. The relationship between Harappan and later Indian civilizations remains unclear.

1. Harappan Civilization
2500-1500 B.C.E.
Shyam kumar

2. Ancient Civilizations in
India
• India has had civilizations as far back as 200,000 years ago
• From 8000-5000 B.C.E. there were Neolithic villages west of the
Indus River valley in the Iranian Plateau
• Because water covers much of the oldest remains, archaeologists
and historians aren’t sure exactly how far back in time Harappan
civilization stretches. The earliest strata indicates that by 2500
B.C.E., Harappan civilization was well established.

3. Mysteries of
Harappa
• In addition to inconvenient water, Harappan
civilization remains mysterious because historians
can’t read Harappan script.
• Harappan script seems to have used 400
characters that were both phonetic and
logographic on thousands of clay seals and copper
tablets.

4. • Like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates river
valleys, the Indus Valley deposited
alluvial soil across its flood plain,
allowing early farmers to establish
agriculture. Indus river people also
domesticated poultry, sheep, and goats
and grew cotton by ~5000 B.C.E.
• By ~3000 B.C.E. the Dravidian People
had built a complex society with large
urban centers.
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the
major cities (pop. 35-40,000) and there
were about 300 smaller settlements
along the Indus River.
• Harappan civilization controlled an area
of roughly 500,000 sq. miles. The
Harappan “empire” was at least twice as
big as either Egypt or Mesopotamia.

5. Mohenjo-Daro

6. Organization
• There is no overt evidence indicating royal authority or
the usual stress on military might, but there were city
walls, a large granary, and a fortified citadel in each of
the two major cities, indicating that Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro were organizational centers.
• The dwelling places in the cities indicate a large
degree of social stratification, but nearly all houses had
indoor plumbing with showers and toilets. There was
also a large public bath at Mohenjo-Daro. Was ritual
cleanliness an important part of Harappan religion?
• There are very few grave sites throughout the
Harappan lands; in other civilizations, grave burials
normally help historians understand the beliefs of
ancient cultures. This lack of evidence means that
there aren’t as many preserved luxury goods. It also
indicates that like later Indian peoples, the Harappans
may have cremated their dead.

7. Great Bath- Mohenjo Daro

8. Harappan
Culture
• Another striking feature of Harappan
civilization was that throughout the large
territory there was a remarkable degree of
standardization in not only in architectural
styles, but also weight and measures and
even brick sizes.
• The layout of the major cities indicates that
they were planned before they were built,
rather than rising up organically as the
population grew.
• Between 2300-1750 B.C.E. the Harappan
people traded pearls, gems, copper, and
ivory for Mesopotamian wool, leather, and
olive oil.
• Harappan artisans produced many beautiful
ornaments and statues.
• Their religion, like those of most early
agricultural societies, was concerned with
fertility and procreation.

10. Decline of Harappa
• By 1900 B.C., Harappan civilization was already
on the decline. The traditional explanation was
that aggressive Indo-Aryans destroyed
Harappan civilization.
• The more recent evidence indicates that
Harappan civilization broke down from within,
probably due to environmental factors. Careless
deforestation degraded the integrity of the
Harappan landscape and ruined the farm lands.

11. Continuity or
Change?
• Thirty unburied skeletons in
Mohenjo Daro indicated a
catastrophic earthquake or fire
took place there.
• Between 1700-1500 B.C. people
were abandoning the cities. They
had completely collapsed by 1500
B.C.
• The eternal question of historians
of India has been “how much
continuity was there between
Harappan and Classical Indian
civilizations?"