This document discusses intellectual disability (ID), including its prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and causes. It notes that ID is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that onset before age 18. The document outlines diagnostic classifications from ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR and describes features of mild, moderate, severe, and profound ID. Common causes are discussed as prenatal, natal, postnatal, and unknown. Elements of clinical evaluation for patients with ID are summarized, including history taking, psychiatric interviewing, physical and neurological exams, and psychological assessment. Common syndromes associated with ID and psychiatric disorders among those with ID are also briefly mentioned.
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It is a highly heritable and heterogeneous condition. The document discusses the history of autism, epidemiology, etiology including genetic and environmental factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Autism is typically diagnosed by age 2 and is more common in boys than girls. While the exact causes are unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its development.
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Chat)Breona Smith
The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) is a screening tool developed in 1992 to identify toddlers aged 18 months who may be at risk for autism or other social-communication disorders. The CHAT consists of questions for parents about behaviors like pretend play, pointing, and bringing objects to show others, as well as observations by a healthcare provider. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) was later developed to screen children at 24 months and add additional questions, screening for a broader range of disorders. Both checklists aim to identify children in need of further evaluation rather than diagnose autism and have limitations but provide an objective, quick way for pediatricians to assess early signs of social
This document discusses intelligence, IQ, IQ tests, and methods for estimating pre-morbid IQ. It defines intelligence and outlines several theories of intelligence. It explains what IQ is and how IQ tests work. It also discusses major IQ tests like the Wechsler scales and Stanford-Binet. The document outlines various methods for estimating an individual's intellectual abilities before any brain damage or disease onset, including using preserved abilities, historical records, and comparing pre-and post-injury test performance.
Event Related Potentials, Cognitive Evoked Potentials. These are stimulus unrelated potentials, which depend on the patient's ability to differentiate between a rare stimulus and a common stimulus.
Occupational Therapy ADHD Case Study AssessmentCamilla_Mahon
Sean is a 4-year-old Irish traveler boy who has been referred to occupational therapy by the public health nurse due to concerns about his upcoming school transition. He has been diagnosed with ADHD and exhibits difficulties with attention, impulse control, and engagement in sedentary activities. The occupational therapist will use several assessments to evaluate Sean, including the SCOPE interview, COSA adapted as a game, and the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale during observations of Sean's play. The assessments aim to understand Sean's skills, motivations, and challenges in order to create goals and an intervention plan to support his occupational participation and prepare him for school.
The document discusses body scheme disturbances, which occur after damage to the parietal lobe and result in a lack of knowledge about one's own body parts and their positions. Specific manifestations mentioned include autotopagnosia (inability to identify body parts), finger agnosia (inability to name or recognize fingers), and right-left disorientation. Assessment methods are provided for each disturbance, such as production and comprehension tests for autotopagnosia, and tests of finger recognition, naming, and orientation for finger agnosia and right-left disorientation.
The document discusses various types of perceptual disturbances and disorders. It describes sensory distortions like constant distortions of real objects. It also discusses sensory deceptions like new perceptions that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. It outlines various changes in intensity of sensations seen in conditions like anxiety, depression, and migraine. It also describes increased or decreased sensitivity to noise. The document outlines various visual perceptual disturbances caused by toxic drugs. It discusses changes in perceived shape, size, and distance of objects seen in various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It also discusses illusions, hallucinations, and other false perceptions seen across organic, neurological, and psychiatric conditions.
This document discusses intellectual disability (ID), including its prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and causes. It notes that ID is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that onset before age 18. The document outlines diagnostic classifications from ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR and describes features of mild, moderate, severe, and profound ID. Common causes are discussed as prenatal, natal, postnatal, and unknown. Elements of clinical evaluation for patients with ID are summarized, including history taking, psychiatric interviewing, physical and neurological exams, and psychological assessment. Common syndromes associated with ID and psychiatric disorders among those with ID are also briefly mentioned.
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It is a highly heritable and heterogeneous condition. The document discusses the history of autism, epidemiology, etiology including genetic and environmental factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Autism is typically diagnosed by age 2 and is more common in boys than girls. While the exact causes are unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its development.
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Chat)Breona Smith
The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) is a screening tool developed in 1992 to identify toddlers aged 18 months who may be at risk for autism or other social-communication disorders. The CHAT consists of questions for parents about behaviors like pretend play, pointing, and bringing objects to show others, as well as observations by a healthcare provider. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) was later developed to screen children at 24 months and add additional questions, screening for a broader range of disorders. Both checklists aim to identify children in need of further evaluation rather than diagnose autism and have limitations but provide an objective, quick way for pediatricians to assess early signs of social
This document discusses intelligence, IQ, IQ tests, and methods for estimating pre-morbid IQ. It defines intelligence and outlines several theories of intelligence. It explains what IQ is and how IQ tests work. It also discusses major IQ tests like the Wechsler scales and Stanford-Binet. The document outlines various methods for estimating an individual's intellectual abilities before any brain damage or disease onset, including using preserved abilities, historical records, and comparing pre-and post-injury test performance.
Event Related Potentials, Cognitive Evoked Potentials. These are stimulus unrelated potentials, which depend on the patient's ability to differentiate between a rare stimulus and a common stimulus.
Occupational Therapy ADHD Case Study AssessmentCamilla_Mahon
Sean is a 4-year-old Irish traveler boy who has been referred to occupational therapy by the public health nurse due to concerns about his upcoming school transition. He has been diagnosed with ADHD and exhibits difficulties with attention, impulse control, and engagement in sedentary activities. The occupational therapist will use several assessments to evaluate Sean, including the SCOPE interview, COSA adapted as a game, and the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale during observations of Sean's play. The assessments aim to understand Sean's skills, motivations, and challenges in order to create goals and an intervention plan to support his occupational participation and prepare him for school.
The document discusses body scheme disturbances, which occur after damage to the parietal lobe and result in a lack of knowledge about one's own body parts and their positions. Specific manifestations mentioned include autotopagnosia (inability to identify body parts), finger agnosia (inability to name or recognize fingers), and right-left disorientation. Assessment methods are provided for each disturbance, such as production and comprehension tests for autotopagnosia, and tests of finger recognition, naming, and orientation for finger agnosia and right-left disorientation.
The document discusses various types of perceptual disturbances and disorders. It describes sensory distortions like constant distortions of real objects. It also discusses sensory deceptions like new perceptions that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. It outlines various changes in intensity of sensations seen in conditions like anxiety, depression, and migraine. It also describes increased or decreased sensitivity to noise. The document outlines various visual perceptual disturbances caused by toxic drugs. It discusses changes in perceived shape, size, and distance of objects seen in various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It also discusses illusions, hallucinations, and other false perceptions seen across organic, neurological, and psychiatric conditions.
This document provides an overview of cognitive rehabilitation. It discusses the aims, principles, uses and rehabilitation strategies of cognitive rehabilitation. It defines cognition and cognitive impairment. It also classifies cognitive disabilities and outlines the main categories of functional cognitive disabilities including deficits in executive function, memory, information processing, visual processing and attention. The document discusses approaches to cognitive rehabilitation including education, process training, strategy development and implementation, and functional activities training. It provides examples of cognitive rehabilitation strategies and techniques.
This document provides information on learning disabilities. It defines learning disabilities as disorders involving the basic psychological processes of understanding or using language that affect areas like reading, writing, spelling, and math. It notes specific conditions are excluded, and that learning disabilities are characterized by academic underachievement compared to a child's overall intellectual ability. Diagnosis involves identifying a significant difference between intelligence and achievement testing scores. Potential causes and the most common types of learning disabilities are also outlined.
This document provides information about various theories and models of personality and temperament. It discusses early theories from the 1930s-1950s linking physical body types to personality. It then summarizes various trait theories from the 1920s-1970s and biological models of temperament from the 1970s-1980s. The document also describes several widely used personality questionnaires and provides an example profile from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
The document discusses the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a caregiver-reported questionnaire used to assess competencies and behavioral/emotional problems in children ages 4-18. It was developed in 2001 by Thomas Achenbach and provides standardized ratings of internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and 8 behavioral syndrome scales. The CBCL takes 25-30 minutes for caregivers to complete and provides T-scores that can be interpreted based on age-related norms to identify normal, borderline, or clinical levels of functioning. It has demonstrated reliability and validity through extensive research.
Ronald van Toorn obtained his medical degree from the University of Stellenbosch and completed his paediatric specialist training in both Cape Town and London. His interests include neuromuscular medicine. The document provides guidance on evaluating and diagnosing infants presenting with generalized hypotonia or floppiness, including taking a detailed history, performing a neurological examination to localize lesions, and utilizing targeted diagnostic tests and investigations.
Cognition in schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in multiple domains that are present early in the illness and persist over time. These include impairments in attention/vigilance, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, verbal fluency, immediate/working memory, and social cognition. Deficits in these areas of cognition are associated with functional disability and poor outcomes.
The document provides an overview of frontal lobe disorders, including:
- The functional anatomy and neurotransmitters of the frontal lobes.
- Frontotemporal dementia, which selectively attacks the frontal and temporal lobes.
- Frontal lobe syndromes, which can cause changes in personality and behavior.
- Frontal lobe epilepsy, characterized by seizures arising from the frontal lobes.
- The relationship between the frontal lobes and schizophrenia, depression, and other conditions.
This document discusses various types of agnosia, which are neuropsychological disorders involving the failure to recognize familiar objects despite intact sensory perception and intellectual ability. It describes visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory agnosias. Within visual agnosia, it distinguishes apperceptive and associative subtypes and discusses related syndromes like prosopagnosia, simultanagnosia, alexia and color agnosia. It covers the neuroanatomy, assessment and causes of different agnosias.
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
This document provides an overview of neuropsychological assessment of memory. It discusses various aspects of memory including length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages of memory. It describes different memory tests used in clinical assessment including logical memory, verbal paired associates, visual reproduction, design, digit symbol coding, and the auditory verbal learning test. Interpretive considerations are provided for each test. The document aims to enhance understanding of memory and its clinical assessment through neuropsychological tests.
Disability evaluation in intellectual disability and in specificSeema Rai
1. The document discusses intellectual disability and specific learning disorder, outlining their definitions, diagnostic criteria, and assessment process.
2. It describes assessing adaptive and intellectual functioning to diagnose intellectual disability, and using specific psychometric tests to identify learning deficits for specific learning disorder.
3. The certification process involves evaluations by medical and psychological professionals to determine the diagnosis and issue certificates of disability.
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 9% of school-aged children worldwide. The exact causes are unknown but risk factors include genetic predisposition and complications during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes through clinical evaluation, history, physical exam, and behavior rating scales to assess the severity and impacts of symptoms. Effective treatment options include behavioral therapy and medications.
This document discusses behavior therapy for teenagers and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. It begins by providing credentials for the author, Daniel C. Marston, who has over 15 years of experience providing behavioral health services to individuals with neurological disorders. It then discusses autism spectrum disorders and the diagnostic criteria for autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder based on the DSM-IV. The document discusses empirically-based practice in psychology and core principles. It covers neurological and psychological aspects and theories of autism based on research. Finally, it discusses psychological effects of autism, including personality traits, quality of life, gender differences, and anxiety/mood problems in adolescents with autism.
Early intervention aims to provide support and experiences to children from birth to age 3 who are at risk of developmental delays or disabilities. It focuses on screening and identification, promoting child development, and enhancing family support. Key aspects of early intervention include assessing vision, hearing, motor skills and cognition; identifying risk factors; providing stimulation and services through home visits or early intervention centers; and taking a team approach involving professionals from multiple disciplines. The goal is to support the child's development and maximize their abilities.
Dr. Salman Kareem will present on social cognition in schizophrenia. Social cognition involves mental processes underlying social interactions and includes perceiving others' intentions. It has several domains impaired in schizophrenia including emotion perception, theory of mind, and attributional style. Social cognition is distinct from neurocognition and negative symptoms, and impacts daily functioning. While treatments show some potential, current medications have not reliably improved social cognition.
Cognitive changes have been a defining feature of Sz since onset. A lot of research has been done in understanding these changes and its implication in developing novel methods of treatments. This ppt summarises the cognitive changes occurring in the brain.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurological disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. The document discusses the history and diagnostic criteria of ASDs including autism, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Key features of ASDs include difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis involves assessing deficits in these areas that emerge before age 3.
This document discusses sensory integration techniques. It defines sensory integration as the process by which the brain organizes sensory input to produce useful responses. It describes the seven senses and the three main sensory systems - tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular. For each system, it provides examples of how it works and suggestions for activities to improve sensory integration. Implementing these techniques may help children improve attention, processing, flexibility, balance, motor skills and handwriting.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
This document provides an overview of cognitive rehabilitation. It discusses the aims, principles, uses and rehabilitation strategies of cognitive rehabilitation. It defines cognition and cognitive impairment. It also classifies cognitive disabilities and outlines the main categories of functional cognitive disabilities including deficits in executive function, memory, information processing, visual processing and attention. The document discusses approaches to cognitive rehabilitation including education, process training, strategy development and implementation, and functional activities training. It provides examples of cognitive rehabilitation strategies and techniques.
This document provides information on learning disabilities. It defines learning disabilities as disorders involving the basic psychological processes of understanding or using language that affect areas like reading, writing, spelling, and math. It notes specific conditions are excluded, and that learning disabilities are characterized by academic underachievement compared to a child's overall intellectual ability. Diagnosis involves identifying a significant difference between intelligence and achievement testing scores. Potential causes and the most common types of learning disabilities are also outlined.
This document provides information about various theories and models of personality and temperament. It discusses early theories from the 1930s-1950s linking physical body types to personality. It then summarizes various trait theories from the 1920s-1970s and biological models of temperament from the 1970s-1980s. The document also describes several widely used personality questionnaires and provides an example profile from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
The document discusses the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a caregiver-reported questionnaire used to assess competencies and behavioral/emotional problems in children ages 4-18. It was developed in 2001 by Thomas Achenbach and provides standardized ratings of internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and 8 behavioral syndrome scales. The CBCL takes 25-30 minutes for caregivers to complete and provides T-scores that can be interpreted based on age-related norms to identify normal, borderline, or clinical levels of functioning. It has demonstrated reliability and validity through extensive research.
Ronald van Toorn obtained his medical degree from the University of Stellenbosch and completed his paediatric specialist training in both Cape Town and London. His interests include neuromuscular medicine. The document provides guidance on evaluating and diagnosing infants presenting with generalized hypotonia or floppiness, including taking a detailed history, performing a neurological examination to localize lesions, and utilizing targeted diagnostic tests and investigations.
Cognition in schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in multiple domains that are present early in the illness and persist over time. These include impairments in attention/vigilance, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, verbal fluency, immediate/working memory, and social cognition. Deficits in these areas of cognition are associated with functional disability and poor outcomes.
The document provides an overview of frontal lobe disorders, including:
- The functional anatomy and neurotransmitters of the frontal lobes.
- Frontotemporal dementia, which selectively attacks the frontal and temporal lobes.
- Frontal lobe syndromes, which can cause changes in personality and behavior.
- Frontal lobe epilepsy, characterized by seizures arising from the frontal lobes.
- The relationship between the frontal lobes and schizophrenia, depression, and other conditions.
This document discusses various types of agnosia, which are neuropsychological disorders involving the failure to recognize familiar objects despite intact sensory perception and intellectual ability. It describes visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory agnosias. Within visual agnosia, it distinguishes apperceptive and associative subtypes and discusses related syndromes like prosopagnosia, simultanagnosia, alexia and color agnosia. It covers the neuroanatomy, assessment and causes of different agnosias.
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
This document provides an overview of neuropsychological assessment of memory. It discusses various aspects of memory including length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages of memory. It describes different memory tests used in clinical assessment including logical memory, verbal paired associates, visual reproduction, design, digit symbol coding, and the auditory verbal learning test. Interpretive considerations are provided for each test. The document aims to enhance understanding of memory and its clinical assessment through neuropsychological tests.
Disability evaluation in intellectual disability and in specificSeema Rai
1. The document discusses intellectual disability and specific learning disorder, outlining their definitions, diagnostic criteria, and assessment process.
2. It describes assessing adaptive and intellectual functioning to diagnose intellectual disability, and using specific psychometric tests to identify learning deficits for specific learning disorder.
3. The certification process involves evaluations by medical and psychological professionals to determine the diagnosis and issue certificates of disability.
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 9% of school-aged children worldwide. The exact causes are unknown but risk factors include genetic predisposition and complications during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes through clinical evaluation, history, physical exam, and behavior rating scales to assess the severity and impacts of symptoms. Effective treatment options include behavioral therapy and medications.
This document discusses behavior therapy for teenagers and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. It begins by providing credentials for the author, Daniel C. Marston, who has over 15 years of experience providing behavioral health services to individuals with neurological disorders. It then discusses autism spectrum disorders and the diagnostic criteria for autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder based on the DSM-IV. The document discusses empirically-based practice in psychology and core principles. It covers neurological and psychological aspects and theories of autism based on research. Finally, it discusses psychological effects of autism, including personality traits, quality of life, gender differences, and anxiety/mood problems in adolescents with autism.
Early intervention aims to provide support and experiences to children from birth to age 3 who are at risk of developmental delays or disabilities. It focuses on screening and identification, promoting child development, and enhancing family support. Key aspects of early intervention include assessing vision, hearing, motor skills and cognition; identifying risk factors; providing stimulation and services through home visits or early intervention centers; and taking a team approach involving professionals from multiple disciplines. The goal is to support the child's development and maximize their abilities.
Dr. Salman Kareem will present on social cognition in schizophrenia. Social cognition involves mental processes underlying social interactions and includes perceiving others' intentions. It has several domains impaired in schizophrenia including emotion perception, theory of mind, and attributional style. Social cognition is distinct from neurocognition and negative symptoms, and impacts daily functioning. While treatments show some potential, current medications have not reliably improved social cognition.
Cognitive changes have been a defining feature of Sz since onset. A lot of research has been done in understanding these changes and its implication in developing novel methods of treatments. This ppt summarises the cognitive changes occurring in the brain.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurological disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. The document discusses the history and diagnostic criteria of ASDs including autism, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Key features of ASDs include difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis involves assessing deficits in these areas that emerge before age 3.
This document discusses sensory integration techniques. It defines sensory integration as the process by which the brain organizes sensory input to produce useful responses. It describes the seven senses and the three main sensory systems - tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular. For each system, it provides examples of how it works and suggestions for activities to improve sensory integration. Implementing these techniques may help children improve attention, processing, flexibility, balance, motor skills and handwriting.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
2. HANDEDNESS
• BETTER, FASTER OR MORE PRECISE PERFORMANCE OR INDIVIDUAL
PREFERENCE FOR USE IF A HAND KNOWN AS DOMINANT HAND.
• THE LESS PREFERRED HAND IS CALLED THE NON DOMIANT HAND.
3. TYPES
• RIGHT HANDEDNESS
-THE MOST COMMON KIND
-70-90% OF THE WORLD POPULATION
• LEFT HANDEDNESS
-FAR LESS COMMON
-APPROXIMATELY 10% OF THE WORLD POPULATION
• CROSS DOMINANCE/ MIXED HANDEDNESS
-CHANGE OF HAND PREFERENCE BETWEEN TASKS
-VERY UNCOMMON
-ABOUT 1% PREVALENCE
• AMBIDEXTERITY
-EQUAL ABILITY TO USE BOTH HANDS
-THOSE WHO LEARN IT STILL TEND TO FAVOR THEIR ORIGINAL DOMINANT HAND
4.
5. CAUSES
• DIVISION OF LABOR
-SPEAKING AND HANDIWORK REQUIRE FINE MOTOR SKILLS.
-CENTREVFOR VERBAL PROCESSING AND HANDIWORK ARE
CONTROLLED BY LEFT HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN AND VISUOSPATIAL
PROCESSING IS DONE BY RIGHT HEMISPHERE
-THEREFORE RIGHT HANDEDNESS PREDOMINANTS
-LEFT HANDEDNESS HAVE A HETEROGENOUS BRAIN ORGANIZATION
-LEFT HANDERS ARE LESS LATERALIZED
6. • GENETIC FACTORS
-COMPLEX INHERITANCE PATERN
-A POLYGENIC TRAIT
-BASED ON A GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY IT WAS FOUND THAT AT
LEAST 40 LOCI CONTRIBUTE IN DETERMINING THE TRAIT OF LEFT
HANDEDNESS
-LRRTMI A BRAIN EXPRESSED IMPRINT GENE INHERITED FROM PATERNAL
SIDE WHICH IS PRESENT ON 2p12 ENCODED LEUCINE RICH REPEAT
TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN
-CAG REPEAT LENGTH IN X LINKED ANDROGEN RECEPTORS HAS OPPOSITE
EFFECT ON PROBABILITY OF LEFT HANDEDNESS IN MALE AND FEMALE
-PCSK6 (PROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/ KEXIN TYPE 6) A PROTEASE
CLEAVES NODAL PROPROTEIN WHICH DETERMINES LEFT AND RIGHT
SYMMETERY IN BILATERALS FROM MOLLUSC TO VERTEBRATES AND
HANDEDNESS IN HUMANS
7. • EPIGENETIC FACTORS
-25% OF VARIANCE FACTOR AND 75% OF ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS
-ASYMMETRIC METHYLATION OF CpG
• PRENATAL HORMONES
-EXPOSURE TO DIETHYLSTIBESTROL (SYNTHETIC ESTROGEN) CAUSED LEFT
HANDEDNESS
• PRENATAL VESTIBULAR SYMMETRY
-POSITION OF FETUS IN FINAL TRIMESTER AND SUBSEQUENT BIRTH POSITION
-2/3rd OF FETUSES PRESENT WITH THEIR LEFT OCCIPUT ARE LEFT HANDED
-PREMATURITY RESULTS IN DECREASE IN RIGHT HANDEDNESS
8. CORRELATION WITH OTHER FACTORS
• INTELLIGENCE
-IQ DIFFERENCE OF 1.5
-MORE DEVELOPED LANGUAGE CENTERS IN BRAIN
-MORE SKILLED MUSICANS AND MATHEMATICIANS
• HEALTH
-LOWER BRITH WEIGHT
-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC AND DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS SUCH AS DEPRESSION,
BIPOLAR DISORDER, ALCOHOLISM, ETC
-40% CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY WERE LEFT HANDED
-62% INCREASED RISK OF PARKINSON AND BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN
9. • GENDER
-MALE TO FEMALE RATIO 1.23
-23% MORE MALES ARE LEFT HANDED COMPARED TO FEMALES
(DATA COLLECTED FROM 1,787,629 INDIVIDUALS)
10. INTERNATIONAL LEFT HANDERS DAY
• 13th AUGUST
• left-handers everywhere can celebrate their sinistrality (left-
handedness) and increase public awareness of the advantages and
disadvantages of being left-handed. It celebrates their uniqueness
and differences, who are from seven to ten percent of the world's
population.