The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
1. The document describes the formulation and evaluation of prolonged release metformin hydrochloride tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation methods using polymers like Polyox-303 to sustain the release of the drug.
2. Tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. In-vitro dissolution and stability studies showed that the formulations had a controlled release of the drug over an extended period of time.
3. The optimized formulation was stable for 1 month under accelerated conditions as per ICH guidelines.
ABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). It
happens when the body has too little or not enough insulin or when the
body can‘t use insulin properly. The main objective of the present
research work was to develop a bilayer tablet of immediate release
Pioglitazone and controlled release Metformin Hydrochloride, which is
used as an Anti-hyperglycemic agent. Metformin Hydrochloride has
biological half-life nearly about 6 hours, so, an attempt was made in
the direction of preparation and optimization of a combination of
sustained release and immediate release in a single tablet. In controlled
release layer natural gums like xanthum gum, gum trgacanth and guar
gum were used as retarding materials and in immediate release laye
croscarmellose sodium was used as a superdisintegrent to give the faster release of
pioglitazone. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and by direct
compression. Granules were evaluated for precompression parameters and the tablets were
evaluated for post compression parameters.
Key Words: Bilayer tablets, Metformin Hydrochloride, pioglitazone, xanthum gum, guar
gum, gum tragacanth and crosscarmellose sodium.
Development and evaluation of xyloglucan matrix release tabs contaning glipizidesukesh
The document describes a research project that developed and evaluated matrix release tablets containing the drug glipizide using xyloglucan as a polymer. Xyloglucan was extracted from tamarind kernels and used to prepare different tablet formulations. Tablets were evaluated for dissolution, drug release, and other parameters. The best formulation was F1, which released 99% of the drug in a prolonged manner and could be used for extended release of glipizide.
Formulation and evaluation of metformin and rosuvastatin bilayered tabletsSriramNagarajan17
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing metformin hydrochloride as the sustained release layer and rosuvastatin as the immediate release layer. Various formulations of each layer were prepared using different polymers, excipients, and manufacturing methods. The metformin layer was prepared by wet granulation while the rosuvastatin layer used direct compression. Physicochemical properties of granules and tablets were evaluated. Standard calibration curves were developed for both drugs to enable drug content analysis. The optimized formulations demonstrated desired drug release profiles with the metformin layer providing sustained release over 12 hours and the rosuvastatin layer releasing completely within 1 hour.
This document discusses emulgels as a drug delivery system. It begins by outlining the contents to be covered, including the purpose and rationale of using emulgels. Some key advantages are avoiding first-pass metabolism and improving patient compliance. Important constituents and preparation methods are described. Characterization studies discussed include rheology, spreadability, drug content and skin irritation testing. In vitro drug release kinetics and stability studies are also evaluated. The conclusion states that emulgels provide benefits like spreadability and adhesion over other delivery systems and can effectively deliver hydrophobic drugs in a gel base.
The document describes the formulation and characterization of a clarithromycin emulgel for topical drug delivery. Various formulations of clarithromycin emulgel were prepared using different gelling agents like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940 and HPMCK4M. The formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, drug content and in vitro drug release. Formulation F1 showed optimum results with maximum drug content of 91.6% and sustained drug release of 74.47% over 12 hours. Thus, the developed clarithromycin emulgel using Carbopol 934 as gelling agent can be considered as a potential formulation for topical delivery of clarithromycin.
Ijpar 14 619 sreekanth goudDesign and evaluation of Bilayered tablets of Simv...pharmaindexing
The document describes the design and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing simvastatin. Bilayer tablets were developed with one layer for immediate release and another for extended release of simvastatin. Various formulations of the immediate release layer were prepared with different ratios of simvastatin to croscarmellose sodium. The extended release layer formulations contained simvastatin with varying ratios of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose polymers. The bilayer tablets were developed using direct compression method and evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying. In vitro drug release studies showed that the polymers retarded the release of simvastatin from the extended release layer for 12 hours
Preparation and Evaluation of Metformin Transdermal PatchesSunil Vadithya
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of metformin transdermal patches. Metformin patches were prepared using solvent casting technique with different polymer combinations. The patches were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug-polymer compatibility, in vitro drug release, and stability studies. The optimized formulation F4 containing HPMC K15M, ethylcellulose and sodium alginate showed maximum drug release of 96.28% over 12 hours and was stable over three months as per ICH guidelines. The study successfully developed stable and effective metformin transdermal patches for improved bioavailability.
1. The document describes the formulation and evaluation of prolonged release metformin hydrochloride tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation methods using polymers like Polyox-303 to sustain the release of the drug.
2. Tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. In-vitro dissolution and stability studies showed that the formulations had a controlled release of the drug over an extended period of time.
3. The optimized formulation was stable for 1 month under accelerated conditions as per ICH guidelines.
ABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). It
happens when the body has too little or not enough insulin or when the
body can‘t use insulin properly. The main objective of the present
research work was to develop a bilayer tablet of immediate release
Pioglitazone and controlled release Metformin Hydrochloride, which is
used as an Anti-hyperglycemic agent. Metformin Hydrochloride has
biological half-life nearly about 6 hours, so, an attempt was made in
the direction of preparation and optimization of a combination of
sustained release and immediate release in a single tablet. In controlled
release layer natural gums like xanthum gum, gum trgacanth and guar
gum were used as retarding materials and in immediate release laye
croscarmellose sodium was used as a superdisintegrent to give the faster release of
pioglitazone. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and by direct
compression. Granules were evaluated for precompression parameters and the tablets were
evaluated for post compression parameters.
Key Words: Bilayer tablets, Metformin Hydrochloride, pioglitazone, xanthum gum, guar
gum, gum tragacanth and crosscarmellose sodium.
Development and evaluation of xyloglucan matrix release tabs contaning glipizidesukesh
The document describes a research project that developed and evaluated matrix release tablets containing the drug glipizide using xyloglucan as a polymer. Xyloglucan was extracted from tamarind kernels and used to prepare different tablet formulations. Tablets were evaluated for dissolution, drug release, and other parameters. The best formulation was F1, which released 99% of the drug in a prolonged manner and could be used for extended release of glipizide.
Formulation and evaluation of metformin and rosuvastatin bilayered tabletsSriramNagarajan17
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing metformin hydrochloride as the sustained release layer and rosuvastatin as the immediate release layer. Various formulations of each layer were prepared using different polymers, excipients, and manufacturing methods. The metformin layer was prepared by wet granulation while the rosuvastatin layer used direct compression. Physicochemical properties of granules and tablets were evaluated. Standard calibration curves were developed for both drugs to enable drug content analysis. The optimized formulations demonstrated desired drug release profiles with the metformin layer providing sustained release over 12 hours and the rosuvastatin layer releasing completely within 1 hour.
This document discusses emulgels as a drug delivery system. It begins by outlining the contents to be covered, including the purpose and rationale of using emulgels. Some key advantages are avoiding first-pass metabolism and improving patient compliance. Important constituents and preparation methods are described. Characterization studies discussed include rheology, spreadability, drug content and skin irritation testing. In vitro drug release kinetics and stability studies are also evaluated. The conclusion states that emulgels provide benefits like spreadability and adhesion over other delivery systems and can effectively deliver hydrophobic drugs in a gel base.
The document describes the formulation and characterization of a clarithromycin emulgel for topical drug delivery. Various formulations of clarithromycin emulgel were prepared using different gelling agents like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940 and HPMCK4M. The formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, drug content and in vitro drug release. Formulation F1 showed optimum results with maximum drug content of 91.6% and sustained drug release of 74.47% over 12 hours. Thus, the developed clarithromycin emulgel using Carbopol 934 as gelling agent can be considered as a potential formulation for topical delivery of clarithromycin.
Ijpar 14 619 sreekanth goudDesign and evaluation of Bilayered tablets of Simv...pharmaindexing
The document describes the design and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing simvastatin. Bilayer tablets were developed with one layer for immediate release and another for extended release of simvastatin. Various formulations of the immediate release layer were prepared with different ratios of simvastatin to croscarmellose sodium. The extended release layer formulations contained simvastatin with varying ratios of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose polymers. The bilayer tablets were developed using direct compression method and evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying. In vitro drug release studies showed that the polymers retarded the release of simvastatin from the extended release layer for 12 hours
Preparation and Evaluation of Metformin Transdermal PatchesSunil Vadithya
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of metformin transdermal patches. Metformin patches were prepared using solvent casting technique with different polymer combinations. The patches were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug-polymer compatibility, in vitro drug release, and stability studies. The optimized formulation F4 containing HPMC K15M, ethylcellulose and sodium alginate showed maximum drug release of 96.28% over 12 hours and was stable over three months as per ICH guidelines. The study successfully developed stable and effective metformin transdermal patches for improved bioavailability.
This document presents information on emulgels, which are emulsions gelled with a gelling agent to provide a new platform for topical drug delivery. Emulgels can incorporate hydrophobic drugs and improve their bioavailability. The document discusses the advantages of emulgels, different types based on the emulsion and drug, and the formulation process. Key steps in developing an emulgel include preparing the emulsion and gel base separately and then combining them. Excipients commonly used and evaluation methods like physical characterization, drug content, and stability testing are also summarized. Several commercial emulgel products are presented as examples. The conclusion states that emulgels can be a better topical delivery system than conventional options due to
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets using Nimesulide as a Model DrugIRJET Journal
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of floating tablets containing nimesulide as a model drug. Floating tablets were prepared using different polymers (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, Carbopol 934P) at varying drug to polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as gas generating agents. The granules and tablets were evaluated for flow properties, physical properties, in vitro buoyancy, and drug release. Tablets with higher polymer ratios had shorter floating lag times and longer total floating times. Tablets with 1:1 drug to polymer ratio showed the highest drug release. Carbopol
The document summarizes a seminar on preparing sustained release matrix tablets for an M.Pharm dissertation. It discusses the aims of sustained release formulations like increasing drug action duration and avoiding fluctuating plasma concentrations. It then outlines some challenges like dose dumping and additional patient education needs. The document proposes developing a sustained release tablet of an antidepressant drug using excipients like Kollidon SR to increase its half-life and bioavailability. It describes the methodology and evaluation parameters that will be used.
This document summarizes research on the formulation and evaluation of a matrix-type transdermal delivery system for ondansetron hydrochloride (OSH) using the solvent casting technique. Various transdermal patches were prepared with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, plasticizers, and penetration enhancers. The patches were evaluated for physical properties and drug permeation. Ex vivo studies found that formulations containing the penetration enhancer menthol showed the best permeation of OSH through rat skin. The optimized formulation (F17) showed diffusion-controlled drug release, indicating suitability for transdermal delivery of OSH.
This document outlines a research plan for developing and evaluating a Glipizide loaded transdermal film. The objectives are to conduct preformulation studies, compatibility studies using FTIR, reduce drug particle size using precipitation, characterize drug particle size using SEM, formulate films using solvent evaporation, and evaluate films for properties like drug content and in-vitro drug release. The need is to improve Glipizide's solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability through the transdermal route to reduce side effects. The plan involves literature review, material selection, preformulation tests, film formulation, evaluation, kinetic modeling, and reporting.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the key components of TDDS formulations including the polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, pressure sensitive adhesive, backing laminate and release liner. The document also describes the preparation methods for different types of TDDS and the evaluation methods used to test the physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and stability of TDDS. The evaluations help ensure the TDDS will safely and effectively deliver the drug through the skin as intended.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Microsponge Gel For...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design, development and evaluation of Itraconazole loaded transfersomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document describes the design, development, and evaluation of an itraconazole-loaded transfersomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Transfersomes are deformable lipid vesicles that can improve skin permeation of drugs. The researchers prepared various transfersome formulations containing itraconazole, lecithin, and different ratios of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80). They characterized the transfersomes for vesicle shape, size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation. Transfersomal gel was then prepared by dispersing the optimized transfersome formulation in carbopol gel. Evaluation showed the transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery of itraconazole with
This document summarizes a study that developed and evaluated sustained release matrix tablets containing metformin HCl. Metformin HCl tablets were prepared using beeswax in combination with other hydrophobic materials to produce a hydrophobic matrix that would provide sustained drug release. Tablet formulations were optimized based on acceptable properties and drug release profiles. In vitro drug release studies showed that formulations containing beeswax and cetyl alcohol provided drug release closest to the theoretical release profile. Kinetic modeling indicated the release mechanism followed Higuchi kinetics and was diffusion mediated. Tablets containing higher amounts of cetyl alcohol in place of beeswax showed improved drug release, likely due to increased water penetration in the matrix.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GEL LOADED MICROSPONGES OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM FO...SriramNagarajan18
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium-loaded microsponges for topical delivery. Microsponges were prepared using ethyl cellulose polymer by a quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. The microsponges were spherical and porous in structure as seen under SEM. Particle size ranged from 23.9-45.9 μm depending on the drug:polymer ratio. Yield increased from 10.85-41.03% with increasing polymer content. Drug content was highest for formulation M4 at 74.03% and decreased with higher polymer ratios. The microsponges were then dispersed in a carbopol gel and evaluated for properties like pH, viscosity and spreadability. In vitro drug
This document summarizes the process of evaluating floating tablets, including preformulation studies, precompression evaluation, postcompression evaluation, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and stability studies. Some key points covered include determining particle size and shape, bulk and tapped density measurements, drug release testing using USP apparatus 2, and conducting in vivo x-ray studies in humans to observe floating ability in fasted and fed states. The goal of developing a floating drug delivery system is to provide prolonged gastric retention for controlled release of the drug.
Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentative floating sustained releasedme...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet
Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The
HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non-Effervescent system) and The Sodium
Bicarbonate is responsible for the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum
shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is
Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test,
friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies show Maximum percentage of release of drug
(99.25) within end of 8 Hours.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of transdermal delivery of the antihypertensive drug amlodipine besilate. 2) Permeability studies found that the partition coefficient was favorable for transdermal delivery and that hyaluronidase showed the highest permeability and flux, increasing linearly with donor concentration. 3) This suggests hyaluronidase is the most effective permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of amlodipine besilate based on its higher permeability coefficients, flux, and enhancement ratio.
Penetration enhancers Used in transdermal drug delivryMalLiKaRjunA yadav
The document discusses penetration enhancers, which are chemicals that interact with skin to promote drug flux through the skin. It covers skin structure and barriers, factors affecting penetration, approaches to enhance drug penetration including types of penetration enhancers and their modes of action. Specific penetration enhancers discussed include surfactants, fatty acids, alcohols, and terpenes.
Formulation and evaluation of oral biphasic drug delivery system of Metronida...inventionjournals
In the present study, a newly innovative drug delivery system of biphasic Metronidazole (MTZ) tablet has been studied. An attempt was made to improve the patient’s adherence and the potential clinical outcomes by reducing the dosing frequency by formulating bilayer tablets containing Metrodinazole. Each bilayer tablet is composed of a sustained release (SR) layer and an immediate release (IR) layer for rapid drug release. Five different formulations of bilayer tablets were formulated using HPMC as hydrophilic polymer to retarded the drug release and the effect of Starch and MCC on the release profile were evaluated. Wet granulation method was used to prepare granules of the immediate and sustained release layers. The tablets were evaluated for their physical parameters and all valuesobtained found to be within the acceptable limits. The dissolution test has been carried out using the USP type II rotating paddle. Collected samples were analyzed using the high performance liquid chromatography. The mechanisms of Metrodinazole release from the sustained release layer were fitted into zero-order, first order, Higuchi, Hixon- Crowell model and Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. The results of the dissolution profiles showed that the drug release from the sustained release layer varied depending on the amount of HPMC and the presence of Starch or MCC. The kinetics of the release of MTZ from the different formulations showed good fitting with Higuchi model with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9965 - 0.9985. From values obtained for the diffusional exponent, n, Korsmeyer-Peppas equation observed that for all the formulations n value ranged from 0.4662 to 0.5370, and this demonstrates that the release mechanism followed non-Fickian type of release ( anomalous transport).
A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. It enables a steady blood level profile, resulting in reduced systemic side effects and, sometimes, improved efficacy over other dosage forms. The administration of drugs by transdermal route offers the advantage of being relatively painless. The appeal of using the skin as a portal of drug entry lies in case of access, its huge surface area, and systemic access through underlying circulatory and lymphatic networks and the noninvasive nature of drug delivery. The main objective of transdermal patches system is to deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatient variation.
The first adhesive transdermal delivery system (TDDS) patch was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1979 (scopolamine patch for motion sickness). Nitroglycerine patches were approved in 1981. This method of delivery became widely recognized when nicotine patches for smoking cessation were introduced in 1991.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) deliver drugs through the skin to increase patient compliance and avoid first-pass metabolism. The first approved TDDS was Transderm-Scop in 1979 for nausea prevention. TDDS advantages include avoidance of first-pass metabolism, enhanced compliance, and reduced plasma level fluctuations. Disadvantages include difficulty penetrating the skin barrier for large or hydrophilic/hydrophobic drugs. TDDS consist of a drug reservoir, permeation enhancers, adhesive backing, and release liner. Evaluation parameters include thickness, drug content, adhesion, permeability and in vitro drug release/permeation studies. Due to advantages, research continues to develop new TDDS for additional drugs.
EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSSANI SINGH
This document summarizes the evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems. It discusses various physicochemical evaluation methods like thickness, drug content, moisture content testing. It also describes in-vitro evaluation methods like drug release studies using models like Higuchi and Peppas. In-vitro skin permeation studies are also briefly mentioned. The document provides an overview of the evaluation process for transdermal drug delivery systems.
This document describes the design and evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of the drug Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention and high blood pressure. Gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems are designed to remain in the stomach for an extended period of time to improve drug bioavailability.
Nine formulations of Furosemide floating tablets were developed using different polymers like Xanthan gum, Carbopol, and sodium alginate to impart floating properties. The tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters like buoyancy, drug release, and swelling. Results showed that polymer type and concentration influenced floating lag time, total floating time, and
This document summarizes a student's research project on developing a gastroretentive floating tablet containing the drug Gliclazide to treat diabetes. The student aims to prolong the gastric residence time of Gliclazide to improve its oral bioavailability. Tablets were prepared using polymers like guar gum and carbopol with HPMC and sodium bicarbonate. Tablets were evaluated for drug release, buoyancy, and swelling. Results showed formulations with HPMC:carbopol ratios of 5:1, 4:2 and 3:3 provided controlled drug release over 12 hours and met floating and swelling requirements.
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
This document presents information on emulgels, which are emulsions gelled with a gelling agent to provide a new platform for topical drug delivery. Emulgels can incorporate hydrophobic drugs and improve their bioavailability. The document discusses the advantages of emulgels, different types based on the emulsion and drug, and the formulation process. Key steps in developing an emulgel include preparing the emulsion and gel base separately and then combining them. Excipients commonly used and evaluation methods like physical characterization, drug content, and stability testing are also summarized. Several commercial emulgel products are presented as examples. The conclusion states that emulgels can be a better topical delivery system than conventional options due to
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets using Nimesulide as a Model DrugIRJET Journal
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of floating tablets containing nimesulide as a model drug. Floating tablets were prepared using different polymers (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, Carbopol 934P) at varying drug to polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as gas generating agents. The granules and tablets were evaluated for flow properties, physical properties, in vitro buoyancy, and drug release. Tablets with higher polymer ratios had shorter floating lag times and longer total floating times. Tablets with 1:1 drug to polymer ratio showed the highest drug release. Carbopol
The document summarizes a seminar on preparing sustained release matrix tablets for an M.Pharm dissertation. It discusses the aims of sustained release formulations like increasing drug action duration and avoiding fluctuating plasma concentrations. It then outlines some challenges like dose dumping and additional patient education needs. The document proposes developing a sustained release tablet of an antidepressant drug using excipients like Kollidon SR to increase its half-life and bioavailability. It describes the methodology and evaluation parameters that will be used.
This document summarizes research on the formulation and evaluation of a matrix-type transdermal delivery system for ondansetron hydrochloride (OSH) using the solvent casting technique. Various transdermal patches were prepared with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, plasticizers, and penetration enhancers. The patches were evaluated for physical properties and drug permeation. Ex vivo studies found that formulations containing the penetration enhancer menthol showed the best permeation of OSH through rat skin. The optimized formulation (F17) showed diffusion-controlled drug release, indicating suitability for transdermal delivery of OSH.
This document outlines a research plan for developing and evaluating a Glipizide loaded transdermal film. The objectives are to conduct preformulation studies, compatibility studies using FTIR, reduce drug particle size using precipitation, characterize drug particle size using SEM, formulate films using solvent evaporation, and evaluate films for properties like drug content and in-vitro drug release. The need is to improve Glipizide's solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability through the transdermal route to reduce side effects. The plan involves literature review, material selection, preformulation tests, film formulation, evaluation, kinetic modeling, and reporting.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the key components of TDDS formulations including the polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, pressure sensitive adhesive, backing laminate and release liner. The document also describes the preparation methods for different types of TDDS and the evaluation methods used to test the physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and stability of TDDS. The evaluations help ensure the TDDS will safely and effectively deliver the drug through the skin as intended.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Microsponge Gel For...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design, development and evaluation of Itraconazole loaded transfersomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document describes the design, development, and evaluation of an itraconazole-loaded transfersomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Transfersomes are deformable lipid vesicles that can improve skin permeation of drugs. The researchers prepared various transfersome formulations containing itraconazole, lecithin, and different ratios of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80). They characterized the transfersomes for vesicle shape, size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation. Transfersomal gel was then prepared by dispersing the optimized transfersome formulation in carbopol gel. Evaluation showed the transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery of itraconazole with
This document summarizes a study that developed and evaluated sustained release matrix tablets containing metformin HCl. Metformin HCl tablets were prepared using beeswax in combination with other hydrophobic materials to produce a hydrophobic matrix that would provide sustained drug release. Tablet formulations were optimized based on acceptable properties and drug release profiles. In vitro drug release studies showed that formulations containing beeswax and cetyl alcohol provided drug release closest to the theoretical release profile. Kinetic modeling indicated the release mechanism followed Higuchi kinetics and was diffusion mediated. Tablets containing higher amounts of cetyl alcohol in place of beeswax showed improved drug release, likely due to increased water penetration in the matrix.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GEL LOADED MICROSPONGES OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM FO...SriramNagarajan18
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium-loaded microsponges for topical delivery. Microsponges were prepared using ethyl cellulose polymer by a quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. The microsponges were spherical and porous in structure as seen under SEM. Particle size ranged from 23.9-45.9 μm depending on the drug:polymer ratio. Yield increased from 10.85-41.03% with increasing polymer content. Drug content was highest for formulation M4 at 74.03% and decreased with higher polymer ratios. The microsponges were then dispersed in a carbopol gel and evaluated for properties like pH, viscosity and spreadability. In vitro drug
This document summarizes the process of evaluating floating tablets, including preformulation studies, precompression evaluation, postcompression evaluation, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and stability studies. Some key points covered include determining particle size and shape, bulk and tapped density measurements, drug release testing using USP apparatus 2, and conducting in vivo x-ray studies in humans to observe floating ability in fasted and fed states. The goal of developing a floating drug delivery system is to provide prolonged gastric retention for controlled release of the drug.
Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentative floating sustained releasedme...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet
Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The
HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non-Effervescent system) and The Sodium
Bicarbonate is responsible for the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum
shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentative Floating Sustained released Tablet is
Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test,
friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies show Maximum percentage of release of drug
(99.25) within end of 8 Hours.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of transdermal delivery of the antihypertensive drug amlodipine besilate. 2) Permeability studies found that the partition coefficient was favorable for transdermal delivery and that hyaluronidase showed the highest permeability and flux, increasing linearly with donor concentration. 3) This suggests hyaluronidase is the most effective permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of amlodipine besilate based on its higher permeability coefficients, flux, and enhancement ratio.
Penetration enhancers Used in transdermal drug delivryMalLiKaRjunA yadav
The document discusses penetration enhancers, which are chemicals that interact with skin to promote drug flux through the skin. It covers skin structure and barriers, factors affecting penetration, approaches to enhance drug penetration including types of penetration enhancers and their modes of action. Specific penetration enhancers discussed include surfactants, fatty acids, alcohols, and terpenes.
Formulation and evaluation of oral biphasic drug delivery system of Metronida...inventionjournals
In the present study, a newly innovative drug delivery system of biphasic Metronidazole (MTZ) tablet has been studied. An attempt was made to improve the patient’s adherence and the potential clinical outcomes by reducing the dosing frequency by formulating bilayer tablets containing Metrodinazole. Each bilayer tablet is composed of a sustained release (SR) layer and an immediate release (IR) layer for rapid drug release. Five different formulations of bilayer tablets were formulated using HPMC as hydrophilic polymer to retarded the drug release and the effect of Starch and MCC on the release profile were evaluated. Wet granulation method was used to prepare granules of the immediate and sustained release layers. The tablets were evaluated for their physical parameters and all valuesobtained found to be within the acceptable limits. The dissolution test has been carried out using the USP type II rotating paddle. Collected samples were analyzed using the high performance liquid chromatography. The mechanisms of Metrodinazole release from the sustained release layer were fitted into zero-order, first order, Higuchi, Hixon- Crowell model and Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. The results of the dissolution profiles showed that the drug release from the sustained release layer varied depending on the amount of HPMC and the presence of Starch or MCC. The kinetics of the release of MTZ from the different formulations showed good fitting with Higuchi model with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9965 - 0.9985. From values obtained for the diffusional exponent, n, Korsmeyer-Peppas equation observed that for all the formulations n value ranged from 0.4662 to 0.5370, and this demonstrates that the release mechanism followed non-Fickian type of release ( anomalous transport).
A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. It enables a steady blood level profile, resulting in reduced systemic side effects and, sometimes, improved efficacy over other dosage forms. The administration of drugs by transdermal route offers the advantage of being relatively painless. The appeal of using the skin as a portal of drug entry lies in case of access, its huge surface area, and systemic access through underlying circulatory and lymphatic networks and the noninvasive nature of drug delivery. The main objective of transdermal patches system is to deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatient variation.
The first adhesive transdermal delivery system (TDDS) patch was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1979 (scopolamine patch for motion sickness). Nitroglycerine patches were approved in 1981. This method of delivery became widely recognized when nicotine patches for smoking cessation were introduced in 1991.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) deliver drugs through the skin to increase patient compliance and avoid first-pass metabolism. The first approved TDDS was Transderm-Scop in 1979 for nausea prevention. TDDS advantages include avoidance of first-pass metabolism, enhanced compliance, and reduced plasma level fluctuations. Disadvantages include difficulty penetrating the skin barrier for large or hydrophilic/hydrophobic drugs. TDDS consist of a drug reservoir, permeation enhancers, adhesive backing, and release liner. Evaluation parameters include thickness, drug content, adhesion, permeability and in vitro drug release/permeation studies. Due to advantages, research continues to develop new TDDS for additional drugs.
EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSSANI SINGH
This document summarizes the evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems. It discusses various physicochemical evaluation methods like thickness, drug content, moisture content testing. It also describes in-vitro evaluation methods like drug release studies using models like Higuchi and Peppas. In-vitro skin permeation studies are also briefly mentioned. The document provides an overview of the evaluation process for transdermal drug delivery systems.
This document describes the design and evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of the drug Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention and high blood pressure. Gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems are designed to remain in the stomach for an extended period of time to improve drug bioavailability.
Nine formulations of Furosemide floating tablets were developed using different polymers like Xanthan gum, Carbopol, and sodium alginate to impart floating properties. The tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters like buoyancy, drug release, and swelling. Results showed that polymer type and concentration influenced floating lag time, total floating time, and
This document summarizes a student's research project on developing a gastroretentive floating tablet containing the drug Gliclazide to treat diabetes. The student aims to prolong the gastric residence time of Gliclazide to improve its oral bioavailability. Tablets were prepared using polymers like guar gum and carbopol with HPMC and sodium bicarbonate. Tablets were evaluated for drug release, buoyancy, and swelling. Results showed formulations with HPMC:carbopol ratios of 5:1, 4:2 and 3:3 provided controlled drug release over 12 hours and met floating and swelling requirements.
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Gave a talk at StartCon about the future of Growth. I touch on viral marketing / referral marketing, fake news and social media, and marketplaces. Finally, the slides go through future technology platforms and how things might evolve there.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
The document describes the preparation and evaluation of controlled release matrix tablets of metformin hydrochloride. Ten formulations of matrix tablets were prepared using different amounts of polymers HPMC K100 and Carbapol 934 by direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. In vitro drug release studies showed sustained release of the drug from the matrix tablets over an extended period of time based on the type and concentration of polymer used. The kinetic analysis of drug release indicated that the release followed non-fickian or anomalous transport mechanism.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets of sumatriptan succinate using superdisintegrants. Sumatriptan succinate tablets were prepared using different concentrations of Croscarmellose sodium and treated agar as superdisintegrants. The tablets were evaluated for various physical properties and drug release. Treated agar at 7.5% concentration showed the fastest disintegration time and wetting time compared to other formulations. The results indicate that treated agar provided better superdisintegrant properties than Croscarmellose sodium for formulating oral disintegrating tablets of sumatriptan succinate.
Formulation and evaluation of controlled drug release naproxen pelletsSriramNagarajan18
This document summarizes research on the formulation and evaluation of controlled-release naproxen pellets. Naproxen pellets were produced via extrusion-spheronization and coated for controlled release. Various formulations with different ratios of ingredients were tested. Formulation F9 was found to have the optimal drug release profile and stability. The pellets were evaluated for properties like particle size, drug content, and in vitro drug release, which followed first order kinetics. Controlled-release naproxen pellets could provide benefits over immediate-release formulations.
Formulation and evaluation of lovastatin porous tabletsSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of lovastatin porous tablets. Lovastatin tablets were formulated using microcrystalline cellulose, camphor, menthol, crospovidone, crosscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The tablets were evaluated for parameters like thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, and disintegration time both before and after drying. Formulation F6 containing 10% menthol showed the fastest disintegration time of less than 1 minute after drying, indicating menthol is the most effective subliming agent for producing porosity in the tablets. All evaluation parameters were within specified limits. Thus, porous lovastatin tablets with rapid drug release were successfully developed using
Design and in vitro evaluation of bilayer tablets of Tramadol hydrochloride f...ijperSS
This document describes the design and in vitro evaluation of bilayer tablets containing Tramadol Hydrochloride for biphasic drug release. Bilayer tablets were developed with an immediate release layer containing superdisintegrants and a sustained release layer containing hydrophilic polymers (HPMC) to provide both immediate and extended drug release. Seven bilayer tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression properties. In vitro dissolution studies showed formulation F6 released 99.5% of the drug over 12 hours from the sustained release layer, following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. Accelerated stability studies found no changes in properties or drug release for F6 tablets over 3 months. The study
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of a metformin HCl gastroretentive floating sustained release tablet. The tablet was formulated using the wet granulation technique and contained both effervescent and non-effervescent systems. HPMC K100 was used as the swellable polymer responsible for floating (non-effervescent system) and sodium bicarbonate was used as the effervescent agent. Various tests were conducted to authenticate the drug including melting point determination, log P value determination, and solubility studies. Tablets were evaluated for properties such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, friability, weight variation, and in vitro drug release, which showed maximum release of 99
Formulation development and invitro evaluation of lamotrigine fast dissolving...SriramNagarajan19
The present study was to formulate and evaluate oral fast dissolving Oral tablet containing Lamotrigine. Present study reveals that all the nine formulated tablet showed satisfactory tablet parameters. It can be concluded that, Oral fast dissolving tablet -containing Lamotrigine can be prepared by direct compression method. 10% CCS (FV) tablet exhibited required disintegration time and dissolution time. The drug release was about 98.7 % in 15min. The accelerated stability studies of the optimized F5 formulation indicates that the formulated oral fast dissolving tablet were unaffected after 3 months storage under accelerated conditions as there were no signs of visually distinguishable changes in appearance, disintegration time and cumulative percentage of drug release. From the present investigation it can be concluded that oral fast dissolving tablet formulation can be a potential novel drug dosage form for pediatric, geriatric and also for general population.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Formulation and evaluation of rapimelts of EletriptanSriramNagarajan18
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of rapid-melting tablets containing the drug Eletriptan. Twelve formulations were created using different superdisintegrants like crospovidone, cros carmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for properties like hardness, thickness, friability, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F3 with 10% crospovidone showed maximum drug release of 99.9% within 6 minutes and was selected as the optimized formulation based on rapid disintegration time of 16.33 seconds and high drug release. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed no drug-excipient interactions in the optimized formulation.
The document summarizes the development of an extended release formulation of bupropion hydrochloride tablets. The objectives were to develop a stable, cost-effective ER formulation and compare it to marketed products. Various ER tablet formulations were prepared using different concentrations of coating polymers and evaluated for drug release. Formulations F9 and F10, which used 8% coating of ethylcellulose 15cps, showed comparable release to the reference product over 16 hours. The developed formulation met the objectives of providing a once-daily ER tablet for bupropion hydrochloride.
Formulation and Evaluation of Gliclazide Immediate Release and Metformin Sust...ijtsrd
The aim of the present work is to formulate and evaluate a bilayer tablet BT of Metformin HCl as Sustained release and Gliclazide as Immediate release IR . The polymer used in sustained release is HMPC K100M and the super disintegrant used in immediate release in proportion of Gum Karaya and Croscarmellose sodium by Direct compression method. The Preformulation studied, Bulk density, Tapped density, Housner’s ratio, Carr’s index, Angle of repose and UV of Metformin HCl and Gliclazide is performed. In this study, a bilayer tablet containing gliclazide in IRL and metformin in SRL was made using the direct compression method, with the goal of making the formulations IRL as small as possible. Will release gliclazide as soon as possible to combat postprandial hyperglycaemic level, followed by steady state plasma glucose management by Metformin with a long term release. The hardness of the different formulations ranged from 7.5 8.5 kg cm. All the formulations exhibited less than 1 friability. The drug content analysis of Metformin and Gliclazide in all formulations was found within the I P limits ±5 which indicate that the drug was uniformly distributed in the tablets. The in vitro dissolution study was performed for layer I Metformin up to 12 hrs after every 1hour intervals and for layer II Gliclazide up to 40 min after every 5 min interval . The bilayer tablet contributing initial loading dose and dissolves rapidly, the remainder of the drug in the extended release was constant rate till the end of the dissolution process. The DSC and I.R spectra proved that there was no interaction between the polymer excipients and Metformin, Gliclazide. The stability study of Formulation F4 showed after three months that there was no degradation and the drug was stable under accelerated and real time stability conditions. Gajanan Ramasane | Sujit Kakade | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Gliclazide Immediate Release and Metformin Sustain Release Bilayer Tablet" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50372.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50372/formulation-and-evaluation-of-gliclazide-immediate-release-and-metformin-sustain-release-bilayer-tablet/gajanan-ramasane
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of calcium alginate beads loaded with diclofenac sodium. The objective is to develop an extended release dosage form of diclofenac sodium to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance by maintaining therapeutic drug levels. Calcium alginate beads are prepared using an ionotropic gelation method by dropping sodium alginate solution containing diclofenac sodium into calcium chloride solution, resulting in crosslinking and formation of beads. The beads are evaluated for drug release using dissolution studies.
This document summarizes research on developing a sustained release microencapsulated delivery system for the drug famotidine using a combination of mucoadhesive polymers. Famotidine microcapsules were prepared using an orifice ionic gelation technique with various polymer combinations, including carbopol-934 with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, or guar gum. The microcapsules were evaluated for properties like particle size, yield, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, swelling properties, in vitro drug release, and mucoadhesion. The results showed that microcapsules prepared with sustained release polymers in combination exhibited slow release of famotidine over 9 hours with zero
Development and Evaluation of gastroretentive matrix tablets of NateglinideSriramNagarajan18
This document summarizes research on developing and evaluating gastroretentive matrix tablets containing nateglinide, an oral drug used to treat diabetes. Nine floating tablet formulations were created using different polymers (xanthan gum, HPMC, carbopol) in various ratios. Tablets were evaluated for properties like drug release kinetics, buoyancy, and hardness. Formulation F4 containing HPMC K100M showed the best controlled drug release and floating properties over 12 hours. Drug release from F4 best fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models, indicating non-Fickian (anomalous) diffusion. The polymers were effective at prolonging the release of nateglinide from the floating tablets to increase
This document summarizes the presentation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of metformin and evogliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method utilizes a Waters XTerra RP-18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and methanol. Metformin and evogliptin were well separated with retention times of 2.73 and 4.47 minutes, respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness and sensitivity. Forced degradation studies indicated the method can separate metformin and evogliptin peaks in the presence of degradation products.
RP-HPLC method development and validation of doxycycline in bulk and tablet f...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the estimation of doxycycline in bulk and tablet formulations. The method utilizes an isocratic mobile phase of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) on a C18 column. Doxycycline was detected at 268 nm with a retention time of 2.897 minutes. The method was found to be linear over a range of 25-150 μg/ml. Accuracy and precision were determined to be within acceptable limits, and the method was successfully applied to the analysis of doxycycline in commercial tablets.
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
Treatment of Uthiravatha Suronitham (Rheumatoid Arthritis) with a Siddha Comp...iosrphr_editor
Uthiravathasuronitham, a vatha disease described by Sage Yugi can be correlated to Rheumatoid arthritis. A 53 year old lady diagnosed as Uthiravathasuronitham was treated with Siddha medicines Karpoora Chindhamani Mathirai and MannennaiKalavaiThylam. A single case study of Uthiravathasuronitham is detailed in this article.The patient presented with pain and swelling in minor joints of hand, wrist, ankle, shoulder joints and morning stiffness. The RA factor, CRP was positive at the time of enrollment. She was admitted in the IPD of Sirappu Maruthuvam Department of National Institute of Siddha for 45 days. The treatment outcome was encouraging. Hence further clinical studies can be carried out.
An analysis of the incidence and causes of road traffic accident in Kisii, Ce...iosrphr_editor
Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are an emerging public health problem. It is estimated that more than 5 million people between 17-40 years of age die annually as a result of RTAs worldwide. Currently, RTA is the tenth leading cause of disease burden in the developing countries, especially in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The objective of the study was to analyze the proportion of accidents by vehicle, as well as investigate group of people vulnerable to RTA.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
Reducing Uveitic Glaucoma: therapeutic judgement is the keyiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Background: Uveitic glaucoma (UG) due to disease and /or therapeutics is an important reason for reduced vision. Different therapeutic regimen employed in uveitis can alter the course of UG. Purpose: Evaluation of prevalence of UG with different commonly used therapy. Study design: Randomised prospective hospital based study Study Period: 2007-2012 Methods: Baseline IOP; Field and optic nerve head photographs were recorded. Three groups were randomised: 1.topical steroid 2.Systemic steroid +gr 1, 3.Topical synthetic steroids, cycloplegic and periorbital triamcinolone injection. Outcome measure: IOP more than 22 mm/4 mm increase from baseline is marker.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 4 (April 2014), Pp 43-52
43
Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet
Containing Metformin Hcl
Deepu S1
, Dr. (Sr.) Molly Mathew2
, Shamna M S3
1
Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutics, Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy Trivandrum Kerala India.
2
Principal, Pharmacognosy, Malik Deenar College of Pharmacy, Kasaragod Kerala, India.
3
Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy, Trivandrum, Kerala India.
ABSTRACT: Conventional drug delivery system and is known to provide an immediate release of drug, an
alternative to administration of another dose is to use a dosage form that will provide sustained drug release.
Metformin Hcl was formulated as restricted swelling matrix tablet by using HPMC K100 and CMC in ratio of
50:50 in order to obtain a sustained release formulation. Matrix tablets containing 500mg of metformin were
prepare by direct compression method. From the formulations MFH 12 was selected and given partial coating
with cellulose acetate 5% solution in acetone ( MFH 13 & MHF14) to restrict the swelling and hence to retard
its release. The drug polymer ration influenced the release of drug from the formulations. An increase in
polymer decreased the drug release. F13 partially coated swelling matrix tablet further retarded the release of
drug. Formulation F13 with drug polymer (HPMC K100M and CMC) ratio (500:125:125) has shown
promising results as per USP test I requirements.
Keywords: Cellulose acetate, swelling restricted, CMC, HPMC K100M, Metformin Hcl.
I. INTRODUCTION
Metformin HCl is a biguanide oral antihyperglycemic (antidiabetic) agent. It is used as monotherapy as
an adjunct to diet and exercise for the management of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in
patients whose hyperglycaemia cannot be controlled by diet alone. It is freely soluble in water. A traditional oral
multiple release formulation releases the drug with undesirable peaks and troughs. These drawbacks can be
overcome by designing a suitable sustained release metformin HCl preparation1, 2
.
Metformin shows incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and absolute bioavailability in
the range of 50 – 60% with relatively short plasma half-life of 1.5 – 4.5 Hr. oral absorption of metformin is
within the upper part of intestine i.e. duodenum, jejunum and to a lesser extend in ileum3
. Therefore the
prepared tablets must initiate release of drug from stomach and complete it in jejunum. Hence a controlled
release formulation that would maintain plasma levels from 12 – 15 Hrs. would be sufficient for giving once
daily dosage forms4, 5
.
An alternative to conventional dose is to use a dosage form that will provide sustained drug release,
and therefore, maintain plasma drug concentrations. Controlled release formulations are much desirable and
preferred for such therapy because they offer better patient compliance, maintain uniform drug levels, reduced
dose and side effects and increased margin of safety for high potency drugs2,3
The term “controlled release” has been associated with those systems which release their active
principle at a predetermined rate. Physician can achieve certain desirable therapeutic benefits by prescribing
controlled release dosage forms; since the frequency of drug administered is reduced the patient compliance gets
improved2
.
Metformin is a first line drug of choice for the treatment of type II diabetes acts by decreasing hepatic
glucose output and peripheral insulin resistance. It can be given to the patients with overweight and obese and
with normal kidney function5
.
2. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
44
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Materials: Metformin hydrochloride was obtained as a gift sample from Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd,
Methocel was obtained as gift sample from Colorcon Asia Pvt Ltd, Carboxy methyl cellulose, CAP, and
Plasdone was obtained from Ashland Inc. Other materials such as Magnesium stearate, MCC, Aerosil etc. were
purchased and were of procured from SD fine, Mumbai.
2. Methods: Table 1 enlist the number of different excipients with its ratio of mixing with different
polymers, MCC was used as filler3
. Matrix tablets containing 500mg of metformin were prepare by direct
compression method6
. Drug and excipients were shifted through mesh 40 and blended for 15 minutes using
octagonal blender. Magnesium stearate was shifted through mesh 80 and transferred to blender and further
mixed for 5 minutes. Above lubricated blend was compressed in 16 station Cadmach rotary tablet punching
machine (M/S Cadmach machinery private Ltd, Ahmadabad) using caplet shape12 size punches. . Before
compression the surfaces of the dies and punches were lubricated with magnesium stearate7.
PREPERARTION OF SWELLING RESTRICTED MATRIX TABLETS
From the formulations showed in table 1 MFH 12 was selected and given partial coating with cellulose acetate
5% solution in acetone ( MFH 13 & MHF14) to restrict the swelling and hence to retard its release.
Table 1: List of ingredients with its formulation
Preparation of Standard Curve for Metformin
Preparation of standard stock solution:
Metformin HCL (100.0mg) was accurately weighed and transferred into a 100ml volumetric flask and
dissolved in 50ml of distilled water. The volume was make up to 100ml using distilled water to obtain a
standard stock solution of drug concentration of 1000µg/ml. From this Standard stock solution of metformin
100µg/ml was prepared by pipetting 10 ml of stock solution to a 100ml volumetric flask and making it up to
100ml with distilled water.
Determination of wavelength of maximum amplitude (D2
value) of Metformin HCL.
10ml of the above solution was diluted to 100ml with the same solvent to get a concentration of
10µg/ml. The UV spectrum of final solution was scanned in the range of 200 – 400 nm against distilled water as
blank. The λmax was found at 233.8 nm.
Metformin HCL STD Curve:
1ml of the standard stock solution was taken and diluted to 10ml with distilled water (100µg/ml). From the
above solution 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 ml was pipette out and diluted to 10 ml with distilled water to give the
final concentration of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10µg/ml respectively.
3. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
45
Fig – 1 Standard curve of Metformin Hcl
Pre formulation studies
1. Bulk density:
a. Loose bulk density: An accurately weighed quantity of powder was transferred to a 10ml measuring
cylinder and the volume occupied by the powder in terms of ml was recorded.
Weight of powder in gm
Loose bulk density (LBD) = (1)
Volume packed in ml
b. Tapped bulk density: Loosely packed powder in the cylinder was tapped 100 times on a plane hard
surface and volume occupied in ml was noted.
Weight of powder in gm
Tapped bulk density (TDB) = (2)
Tapped volume in ml
2. Hausner’s ratio: It is the number that is related to the flowability of powder or granules. A Hausner’s
ratio of <1.25 indicates a powder that is free flowing whereas >1.25 indicates poor flow ability7
.
3.
Hausner’s ratio = TDB / LDB (3)
4. Carr’s compressibility index: It is an indication of the compressibility of a granule or powder. In
pharmaceutics it is an indication of flowability of powder. A Carr’s index with value more than 25 is considered
to be an indication of low flowability and less than 25 is having good flow property. The smaller the Carr’s
Index the better the flow properties. For example 5-15 indicates excellent, 12-16 good, 18-21 fair and > 23 poor
flow.
Carr’s index (%) = [(TBD – LBD) x 100] ÷ TDB (4)
5. Angle of repose10
: A funnel is fixed and is secured with its tip at a height (h) of 2cm above graph
paper which is placed on a horizontal surface. The powder is dropped and the radius (r) is measured. Values ≤
30 indicates free flowing powder and ≤ 40 are poor flowing powders. Angle of repose can be measured by the
following equation8,10
ϴ = tan-1
(h/r) or Tan ϴ = h / r (5)
4. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
46
Table 3 Physical properties of formulation F1 – F14
Sl.No LBD TBD Hausner’s Factor Carr's compressibility Index Angle of repose
F1 0.4244 0.5345 1.26 20.60 21.59±0.012
F2 0.4156 0.5126 1.23 18.92 23.52±0.013
F3 0.4136 0.5164 1.25 19.91 26.37±0.021
F4 0.4247 0.5135 1.21 17.29 22.74±0.026
F5 0.4275 0.5274 1.23 18.94 23.93±0.069
F6 0.4172 0.5164 1.24 19.21 25.49±0.010
F7 0.4225 0.5203 1.23 18.80 21.73±0.040
F8 0.4394 0.5428 1.24 19.05 25.30±0.062
F9 0.4199 0.5194 1.24 19.16 22.38±0.042
F10 0.4291 0.5273 1.23 18.62 24.28±0.064
F11 0.4315 0.5349 1.24 19.33 22.66±0.055
F12 0.4174 0.5158 1.24 19.08 25.44±0.028
Evaluation of physical properties of matrix tablets:
1. Thickness and diameter: 10 tablets were randomly picked from each batch and their thickness and
diameter were measured using a calibrated dial Vernier calliper (±5% is allowed) 8, 10
.
2. Weight variation test1,10
: 20 tablets were randomly selected from each batch and weighed on an
electronic balance. Weight of 10 tablets and individual tablets were taken; their mean and standard
deviation of weight were calculated from each batch and shown in table (2)
3. Hardness test: 10 tablets randomly selected from each batch and hardness of each tablet was determined
by using a Pfizer type hardness tester1, 9, 10
. A mean of standard deviation was calculated for each batch
and is shown in table 2.
4. Friability test: It is the ability of tablets to withstand mechanical shocks during handling and
transportation. 10 tablets were selected randomly from each batch and weighed and placed in a friability
test apparatus and operated at a speed of 25 rpm for 4 minutes10
. Tablets were collected and weighed
again. The loss of tablet weight was calculated and measured in terms of % friability. Acceptable value of
friability is less than 1. The percentage friability of prepared tablets are shown in table 2.
F = [(WINITIAL – WFINAL) x 100] ÷ WINITIAL (6)
5. Disintegration test: this test is performed as per official pharmacopoeial method. The tablets didn’t
disintegrate but swelled and formed a gel type mass.
6. Swelling index of matrix tablets: The swelling property of matrix tablets was measured in terms of
percentage weight gain by the tablet. The swelling behaviour of all formulations were studied. One tablet
from each formulation was kept in a petridish containing pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. At the end of 0.5 hr
and 1hr, the tablet was withdrawn and soaked with tissue paper, then weighed. Then after each hour
weight of tablets are weighed and continued till 8hrs. percentage weight gain of tablets were calculated
by the formula
S.I = {(Mt – Mo) / Mo} x 100 (7)
Where, S.I = swelling index, Mt = weight of tablet at time t (h), Mo = weight of tablet at zero time.
7. Drug content estimation:
a) Standard solution: 100mg of pure Metformin HCL drug was dissolved in water in a volumetric flask
and the volume was made up to the mark and sonicated for 5 minutes.
b) Sample solution: 20 tablets from each batch were randomly selected and weighed accurately and finely
powdered. To a powder equivalent to 100mg of Metformin HCL about 70ml of water was added and
dissolved with the aid of shaker for 15 minutes; then sufficient quantity of water was added to produce
100ml in a volumetric flask, mixed well and filtered.
To 1ml of the filtrate methanol was added to produce 100ml and mixed well. The absorbance of a
resulting solution was measured at 233nm using bank as standard solution. This test was conducted in triplicate.
5. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
47
Fig – 2 Swelling index of optimized formulations from F9 – F14
Table 4 Physical properties of formulation F1 – F14
Sl.No Hardness % Friability Weight variation % Drug content
F1 5.23 0.8 860.54 99.83
F2 5.44 0.75 870.67 98.45
F3 5.57 0.64 854.98 99.38
F4 5.27 0.56 848.63 99.68
F5 5.47 0.58 859.3 97.48
F6 5.50 0.64 855.37 98.37
F7 5.30 0.65 851.84 99.25
F8 5.50 0.59 862.75 98.57
F9 5.50 0.54 847.85 99.73
F10 5.87 0.63 857.83 98.49
F11 5.60 0.68 860.37 99.28
F12 5.63 0.53 854.48 99.63
Evaluation of granules: All the tablets of metformin HCL were prepared and valuated for the following
parameters.
Friability: Previously weighed 10 tablets were taken in Roche friabilator and the friability was checked at 25
rpm for 4 minutes. Then the tablets were dusted and reweighed and the percentage of powder eroded during 4
minutes was recorded. The resulting tablets were weighed and the percentage loss was calculated using the
formula. The results are given in table-(2).
Stability studies12
: Short-term stability studies were performed at temperature 40±2º
C over a period of three
months on the matrix tablet formulation F4. Sufficient number of tablets (ten) were packed in amber colored
screw capped bottles and kept in stability chamber maintained at 40±2º
C. Samples were taken at one month
intervals for drug content estimation shown in table-(7). At the end of three months period, dissolution test was
performed to determine the drug release profiles. The data of dissolution after stability studies are shown in
table (8).
6. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
48
Table 5: Stability studies of MHF13 formulations
SL.NO TIME IN DAYS PHYSICAL CHANGES 40 ± 2Ο
C
1 01 - 98.60±1.45
2 30 No Change 97.97±1.45
3 60 No Change 97.43±0.53
4 90 No Change 96.93±0.72
Table 6: Stability study of F13 formulation at 40 ± 2ο
C
Sl.No Time (Hrs.)
Formulation F13
1st
day 90th
day
1 1 20.70 20.58
2 2 34.22 34.02
3 3 38.74 38.78
4 4 47.74 47.27
5 5 60.35 60.43
6 6 66.20 66.36
7 7 71.17 71.19
8 8 75.68 75.51
9 9 79.28 79.36
10 10 85.59 85.52
11 11 89.20 89.02
12 12 91.90 91.43
I. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the present work swelling restricted matrix tablets of Metformin HCL were prepared by direct compression
method to sustain its effect by using a combination of HPMC K100M and CMC as polymer and partially coating it with
cellulose acetate. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physical parameters like hardness, weight variation, friability, drug
content uniformity, invitro release studies and short term stability studies9, 11
.
Fig 3: Invitro release data of various swelling restricted metformin HCL matrix tablets
8. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
50
Fig 5: Log Cumulative drug to be released Vs Time of formulation F1 – F14
Fig 6: Cumulative % drug release Vs square root time of formulation F1 – F14
9. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
51
Fig 7: Log cumulative drug released vs Log time of formulation F1 – F14
Fig 8: In-Vitro drug release profile for stability of formulation F13 at 40 ± 2ο
C
All the prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation and the results are given in table 2. The percentage
deviation from the average weight was found to be within the prescribed official limits.
Hardness of tablets were found to be in the range of 5.23 – 5.87 kg/cm2
which is given in table 2. The friability
of all prepared tablets were found to be in the range of 0.53 – 0.80% which fulfils the official requirements (less
than 1%)13, 14, 15.
Drug content estimation data for all batches are given in table 2. It was found to be in the range of
98.37 – 99.83 which indicates uniform drug content in the tablets prepared.
10. Formulation and Evaluation of Swelling Restricted Matrix Tablet Containing Metformin Hcl
52
Invitro release studies of prepared matrix tablets were conducted for a period of 12 hrs. Using an eight station USP
XXII type 2 apparatus at 37±0.5ºC, speed of basket was set at 100±1 rpm. In each flask 900ml buffered to a pH 6.8 was used
as dissolution media.
5ml samples were withdrawn at 1 hr. interval and replaced with fresh medium to maintain sink condition. Sample
was filtered and diluted appropriately, analysed at 233nm by double beam UV / visible spectrophotometer using dissolution
medium as blank. Experiments were performed in triplicate. The amount of drug present in the samples was calculated by
using calibration curve constructed from reference standard. Dissolution data of the matrix tablets were plotted and in vitro
drug release data was subjected to goodness of fit test by linear regression analysis according to zero order, first order,
kinetic equations like Higuchi and Peppas models in order to determine the mechanism of drug release. The results of linear
regression analysis of data including regression coefficients are summarized in table-6.
The release of drug from the formulations containing HPMC K100M and CMC were found to be governed by
diffusion controlled process, since the r values for Higuchi’s plot were found to be in the range of 0.98 and 0.99. When the
data’s were treated according to Peppas equation, the release exponents (n values) for most of the formulations was found to
be 0.31 < n < 0.67 indicating non-Fickian release mechanism. Although the drug release data fitted better to anomalous
(non-Fickian) diffusion mechanism, a model representing zero order was also very close (r=0.99 for formulations F5, F6, F9,
F10, F12 – F14).
Short-term stability studies were performed for the best formulation F13 at 40±2ºC for three months (90 days). The
samples were analysed for percent drug content and in vitro drug release studies. The results are given in table-7 and 8. No
appreciable difference were observed for the above parameters.
II. CONCLUSION
From the present study the following conclusions were made:
Matrix tablets of metformin Hcl using HPMC (K4M, K15M, and K100M) and CMC prepared by direct compression
method were found to be good without chipping, capping and sticking.
The drug content was uniform in all the formulations of tablets prepared. Low values of standard deviations indicates
uniform distribution of drugs within the matrices.
The drug polymer ration influenced the release of drug from the formulations. An increase in polymer decreased the drug
release. F13 partially coated swelling matrix tablet further retarded the release of drug.
Formulation F13 with drug polymer (HPMC K100M and CMC) ratio (500:125:125) has shown promising results as per
USP test I requirements.
Swelling restricted matrix tablets of Metformin Hcl were prepared using HPMC K100M and CMC to achieve desired
release rates over a period of 12 hours, which can help to reduce the dose and its frequency.
Among these formulations F13 is acceptable for further pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation
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