This document summarizes a research paper on applying lean manufacturing concepts to improve productivity in the coal mining industry in India. It first provides background on lean thinking and identifies seven types of waste. It then discusses problems in coal mining, categorizing them based on involvement needed from other departments or management to implement solutions. Specifically, it identifies thin coal seams that are difficult to mine and human energy loss due to working conditions as significant problems. The document proposes applying lean tools like overall equipment effectiveness analysis and 5S to minimize waste and increase productivity.
This document presents a case study on eliminating waste in the die casting industry through lean manufacturing. It identifies the major areas of waste as defects, inventory, excessive material movement, delays due to waiting, and inappropriate processing. An implementation plan is developed in three phases by analyzing the costs, ease of removal, and effects on other areas for generalized waste elimination provisions. Experts were consulted to identify the key root causes of waste in each area and their scores were used to prioritize provisions for each phase of implementation. The goal is to reduce lead times, costs, and increase capacity through a lean approach focused on continuous waste elimination.
The crew of Banque Populaire V set a new world record for circumnavigating the globe in the Jules Verne trophy race. They completed the journey in 45 days, 3 hours, and 42 minutes, nearly cutting in half the 80 days it took Phileas Fogg in Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days. The crew benefited from favorable wind conditions that allowed them to sail faster than any other team in the history of the race. Their achievement demonstrates the speed possible with modern sailing technology.
This document provides a literature review and theoretical background on lean manufacturing concepts as they relate to improving a production line in an aluminum die casting plant. It discusses the history and evolution of lean manufacturing principles. The seven types of waste are defined - overproduction, defects, inventory, transportation, waiting, motion, and overprocessing. Line balancing concepts and related works implementing lean in die casting plants are also reviewed. The aim is to apply these lean concepts and methodologies to analyze the current process and identify improvements at a die casting company.
Kobetsu Kaizen Losses Analysis to Enhance the Overall Plant Effectiveness in ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a case study conducted at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) in Raigarh, India to analyze Kobetsu Kaizen losses and improve Overall Plant Effectiveness (OPE) at their Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) plant. The study aims to reduce 16 types of Kobetsu Kaizen losses, identify their root causes, and improve OPE by eliminating these losses. Kobetsu Kaizen losses include breakdowns, shutdowns, setup/adjustment times, start-up times, minor stops/idling, management inefficiencies, and others. Analyzing and reducing these losses through continuous improvement efforts like why-why analysis and kaizen can increase equipment availability,
The document summarizes Nutra-Lab, a non-profit organization that aims to facilitate the transition to a circular economy. It does this by (1) gathering data on available nutrient streams from various industries and making it accessible online, (2) supporting the creation of novel circular industrial processes and products through its database, and (3) building a marketplace called Nutra-Link to redistribute nutrients across sectors and generate revenue to further its goals. The ultimate goal is for Nutra-Lab to become a key enabler of the circular economy through information sharing, community building and influencing policy changes.
Steven Foster is currently the Head of Maintenance at United Cartons Industry Company in Jeddah, KSA. He has over 20 years of experience in engineering and maintenance management roles. He holds a BEng degree in Manufacturing Systems with Management and various technical certifications. Foster has a proven track record of improving maintenance programs, reducing costs, and successfully managing shutdowns and projects.
The Turkey- Eurasia Mining Show 2015 BrochureAlex Augusti
This document provides information about the Turkey-Eurasia Mining Show taking place on 8-9 September 2015 in Istanbul, Turkey. The conference will bring together government organizations, mining companies, investors, and solution providers to discuss opportunities in the mining industry across the Caucasus, Balkans, and Central Asia regions. Over the two-day event, speakers will provide insights on topics such as mining operations, exploration, financing, commodity outlooks, sustainability, and investment opportunities. Attendees can learn about the mineral potential and development of mining projects in various countries in the region like Turkey, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Bulgaria, and Kazakhstan.
This document provides an overview of global energy trends and the international coal market. It discusses that coal reserves are sufficient for the next 137 years at current production rates, and coal accounts for over half of global energy reserves. While the EU's share of global energy reserves is small at 3%, coal and lignite make up 94% of the EU's remaining energy potential. It also notes that global coal consumption reached record levels in 2012, with China's coal production increasing by 130 million tonnes, equivalent to total EU hard coal production. Europe's importance as an energy consumer is declining as demand grows in emerging economies.
This document presents a case study on eliminating waste in the die casting industry through lean manufacturing. It identifies the major areas of waste as defects, inventory, excessive material movement, delays due to waiting, and inappropriate processing. An implementation plan is developed in three phases by analyzing the costs, ease of removal, and effects on other areas for generalized waste elimination provisions. Experts were consulted to identify the key root causes of waste in each area and their scores were used to prioritize provisions for each phase of implementation. The goal is to reduce lead times, costs, and increase capacity through a lean approach focused on continuous waste elimination.
The crew of Banque Populaire V set a new world record for circumnavigating the globe in the Jules Verne trophy race. They completed the journey in 45 days, 3 hours, and 42 minutes, nearly cutting in half the 80 days it took Phileas Fogg in Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days. The crew benefited from favorable wind conditions that allowed them to sail faster than any other team in the history of the race. Their achievement demonstrates the speed possible with modern sailing technology.
This document provides a literature review and theoretical background on lean manufacturing concepts as they relate to improving a production line in an aluminum die casting plant. It discusses the history and evolution of lean manufacturing principles. The seven types of waste are defined - overproduction, defects, inventory, transportation, waiting, motion, and overprocessing. Line balancing concepts and related works implementing lean in die casting plants are also reviewed. The aim is to apply these lean concepts and methodologies to analyze the current process and identify improvements at a die casting company.
Kobetsu Kaizen Losses Analysis to Enhance the Overall Plant Effectiveness in ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a case study conducted at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) in Raigarh, India to analyze Kobetsu Kaizen losses and improve Overall Plant Effectiveness (OPE) at their Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) plant. The study aims to reduce 16 types of Kobetsu Kaizen losses, identify their root causes, and improve OPE by eliminating these losses. Kobetsu Kaizen losses include breakdowns, shutdowns, setup/adjustment times, start-up times, minor stops/idling, management inefficiencies, and others. Analyzing and reducing these losses through continuous improvement efforts like why-why analysis and kaizen can increase equipment availability,
The document summarizes Nutra-Lab, a non-profit organization that aims to facilitate the transition to a circular economy. It does this by (1) gathering data on available nutrient streams from various industries and making it accessible online, (2) supporting the creation of novel circular industrial processes and products through its database, and (3) building a marketplace called Nutra-Link to redistribute nutrients across sectors and generate revenue to further its goals. The ultimate goal is for Nutra-Lab to become a key enabler of the circular economy through information sharing, community building and influencing policy changes.
Steven Foster is currently the Head of Maintenance at United Cartons Industry Company in Jeddah, KSA. He has over 20 years of experience in engineering and maintenance management roles. He holds a BEng degree in Manufacturing Systems with Management and various technical certifications. Foster has a proven track record of improving maintenance programs, reducing costs, and successfully managing shutdowns and projects.
The Turkey- Eurasia Mining Show 2015 BrochureAlex Augusti
This document provides information about the Turkey-Eurasia Mining Show taking place on 8-9 September 2015 in Istanbul, Turkey. The conference will bring together government organizations, mining companies, investors, and solution providers to discuss opportunities in the mining industry across the Caucasus, Balkans, and Central Asia regions. Over the two-day event, speakers will provide insights on topics such as mining operations, exploration, financing, commodity outlooks, sustainability, and investment opportunities. Attendees can learn about the mineral potential and development of mining projects in various countries in the region like Turkey, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Bulgaria, and Kazakhstan.
This document provides an overview of global energy trends and the international coal market. It discusses that coal reserves are sufficient for the next 137 years at current production rates, and coal accounts for over half of global energy reserves. While the EU's share of global energy reserves is small at 3%, coal and lignite make up 94% of the EU's remaining energy potential. It also notes that global coal consumption reached record levels in 2012, with China's coal production increasing by 130 million tonnes, equivalent to total EU hard coal production. Europe's importance as an energy consumer is declining as demand grows in emerging economies.
Reduced Order Observer (DGO) based State Variable Design of Two Loop Lateral ...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Power System Damping Oscillations in Smib with Pss-Fuzzy Upfc ControllerIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes research on generalizing the incomplete beta function. It defines a new generalized incomplete beta function that includes an additional parameter compared to previously studied extensions. The paper obtains several integral representations and properties of the new generalized incomplete beta function. It also derives a generalized beta distribution based on the previously defined generalized beta function.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
1) The document discusses wavelet transforms as a recent algorithm for image compression. Wavelet transforms can capture variations at different scales in an image, making them well-suited for reducing spatial redundancy.
2) A typical lossy image compression system uses four main components - source encoding, thresholding, quantization, and entropy encoding - to achieve compression by removing different types of redundancy in images.
3) Experimental results on the Lena test image showed that soft thresholding followed by quantization achieved higher peak signal-to-noise ratios than hard thresholding and quantization, demonstrating the effectiveness of wavelet transforms for image compression.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify value co-creation attributes that influence the UTM Institutional Repository (UTM IR), an e-service application. The study used interviews with UTM IR providers and users to collect data on the e-service based on the DART model of value co-creation. The DART model examines dialogue, access, risk, and transparency between customers and providers. Interview responses were coded according to the DART building blocks. A gap analysis of the coded provider and user responses identified attributes influencing the UTM IR from a value co-creation perspective. The findings aimed to help evaluate the UTM IR e-service based on customer and provider value co-creation.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a recurrent neural network trained with an extended Kalman filter to model the state space evolution of chaotic systems from time series output data. It applies this method to model the famous sunspot time series. The neural network is trained to minimize the error between the actual and predicted time series. Once trained, the network states generate the state space evolution. Analyzing this state space for the sunspot data, the researchers found it was similar to the Rossler chaotic system. They validated the model by calculating Lyapunov exponents from the state space evolution.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on improving the performance of an air conditioning system by using a matrix heat exchanger. The study found that adding a matrix heat exchanger between the condenser and expansion valve improved the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and reduced power consumption compared to the conventional vapor compression cycle without a heat exchanger. Specifically, the system using the matrix heat exchanger showed a 33.84% reduction in energy consumption and higher COP at different cooling loads compared to the standard system. The results indicate that integrating a matrix heat exchanger enhances the efficiency of an air conditioning system.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate sheet metal crimping processes. The study modeled the crimping of aluminum sheet metal with different angles of inclination. Results showed reducing crimp load requirements and improving contact with increasing inclination angles from 10 to 30 degrees. A three-layer crimp formation was also achieved through adjustments to better enable leak-proof joints. The finite element analysis provided insights into reducing stresses, loads, and material needs for more efficient and higher quality crimping processes.
A grain of gold will gild a great surface, but not so much as a grain of wisdomRhea Myers
This document contains a collection of short quotes and passages on a variety of topics including technology, humanity, wisdom, family, music, and marketing. It discusses how technology has outpaced humanity, the need for the music industry to sell access not just copies, and how words can travel far despite having no wings. The document also provides attribution for the sources of its texts and images.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This paper proposes a two-phase method for intrusion detection called 2PID. In the first phase, the KDD Cup 1999 dataset is clustered using fuzzy c-means clustering. In the second phase, outliers are detected using a distance-based technique and each pattern is assigned a class label. The results show that 2PID achieves a higher detection rate and greater overall accuracy than fuzzy c-means alone for binary classification of normal vs attack connections.
Love don't get everything, it's true; what it don't get I can't use.Rhea Myers
The document discusses several topics related to technology and society, including how content can make money online, the impact of browsing history, and considerations around contemporary visuality and media. It notes the importance of combining information with knowledge to achieve a purpose. The conclusion recommends repurposing rich-client podcasts and wikis while remembering that change is happening all around us.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document presents a design for context-aware vertical handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks. It aims to optimize handoff decisions based on context information. The design includes a context management framework to efficiently collect and share context data between network nodes. It also requires a flexible execution platform to adapt handoff policies based on dynamic context. Simulation results show the proposed context-aware approach reduces the number of handoffs and dropping probability compared to other algorithms, with moderate increase in delay.
Temporal and geographical variation of geo-hydrological risk to the populatio...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document analyzes the temporal and geographic variation of landslide and flood risk in Italy. It collected data on over 1,200 landslide and flood events from 1850-2011, including the location and number of casualties. The risk analysis found the highest mortality rates were from landslides from 1911-1960. Certain climate classifications had similar trends in higher mortality rates for both landslides and floods. While risk occurs in frequently affected areas, the highest mortality rate in recent decades is from landslides.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document compares different types of honeypot systems. It discusses low, medium, and high interaction honeypots. Low interaction honeypots are easiest to install but provide limited information on attackers. High interaction honeypots deploy real operating systems and applications and provide the most detailed attacker information but are also highest risk and hardest to manage. The document analyzes the tradeoffs between honeypot interaction levels in terms of effort, information gathered, and security risks.
1) China's economic growth target has been lowered to 7.5% as global activity has slowed due to the eurozone crisis. Inflation has also declined.
2) A survey of over 12,000 businesses found that Chinese businesses remain optimistic about the economy in the next year, though optimism is lower than in 2010. Shortage of orders is the top business growth constraint.
3) China's economy is forecast to grow around 8% annually through 2016, led by investment and rising consumption. Demographic changes may slow growth later this decade.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the dependency and use of electronic resources by faculty members at Pondicherry University and its affiliated colleges. It finds that the availability of electronic resources through technologies like the internet has significantly changed how information is accessed and used. The study examines the library collections at Pondicherry University, including over 33,000 electronic resources like e-books, e-journals, and databases. It investigates the purposes and frequency of use of electronic resources by faculty, as well as any problems in accessing them. The findings will help recommend improvements to e-reference services.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document analyzes spatial patterns of urbanization in Bangalore, India from 1973 to 2010 using remote sensing data and landscape metrics. Key findings include:
1) The percentage of urban area increased from 1.87% in 1973 to 28.47% in 2010, while vegetation decreased from 62.38% to 36.48% over the same period, indicating rapid urban expansion.
2) Urban growth was compact near the city center but became more dispersed in peripheral regions, showing a gradient of urbanization.
3) Landscape metrics were calculated for concentric zones to understand local spatial dynamics, revealing compact development in the core and sprawl on the outskirts.
4) Metrics like Shannon's entropy
Reduced Order Observer (DGO) based State Variable Design of Two Loop Lateral ...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Este documento fornece um glossário de termos técnicos relacionados aos setores dos transportes em Portugal, definindo siglas e conceitos importantes mencionados no relatório. Contém mais de 100 entradas que visam facilitar a compreensão dos leitores.
Porto de Sines fez mais 71% em contentores .......... Altri defende terminal portuário na margem sul do .... um "aprofundado estudo, elaborado pelo. Prof.
The document provides an introduction to Lean Manufacturing principles and their application in apparel manufacturing processes. Some key points:
1) Lean Manufacturing aims to eliminate waste and optimize processes/resources to improve quality, reduce costs and lead times.
2) It focuses production around customer demand (takt time), establishing internal customer protocols between processes for continuous flow.
3) Pull systems like Kanban are used to produce only to demand and avoid excess inventory, with supermarkets buffering between processes when pure flow is not possible.
4) Other Lean tools are applied to production planning, quality assurance and continuous improvement to enhance the manufacturing system holistically.
World Class Manufacturing focuses on continual improvement in quality, cost, lead time, flexibility and customer service. It adopts concepts from Japanese manufacturing including just-in-time production, total quality control, total preventive maintenance, and computer integrated manufacturing. The goals are to reduce waste, defects, downtime and costs through standardized processes, employee involvement, and data-driven problem solving. A flexible manufacturing system allows for both batch and job production using general purpose tools, enhancing operational flexibility.
Reduced Order Observer (DGO) based State Variable Design of Two Loop Lateral ...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Power System Damping Oscillations in Smib with Pss-Fuzzy Upfc ControllerIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes research on generalizing the incomplete beta function. It defines a new generalized incomplete beta function that includes an additional parameter compared to previously studied extensions. The paper obtains several integral representations and properties of the new generalized incomplete beta function. It also derives a generalized beta distribution based on the previously defined generalized beta function.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
1) The document discusses wavelet transforms as a recent algorithm for image compression. Wavelet transforms can capture variations at different scales in an image, making them well-suited for reducing spatial redundancy.
2) A typical lossy image compression system uses four main components - source encoding, thresholding, quantization, and entropy encoding - to achieve compression by removing different types of redundancy in images.
3) Experimental results on the Lena test image showed that soft thresholding followed by quantization achieved higher peak signal-to-noise ratios than hard thresholding and quantization, demonstrating the effectiveness of wavelet transforms for image compression.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify value co-creation attributes that influence the UTM Institutional Repository (UTM IR), an e-service application. The study used interviews with UTM IR providers and users to collect data on the e-service based on the DART model of value co-creation. The DART model examines dialogue, access, risk, and transparency between customers and providers. Interview responses were coded according to the DART building blocks. A gap analysis of the coded provider and user responses identified attributes influencing the UTM IR from a value co-creation perspective. The findings aimed to help evaluate the UTM IR e-service based on customer and provider value co-creation.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a recurrent neural network trained with an extended Kalman filter to model the state space evolution of chaotic systems from time series output data. It applies this method to model the famous sunspot time series. The neural network is trained to minimize the error between the actual and predicted time series. Once trained, the network states generate the state space evolution. Analyzing this state space for the sunspot data, the researchers found it was similar to the Rossler chaotic system. They validated the model by calculating Lyapunov exponents from the state space evolution.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on improving the performance of an air conditioning system by using a matrix heat exchanger. The study found that adding a matrix heat exchanger between the condenser and expansion valve improved the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and reduced power consumption compared to the conventional vapor compression cycle without a heat exchanger. Specifically, the system using the matrix heat exchanger showed a 33.84% reduction in energy consumption and higher COP at different cooling loads compared to the standard system. The results indicate that integrating a matrix heat exchanger enhances the efficiency of an air conditioning system.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate sheet metal crimping processes. The study modeled the crimping of aluminum sheet metal with different angles of inclination. Results showed reducing crimp load requirements and improving contact with increasing inclination angles from 10 to 30 degrees. A three-layer crimp formation was also achieved through adjustments to better enable leak-proof joints. The finite element analysis provided insights into reducing stresses, loads, and material needs for more efficient and higher quality crimping processes.
A grain of gold will gild a great surface, but not so much as a grain of wisdomRhea Myers
This document contains a collection of short quotes and passages on a variety of topics including technology, humanity, wisdom, family, music, and marketing. It discusses how technology has outpaced humanity, the need for the music industry to sell access not just copies, and how words can travel far despite having no wings. The document also provides attribution for the sources of its texts and images.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This paper proposes a two-phase method for intrusion detection called 2PID. In the first phase, the KDD Cup 1999 dataset is clustered using fuzzy c-means clustering. In the second phase, outliers are detected using a distance-based technique and each pattern is assigned a class label. The results show that 2PID achieves a higher detection rate and greater overall accuracy than fuzzy c-means alone for binary classification of normal vs attack connections.
Love don't get everything, it's true; what it don't get I can't use.Rhea Myers
The document discusses several topics related to technology and society, including how content can make money online, the impact of browsing history, and considerations around contemporary visuality and media. It notes the importance of combining information with knowledge to achieve a purpose. The conclusion recommends repurposing rich-client podcasts and wikis while remembering that change is happening all around us.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document presents a design for context-aware vertical handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks. It aims to optimize handoff decisions based on context information. The design includes a context management framework to efficiently collect and share context data between network nodes. It also requires a flexible execution platform to adapt handoff policies based on dynamic context. Simulation results show the proposed context-aware approach reduces the number of handoffs and dropping probability compared to other algorithms, with moderate increase in delay.
Temporal and geographical variation of geo-hydrological risk to the populatio...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document analyzes the temporal and geographic variation of landslide and flood risk in Italy. It collected data on over 1,200 landslide and flood events from 1850-2011, including the location and number of casualties. The risk analysis found the highest mortality rates were from landslides from 1911-1960. Certain climate classifications had similar trends in higher mortality rates for both landslides and floods. While risk occurs in frequently affected areas, the highest mortality rate in recent decades is from landslides.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document compares different types of honeypot systems. It discusses low, medium, and high interaction honeypots. Low interaction honeypots are easiest to install but provide limited information on attackers. High interaction honeypots deploy real operating systems and applications and provide the most detailed attacker information but are also highest risk and hardest to manage. The document analyzes the tradeoffs between honeypot interaction levels in terms of effort, information gathered, and security risks.
1) China's economic growth target has been lowered to 7.5% as global activity has slowed due to the eurozone crisis. Inflation has also declined.
2) A survey of over 12,000 businesses found that Chinese businesses remain optimistic about the economy in the next year, though optimism is lower than in 2010. Shortage of orders is the top business growth constraint.
3) China's economy is forecast to grow around 8% annually through 2016, led by investment and rising consumption. Demographic changes may slow growth later this decade.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the dependency and use of electronic resources by faculty members at Pondicherry University and its affiliated colleges. It finds that the availability of electronic resources through technologies like the internet has significantly changed how information is accessed and used. The study examines the library collections at Pondicherry University, including over 33,000 electronic resources like e-books, e-journals, and databases. It investigates the purposes and frequency of use of electronic resources by faculty, as well as any problems in accessing them. The findings will help recommend improvements to e-reference services.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document analyzes spatial patterns of urbanization in Bangalore, India from 1973 to 2010 using remote sensing data and landscape metrics. Key findings include:
1) The percentage of urban area increased from 1.87% in 1973 to 28.47% in 2010, while vegetation decreased from 62.38% to 36.48% over the same period, indicating rapid urban expansion.
2) Urban growth was compact near the city center but became more dispersed in peripheral regions, showing a gradient of urbanization.
3) Landscape metrics were calculated for concentric zones to understand local spatial dynamics, revealing compact development in the core and sprawl on the outskirts.
4) Metrics like Shannon's entropy
Reduced Order Observer (DGO) based State Variable Design of Two Loop Lateral ...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Este documento fornece um glossário de termos técnicos relacionados aos setores dos transportes em Portugal, definindo siglas e conceitos importantes mencionados no relatório. Contém mais de 100 entradas que visam facilitar a compreensão dos leitores.
Porto de Sines fez mais 71% em contentores .......... Altri defende terminal portuário na margem sul do .... um "aprofundado estudo, elaborado pelo. Prof.
The document provides an introduction to Lean Manufacturing principles and their application in apparel manufacturing processes. Some key points:
1) Lean Manufacturing aims to eliminate waste and optimize processes/resources to improve quality, reduce costs and lead times.
2) It focuses production around customer demand (takt time), establishing internal customer protocols between processes for continuous flow.
3) Pull systems like Kanban are used to produce only to demand and avoid excess inventory, with supermarkets buffering between processes when pure flow is not possible.
4) Other Lean tools are applied to production planning, quality assurance and continuous improvement to enhance the manufacturing system holistically.
World Class Manufacturing focuses on continual improvement in quality, cost, lead time, flexibility and customer service. It adopts concepts from Japanese manufacturing including just-in-time production, total quality control, total preventive maintenance, and computer integrated manufacturing. The goals are to reduce waste, defects, downtime and costs through standardized processes, employee involvement, and data-driven problem solving. A flexible manufacturing system allows for both batch and job production using general purpose tools, enhancing operational flexibility.
The document provides an overview of lean manufacturing principles and the concept of waste. It discusses:
1) The history and evolution of lean thinking from early thinkers like Benjamin Franklin and Henry Ford to developments at Toyota including just-in-time production and eliminating overproduction and waste.
2) The seven types of waste targeted in lean which are transportation, inventory, motion, waiting, overproduction, overprocessing, and defects.
3) The scope and objectives of applying lean principles to improve productivity for a manufacturing firm, which include reducing defects and waste, improving cycle times, reducing inventory, and better utilizing space and labor.
This document is a training module on lean manufacturing cost cutting methods developed by the National Council of Small and Medium Sized Private Enterprises of Romania. The module contains three chapters that discuss methods for gathering and analyzing data to cut costs, methods of cutting costs by reorganizing production processes, and implementing improvements. It provides examples and case studies throughout. The overall aim is to introduce lean concepts and tools to help manufacturers identify waste, increase productivity, and reduce production costs.
This document discusses utilizing value stream mapping to optimize production lead times for heavy duty earth-moving vehicles. It presents a case study of applying lean tools like value stream mapping, kaizen, kanban, and production leveling to reduce waste and lead times in the production of dummy axles at an automobile manufacturing plant in India. Currently, the plant produces 247 dummy axles per day but wants to increase production to 270 axles per day without additional capital costs. It aims to reduce the manufacturing lead time from 60 to 45 minutes and reduce in-process inventory levels and non-value added time through this lean improvement project.
IRJET- Implementing Lean Manufacturing Principle in Fabrication Process- A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a case study on implementing lean manufacturing principles to reduce cycle time in a fabrication process. It identifies various wastes in the current welding process, including long setup times, waiting times, and defects. Tools like value stream mapping, 5S, and single minute exchange of dies were used to analyze causes of waste and propose improvements. The changes reduced average welding time from 426 to 325 seconds. Control charts show the reduced process is now stable and in control. A return on investment calculation found the changes would save over 140 hours per year and yield a 252% return, showing the lean improvements are feasible and valid.
This document discusses implementing lean manufacturing principles in a die casting industry to eliminate waste. It begins with an introduction to lean manufacturing and its benefits. A case study is then presented of a die casting company facing high rejection rates from casting defects. Experts identify five major areas of waste - defects, inventory, excessive movement, delays, and inappropriate processing. A gap analysis is conducted between the company's current status and lean requirements. Experts develop an implementation approach based on cost, ease of removal, and effect on other areas. The approach will be divided into three phases to address the gaps and remove waste from the die casting process.
Implementation of Lean Manufacturing System for Successful Production System ...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries lean manufacturing is a broadly accepted philosophy. There are more requirements of research and studies. To investigate the needs, techniques, benefits of lean manufacturing and approaches for implementation Lean manufacturing is a leading manufacturing paradigm has applied in many economy sectors, where we have to reduce manufacturing cost, improving product quality, reducing cost of poor quality, and quick to respond and “first to market to customer needs are critical to competitiveness and success. Lean methods and principle focus on the continuous improvement and engages employees reducing the intensity of materials, time, and capital necessary for meeting a customer’s needs. Successful implementation of lean manufacturing is very important to increase quality and waste reduction. By implementation of lean manufacturing there are various benefits such as waste elimination, reduction in reworking, financial benefits, lead time reduction and lower inventory levels.
Lean is a set of practices that aim to eliminate waste and optimize efficiency. It was originally developed for manufacturing but can also be applied to services. The goals of Lean are to identify and remove non-value adding activities, improve workflow by responding to customer demand, and do more with less. Key aspects of Lean include continuous improvement, reducing inventory levels, minimizing defects and wait times, and balancing workload across processes. Implementation involves analyzing value streams, addressing bottlenecks, and using tools like kanban systems, work cell layouts, and standardized processes to smooth production flow.
Lean manufacturing focuses on eliminating waste to improve efficiency and reduce costs. It involves identifying value-added activities for the customer and removing all other unnecessary activities. Some key aspects covered are:
1. Common wastes include transportation, inventory, motion, waiting, overproduction, overprocessing, and defects.
2. Lean tools like 5S, kanban systems, value stream mapping, and continuous improvement help optimize processes.
3. Designing products for manufacturability and using robust design principles can improve production and quality.
Improvement of Productivity Using Value Stream Mappingijsrd.com
one of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean Manufacturing. Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout its phase. This paper illustrates the review of VSM techniques and its benefits in machining industry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and productivity improvements.
This document provides an overview of the existing systems for incoming raw materials and liquid materials at Henkel Teroson India Ltd. It describes the multi-step process for accepting imported and domestic raw materials which involves unloading, sampling, quality testing, approval and storage. It also outlines the specific process for unloading liquid plasticizers delivered by tankers, which involves physical checks, sampling, quality testing, weighing and storage. The document notes that liquid materials are issued directly to production without store control, representing a potential area for waste.
1.introduction of production and operations managementAkash Bakshi
This document discusses production management and the objectives of production management. It begins by defining production, operations, and production management. It then outlines the ultimate objectives of production management as producing a product at a pre-established cost, specified quality, and within a stipulated time period. The intermediate objectives are related to machinery/equipment, materials, manpower, and manufacturing services. The document concludes that the key objectives of production are to develop a high quality product, produce the correct quantity, deliver it on time, and perform these functions at the right price.
Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Principles in FoundriesIJMER
It is the general perception that the foundry industries are inherently more efficient and have a relatively less requirement for major improvement activities. Managers and engineers have also been hesitant to implement lean manufacturing tools and techniques to the continuous sector because of typical and identical characteristics that sector. These include costly and special purpose inflexible machines, options of modifications in machines are limited ,long setup times, and the general difficulty in producing in small batches.
Lean manufacturing technology when applied appropriately in a process industry , can help in eliminating waste , enhance the quality of product , attain better and smooth control on operations and thereby reducing the production cost and production time .
EOI · 20/09/2012 · http://www.eoi.es/mediateca/video/1708
La Huella de Carbono es un concepto que se ha abierto paso con gran fuerza los últimos años, ya que cada día son más las empresas y organismos públicos a nivel nacional e internacional que realizan su transición hacia un modelo de gestión baja en carbono, esto exige ir más allá de la forma habitual de gestionar, obliga a colaborar con los proveedores para calcular sus emisiones, evaluar cuántos GEI (gases de efecto invernadero) se han generado en el ciclo de vida y sobre todo valorar las fuentes de emisiones asociadas a los diferentes productos y actividades.
Kaizen Implementation to reduce “No-Stock” in StoresIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Kaizen implementation to reduce "No-Stock" items in stores at Hindalco Industries in Belagavi, India. It provides background on lean manufacturing principles and identifies that 30.24% of fast-moving items in stores had "No-Stock" status, resulting in rework, inefficiency, and sometimes production losses. The document outlines using tools from lean such as 5S, value stream mapping, why-why analysis, and Kaizen to identify and address the root causes of the "No-Stock" issue through small, continuous improvements. After implementing Kaizen, the "No-Stock" percentage of fast-moving items reduced from 30.24% to 15.06%, improving availability
The Impact of Lean Production on the Cycle Time: A Case Study of a Welding As...ijsrd.com
The growing global competition is forcing the organisations to reduce the cost for increasing the profit. Lean manufacturing is a powerful tool for attaining this. The history of lean manufacturing starts from the craft production of 1900's. It is evolved through the contributions of F.W. Taylor, Henry Ford, Eiji Toyoda & Taiichi Ohno. The main concept of the lean manufacturing is the reduction in cost by eliminating waste. However, not all lean implementations have produced such results. In this study, a critical examination of lean manufacturing implementation experience at the welding department of a medium size industry located in Kerala, India. . Cycle time reduction is an important way by eliminating or reducing non-value-added activities. To reduce the overall cycle time of manufacturing, the cycle time of each sub-assembly needs to be reduced. Reducing cycle time will have a significant impact on a company's bottom line when implemented. The outcome of this study leads to substantial reduction in cycle time, reduced defects, better utilization of human resource and machines, and reduced cost of maintenance. It has been proved and validated by an empirical relation. The cause and effect diagram is used for analysing the cycle time reduction. The Quality control chart is also used. The improved return on investment (ROI) and reduction in cycle time shows the feasibility. The data for this study were obtained through interviews, Questionnaire survey and archival sources.
Some aspects of Production and Operations ManagementMinalBhandari2
This document discusses different types of production systems including job shop production and batch intermittent production.
Job shop production involves manufacturing small quantities of customized products according to customer specifications. It is characterized by flexibility but also higher costs and complexity. Batch intermittent production involves producing items in batches according to orders or forecasts. It offers more standardization than job shops while maintaining some flexibility.
The document outlines key characteristics, advantages, and limitations of both job shop and batch intermittent production systems. Overall, it provides an overview of different approaches to organizing production processes in a manufacturing organization.
1. Technological advances in production management like FMS, CIM, robotics, and CAD have increased flexibility, agility, and responsiveness while reducing changeover times, waste, and promoting cleaner production methods.
2. Robots can work continuously without breaks, ensuring consistency, but they are mechanical devices blind to people and environments and unable to detect their own deterioration.
3. MRP's approach of batch production poses capacity and idle time problems for GT cells that rely on even flow, and reconciling MRP and GT logics is challenging when integrating them.
Chapter 3 JIT, Value Added and Waste .docxadkinspaige22
Chapter 3: JIT, Value Added and Waste
Elimination
Part1- What is Just-In-Time (JIT)?
Continuous Improvement is a basic and important concept in modern manufacturing,
and it is a cornerstone of JIT and TOM. However, it is a very general and open-
ended concept. Another important element of the modern manufacturing and service
operations is the concept of VALUE_ADDED
Just-in-time (JIT) is an approach to manufacturing which aims to increase “value-
add” activity and eliminate waste by providing the environment to simplify and
perfect processes within an organization. Just-in-time manufacturing means
producing the necessary items, in the required quantities at the appropriate time.
JIT can deliver significant improvements in operating efficiency. Having raw
materials arrive at a manufacturing facility, just in time to enter the production
process allows an organization to minimize the amount of inventory it must hold
and store. It also minimizes the potential cost of obsolescence, which can arise due
to change in product specifications, customer demands, etc..
Putting the JIT concept into practice means a reversal of traditional thinking with
regard to managing a manufacturing process flow. In conventional production
processes, units are transported to the next production stage as soon as they are
ready. In JIT, each stage in the production process looks back to the previous stage
to pick up the exact number of units needed. Product (and services) are pulled
through the process driven by demand from customers, rather than the traditional
approach where product and services are pushed forward based on planned
schedules.
A)-The benefits associated with Just In Time Manufacturing
While the prevailing view of JIT is that of an inventory control system, it is much
more. JIT is an operational philosophy which can deliver a broad range of benefits.
Examples of the benefits associated with implementing a JIT process:
– The production of high quality, high reliability products that customers want,
resulting is satisfied and loyal customers.
– The delivery of products which match the rate that the customers require.
– Optimized manufacturing process lead-times.
– Minimized and eliminated waste of labor, material and equipment.
– All activity having a defined purpose towards meeting customer needs.
– Continuous reductions in process and equipment set-up and change-over times.
– The elimination of unnecessary inventory and improved inventory management
and control.
– Continuous reductions in supplier lead times.
– Ongoing significant improvements in organizational productivity and efficiency.
B)-IS JIT applicable only to Manufacturing?
The concepts of Just In Time are applied to all value creating organizations. While
JIT originated in .
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
KALYAN CHART SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Prescriptive analytics BA4206 Anna University PPTFreelance
Business analysis - Prescriptive analytics Introduction to Prescriptive analytics
Prescriptive Modeling
Non Linear Optimization
Demonstrating Business Performance Improvement
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
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IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 2, Issue 10 (August 2012), PP. 35-43
Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal
Mining Industry
Er. Manoj Ade1, Dr. V.S.Deshpande2
1
Western Coalfields limited
2
Principal RKNEC, Nagpur India
Abstract—The economic reforms- Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization, (LPG) started in 1991 in India. The main
objective of the government was to achieve high economic growth and industrialize the nation for the well-being of
Indian citizens. Thus Indian market became Global and open market. Coal industry was not an exception to these
phenomena of globalization. The improvement in productivity has become need of coal industry to take the competitive
advantage of global marketing. Productivity improvement through Lean manufacturing means optimization and co-
ordination of the input resources to minimize the wastes to reduce total production cost. This can be achieved by Lean
thinking (to identify and eliminate wastes) and Lean Manufacturing (to improve efficiency and effectiveness of
equipment). In this paper researcher has applied lean manufacturing concept in order to increase productivity of coal
mining. By application of lean tools the Overall Human Effectiveness is analyzed which is converted into productive
output to increase the productivity and develop an overview of the conceptual framework of lean manufacturing practices
to minimize the production cost of mining.
Keywords––Lean thinking, Lean Manufacturing, Lean production, wastes, Overall Human Effectiveness.
I. INTRODUCTION
Henry Ford is known as “Father of the Management”, continued his focus on waste minimization while developing
his mass assembly manufacturing system and work standardization. While standardizing the work, each activity is analyzed
on the basis of desirable activity or undesirable activity. All the desirable activities are known as value added activity and
undesirable activities are known as wastes. Thus work standardization has become the basis of Lean thinking.
Lean thinking is an approach to achieving manufacturing excellence based upon the continued value addition and
elimination of waste. Lean thinking is a set of methodologies for maximizing value of an item or feature for which a
customer is willing to pay. All other items aspects are deemed waste. Figure-1
Team Based
continuous
improvement
Lean thinking Lean Production
maximizing value improve efficiency
and minimizing of value added
waste. activities
Lean
Manufacturing
Lean production and Lean maintenance- utilizes techniques and principles that improve efficiencies of value,
product development, operations, suppliers and customers relations that requires less human effort, less space, less relations
that requires less human effort, less space, less capital and less time to make products with fewer defects compared with the
previous system of mass production. Lean maintenance- Maintenance works that is to be carried out by application of
TPM, 5S, Kanban and Andon with less waste, less human effort, less maintenance space, less investment in tools, less
inventory, and in less time.
TPM is a lean tool to optimize the effectiveness of equipment and tooling. It is total Employee Involvement, to
create a culture where operators develop ownership of their equipment, and become full partners with Maintenance,
Engineering and Management to assure equipment operates properly everyday.
Lean Manufacturing – Lean Manufacturing is a way to eliminate waste and improve efficiency in a
manufacturing environment. Lean manufacturing was successfully implemented by Toyota in his factory hence named as
Toyota production. 1 Taiichi Ohno identified wastes as - Elimination of waste is the goal of Lean. Toyota defined three types
of waste-
35
2. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
1) Muri – Muri focuses on the preparation and planning of the process or what can be avoided proactively by design.
2) Mura- Mura focuses on implementation and the elimination of fluctuation at the scheduling or operations level
such as quality and volume.
3) Muda- Muda is after the process is in place and is dealt with reactively. Taiichi Ohno identified seven types of
wastes in operational working. These are-
1) Overproduction – Production ahead of demand.
2) Transportation- Moving products that are not actually required to perform the processing
3) Waiting- Waiting for the next production step.
4) Inventory- All components, work-in-progress and finished product not being processed.
5) Motion People or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform the processing.
6) Over processing – Due to poor tool or product design creating activity.
7) Defects- The effort involved in inspecting for and fixing defects.
Lean manufacturing is the production of coal using less of everything compared to traditional mass production:
less waste, human effort, manufacturing space, investment in tools, inventory, and engineering time to develop a new
product.
The term “Lean” as 4 Womack and his colleagues define it denotes a system that utilizes less, in term of all
inputs, to create the same outputs as those created end customer. The Lean Manufacturing discipline is to work in every
facet of the value stream by eliminating waste in order to reduce cost, generate capital, bring in more sales and remain
competitive in a growing global market. This business philosophy goes by different names. Agile manufacturing, just-in-
time manufacturing, synchronous manufacturing, world-class manufacturing and continuous flow are all terms that are used
in parallel with Lean Manufacturing. So the resounding principle of Lean Manufacturing is to reduce cost through
continuous improvement that will eventually reduce the cost of services and products thus growing more profits.
Lean manufacturing as a technique of productivity improvement – Lean Manufacturing in mining is the production of
coal using less of everything compared to traditional mass production: less waste, human effort, manufacturing space,
investment in tools, inventory, and engineering time to develop a new product.
Productivity improvement through Lean manufacturing means optimization and co-ordination of the input
resources to minimize the wastes. Improvement in productivity has become need of any industry to take competitive
advantage in the Global market to satisfy the customer at minimum cost. Figure-2
II. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
In search of a critical problem, the identified problems have been categorized according to the capability of group
members , the involvement of the management and other external agencies, in three categories, i.e.,
„A‟ category problem – Minimum involvement of other departments in solving them.
„B‟ category problem – Involvement of the other department is a necessity.
„C‟ category problem – Management sanction may be needed in implementing the solution.
1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF WASTES:- Table-1
WASTES/PROBLEMS CATEGORY OF
THE PROBLEM
a) Coal seam height thin and thick which is very difficult to excavate, and
the need of coal does not permit to leave it un-mined. C
b) Coal spillage and re-handling of the spilled coal.
A
c) Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) B
d) Pumping system in under ground mine. B
e) Bottleneck (under ground bunker) of the coal transportation system.
C
36
3. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
f) Proper tool bit profile during re-sharpening process. A
g) Human energy loss due to heavy working conditions C
1) Lean Production Beliefs- People are an organizations‟ most important asset. The way in which we value those people,
are our competitive advantage. Keeping them safe and providing excellent working conditions help to show this value.
While going through the balance sheet of CIL the expenditure on remuneration is nearly 44% of the major six
expenditures. It is the most vital and critical area to optimize for better output. Manpower is to be effectively used for
increase of production. Figure-3 Bar Chart
2000000
1500000
1000000 Amt. Lacs
500000
0
Table-2
Description in CIL Balance Sheet (AR page no.117) Rs.x (00000)
Remuneration 1821104
Stores and spares 523145
Contractual expenses 458003
Over Burdon Removal 261847
Internal coal consumption 234129
social overhead 227012
Figure – 4 Parato Chart
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Series 1
III. METHODOLOGY
Standardization of Work
Defined as the sequence of job tasks that must be performed by an operator to efficiently and effectively perform a
given job function The persons engaged for coal preparation and coal production are considered as a cell. The working of
37
4. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
the cell is dependent on one another and operations are performed sequentially. These operations are to be optimized for
better output.
Each workman has to carry additional weight of gum boot, helmet, belt and cap lamp, along with his tools and
tackles (that is not standardized hence weight not taken into consideration) to perform their duty in underground mine. A
person has spent his energy in carrying the material and becomes less efficient.
As per the ergonomics principle-
1) As per book “Motion and Time Study Design and Measurement of Work” by 3Ralph M. Barnes, in chapter
‘Factors affecting degree of Fatigue’- A person can work with an energy expenditure up to 5 calories per
minutes over an 8 hour day without going into “oxygen debt”. On a task that does not tax a person beyond this
level, no rest period would be needed. If the work is more demanding physically than the 5 Calories/min then rest
periods should be introduced.
2) Calculation of rest period -Then total rest required can then be computed from the formula:-
R = T(K-S) / (K-1.5)
R= Rest required in minutes
T=Total working time
K=Average Kcal/min of type of work (heavy/low)
For heavy physical work K ranging from 7.5-10 Kcal/min, avg.= 8.75 Kcal/min
For light physical work K ranging from 2.5-5 Kcal/min, avg.= 3.75 Kcal/min
S= Standard Kcal/min = 5 Kcal/min
Working in mine and walking on upstairs and downstairs comes under heavy category.
Therefore we will take value of K= 8.75 Kcal/min.
If worker does not take rest it will result into fatigue which causes low work output, deteriorated performance, accidents or
absenteeism from the duties.
The mine chosen for study- Saoner Mine no. 1 in Nagpur Area. It is 45 Kms from Nagpur, having working of Bord and
Pillar method of mining.
In a mine of incline gradient of 1:4.5 and coal seam is 130M below the ground level and the nearest working face is nearly
2KM from the incline at low inline gradient of 1:20-1:30.
Cellular manufacturing- it is one of the cornerstones when one wants to become Lean. A cell consists of persons,
equipment and workstations that are arranged in order to improve the productivity. Arranging people and equipment into
cells has great advantage in terms of achieving Lean goals. One of the advantages of cells is the one-piece flow concept.
In mines there are three districts of working, in each districts there are two cellular groups are deployed for coal preparation.
Each cellular group of 10 persons is consists of- comprising of Mining Sardar, Driller 3, Dresser 2, Carrier 2, Pump operator
1 and Machine operator 1.
Time analysis of one cellular group is noted.
Total time = Unavoidable time + Available time
Unavoidable time=(Preparation time+In/out travelling time+normalization time)
Available time = (working time+ idle time+ tiffin time)
Corresponding time is represented in bar diagram. The total availability of workers in % is calculated.
Activities Analysis of A Cellular Group During Working Figure-5
Prep.
operator Inw. Tr.
Carrier
Driller Idle
Dresser
Pump Opt. tiffin
Mining Sard.
Working
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Table – 3 Time Study Prior to Installation of Man Rider
Person/ Mining Pump Dri- Dri- Dri- Dre- Dre- M. Total
Activity Sardar optr 1 2 3 1 2 Carrier S.Firer Optr.
Prepration 32 30 34 34 32 31 34 40 38 37 342
Inmove 40 38 40 37 41 39 38 40 42 40 395
Outmove 43 41 42 41 40 42 40 40 44 42 415
Normalize 43 41 42 40 42 42 40 42 44 42 420
38
5. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
Unavoid. 158 150 158 152 155 154 152 162 168 161 1570
Lunch 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300
Idle 111 136 65 68 73 135 136 140 130 81 1075
tot.idle 141 166 95 98 103 165 166 170 160 111 1375
Working 181 164 227 230 222 161 162 148 152 208 1855
Summary of Time Study
Available Working
Total time Unavoidable time
time
480 mins*10=4800 mins 1570 mins 3230 mins
32.71% 67.29%
Human energy calculation
On the basis of ergonomics principles to obtain optimum condition two criteria have to be satisfied:
i) Energy expenditure should not average more than 5 Kcal/min
ii) Work should continue at a rate exceeding 5 Kcal/min for an optimum length of time after which rest should be
taken.
Data Table No. 4: AVERAGE WEIGHT CARRIED BY A WORKMAN (Director General of Mines Safety Approved)
DISCRIPTION I KG/PAIR II III IV V AVERAGE
WEIGHT KG/PAIR KG/PAIR KG/PAIR KG/PAIR
GUM BOOT 2.020 2.010 2.040 2.030 2.025 2.025
NO.5
GUM BOOT 2.090 2.100 2.110 2.100 2.100 2.100
NO.6
GUM BOOT 2.170 2.190 2.180 2.200 2.180 2.180
NO.7
GUM BOOT 2.220 2.230 2.230 2.240 2.230 2.230
NO.8
GUM BOOT 2.250 2.250 2.260 2.260 2.255 2.255
NO.9
AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BOOT 2.158
HALMET 0.280 0.275 0.280 0.280 0.285 0.280
CAP LAMP TEE 2.390 2.400 2.380 2.390 2.390 2.390
TYPE
CAP LAMP 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.340 2.340 2.340
OLDHAM
BELT 0.250 0.260 0.260 0.255 0.245 0.250
TOTAL AVERAGE WEIGHT CARRIED 5.078 KG
Work that is expected from a normal worker is @ 5Kcal/min.
Working for 8x60 = 480 min./day = 480 Min/day x 5 cal/min = 2400 cal/day.
Data Table No. 5:- ENERGY CALCULATION
Energy spent in just reaching to and fro from the pit is calculated by website(by calories calculator on website www.pro
health.com, //www.runners web.com / ).
Person Age Weight. Height. Down To & fro Up Carry Total Balance
Name Move move Access. energy energy
spent
Laxman 39 166 69 107 105 284 373 869 1531
Sharad 44 154 68 99 97 264 246 706 1694
Rahim 43 156 66 100 99 267 351 817 1583
Nathoo 53 178 72 114 113 305 400 932 1468
Bandoo 57 148 66 95 94 254 332 775 1625
Jitendra 44 152 68 98 96 260 341 795 1605
Mohan 34 144 64 92 91 247 323 753 1647
Yadav 37 168 65 108 106 288 77 579 1821
Babloo 55 180 66 116 114 308 404 942 1458
Mukesh 48 188 69 121 119 322 422 984 1416
39
6. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
Total 15848
Total work Calories Unavoidable calories Available Working Calories
2400 cal/day*10 person 8152 cal 15848 Calories/cell
= 24000 cal/cell
33.96% 66.04%
Nearly 34% of the energy is being spent to just reach up to the working face by a normal man at 120BPM @ 5 kal/ min.
Need of this wasted 800 Kcal/person is to be converted into productive output.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Overall human Effectiveness (OHE) is a measure of the overall capacity utilization of workmen of that cellular
group. OHE can be broken down into:
1. Availability
How much time has to be given to the worker to normalize after travelling inwards and outwards of the mine with
accessories (average weight 5.078Kg) and tools and tackles in heavy working conditions.
From table- the total time taken by ten persons is (inwards movement = 395mins and outwards movement = 415 mins) 810
mins.
Average time taken by a person to move inward and outwards = 810/10
=81 mins.
Calculating Rest period for a person for 81 minutes travelling inwards and outwards in mine (which is considered as heavy
working condition)
R = T(K-S) / (K-1.5)
R= Rest required in minutes
T=Total working time
K=Average Kcal/min of type of work (heavy/low)
For heavy physical work K ranging from 7.5-10 Kcal/min, avg.= 8.75 Kcal/min
For light physical work K ranging from 2.5-5 Kcal/min, avg.= 3.75 Kcal/min
S= Standard Kcal/min = 5 Kcal/min
= 81(8.75 – 5.00) / (8.75 – 1.50)
= 41.89 minutes needed by a worker to normalize (recover from Oxygen debt) himself. Nearly 42 minutes time is waste
from the total time available and it is treated as non value added activity, due care must be taken to minimize this time and
increase the worker in productive outputs.
2. Performance efficiency
The machine‟s actual throughput when it is operating compared to its designed maximum capacity or the
maximum it could produce based on continuous processing.
In our case availability is 67.29% and performance efficiency is 66%, then the OHE would be:
Availability x Performance Efficiency = OHE
67.29 % x 66% = 44.41%
The Overall Human Effectiveness is 44.41% in manual mining system. While going through the balance sheet of
CIL the expenditure on remuneration is nearly 44% of the major six expenditures. It is the most vital and critical area to
optimize for better output. Need of effective and efficient use of manpower is to increase the production and narrow the gap
of demand supply for nation‟s development. Data collected for manual working with OHE 44.41%, the drilling time / face
comes to 57.67 min obtained from 31 days record for four faces/day & production of that shift and trying to find relationship
among them. V-2 is dependent variable on V-1 drilling time, V-3 availability and V-4 balance human energy. Pearson
Correlation prior to man rider system is as below:- Table-6
Correlations
V1 V2 V3 V4
**
Pearson Correlation 1 -.672 -.254 -.545**
V1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .168 .002
N 31 31 31 31
** **
Pearson Correlation -.672 1 .575 .688**
V2 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .000
N 31 31 31 31
**
Pearson Correlation -.254 .575 1 .259
V3
Sig. (2-tailed) .168 .001 .159
40
7. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
N 31 31 31 31
** **
Pearson Correlation -.545 .688 .259 1
V4 Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .000 .159
N 31 31 31 31
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
MANUAL OPERATIONS- Table-7
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
a
1 .856 .733 .703 2.519
a. Predictors: (Constant), V-4, V-3, V-1
Figure-6 MAN RIDER SYSTEM
3. Providing of man riding system for Manpower transportation
When manpower is transported by mechanized mode at faster speed and nearer to the working face it offers less
travelling time, more energetic manpower availability, increases the effective working time for production and more
availability to operate the equipments. Consequently there will be increase in production and increase in productivity. It will
increase the attendance/ presence of workers and reduction in medical bills. Pay back of investment can be easily justified,
therefore it is to be installed in each and every mine
4. Over all Human Effectiveness after mechanized transportation
In a mine of incline gradient of 1:4.5 and coal seam is 130M below the ground level and the nearest working face
is nearly 2KM from the incline at low inline gradient of 1:20-1:30.
5. Increased Availability
The man rider can transport the manpower irrespective of the inclination and gradient. For the same parameters
@1.5-1.7 m/sec speed man can move to and fro in 45min. and there will be net saving of 35 minutes.
The energetic manpower available in mine for production and the 42 minutes time required to normalize the body will also
be saved which a person avails during his working.
There will be net time saving = Travelling time saved + normalizing time = 35min +42min =77 min. saved/ person/day
Mining. Pump Dri- Dre- Dre- M. Total
Person/Activity Sardar optr Dri-1 Dri-2 3 1 2 Carrier S.Firer Optr. Time
Prepration 30 36 32 33 34 32 32 38 42 36 345
(In+walk)move 24 24 25 26 24 25 26 26 24 24 248
(Out+walk)move 25 26 24 25 26 24 25 26 25 26 252
Normalize 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 80
Unavoid. 87 94 89 92 92 89 91 98 99 94 925
Lunch 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300
Idle 115 142 68 64 75 132 128 135 130 82 1071
tot.idle 145 172 98 94 105 162 158 165 160 112 1371
Working 248 214 293 294 283 229 231 217 221 274 2504
41
8. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
Table-8
6. Summary of Time Study Table-9
Total time Unavoidable time Available Working time
480 mins*10=4800 mins 925 mins 3875 mins
80.72% 80.72%
7. Performance efficiency Table-10
The total energy consumed in carrying the accessories by ten persons is given below:-
1. The total expected work @ 5 Kcal/min is 2400 Kcal in eight hour working.
2. (4 www.healthyforum.com,www.prohealth.com/ //www.runners web.com / ).
NAME AGE WT Height in To & Fro Carry Total ENERGY
(lbs ) Inches walk Access. Energy BALANCE
energy Energy spent
Manohar 38 136 65 86 75 161 2239
Kunal 44 147 66 93 81 174 2226
Tirath 42 123 69 78 68 146 2254
Mustaque 53 165 68 104 91 195 2205
Prabhakar 59 141 66 89 78 167 2233
Deepak 57 151 65 95 83 195 2205
Lallan 34 165 68 104 91 195 2205
Sudhir 54 180 70 114 99 213 2187
Ayodhya 52 191 72 121 105 226 2174
Chandu 58 171 73 108 94 202 2198
22126
Total work Calories Unavoidable calories Available Working Calories
2400 cal/day*10 person
1874 cal/cell 22126 Calories/cell
= 24000 cal/cell
7.80% 92.20%
After installation of man rider system there is increase of 13.43% in human availability from 67.29% to 80.72%
and increase of 26.2% in human efficiency. Overall Human Effectiveness after man rider system is
Availability x Performance Efficiency = OHE
80.72 % x 92.20% = 74.42%
From above comparison it is clear that by providing mechanized transportation there is increase of 30.01% in
Overall Human Effectiveness. Data collected for manual working with OHE 74.42%, the drilling time / face comes to
48.85 min obtained from 31 days record for four faces/day & production of that shift and trying to find relationship among
them. V-6 is dependent variable on V-5 drilling time, V-7 availability and V-8 balance human energy. Pearson Correlation
prior to man rider system is as below:- Table-11
Correlations
V5 V6 V7 V8
** **
Pearson Correlation 1 -.801 -.603 -.600**
V5 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 31 31 31 31
** **
Pearson Correlation -.801 1 .705 .794**
V6 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 31 31 31 31
** **
Pearson Correlation -.603 .705 1 .566**
V7
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .001
42
9. Lean Manufacturing and Productivity Improvement in Coal Mining Industry
N 31 31 31 31
** ** **
Pearson Correlation -.600 .794 .566 1
V8 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .001
N 31 31 31 31
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Increase in correlation coefficient of availability balance
energy and (-)drilling time there is increases in production of 16.77%.
Model Summary Table12
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
a
1 .906 .821 .802 1.938
a. Predictors: (Constant), V8, V7, V5
8. Analysis
In above table- after man riding system associated variables V-5 to V-8 analyzed. V-6 is the dependent variable
that is production and V-7 availability in mine, V-8 balance human energy & V-5 is drill time of the faces has been analyzed
for their correlation. It is observed that drilling time is showing negative coefficient which indicates inverse relationship.
Drilling time Pearson correlation is stronger than the availability and human energy. Lesser the face drilling time the more
will be the production. Among balance human energy and availability in mine, balance human energy is the more
contributing factor in perspective of production.
We have compared the data of production with independent variables availability of manpower, balance human
energy and face drilling time, which shows significant relationship with production output. After man riding system there is
increase in production with linear correlation. Man rider system is to be provided to achieve better productivity for better
utilization of reducing manpower to cater the energy needs of the country.
9. Tangible benefits
Improved morale of the employees and better quality of life.
Absenteeism rate has decreased and better mine management.
Medically challenged persons also goes to mine.
Indirect cost involved reduced fatigue, accidents and medical expenses.
As the working is cellular and each activity is dependent on one another the waiting time is minimized and can
move together.
V. CONCLUSION
In manual operation human energy coefficient was more correlated with the production. After man rider
installation Availability (13.43%) and human efficiency (26.2%) increase contributes in increase in (16.77%) production.
Lean philosophy is the only way for reduction of waste and improve effectiveness of the resources to compete the
world. Identification of wastes is a continuous and never ending process, with the application and implementation of lean
production the coal can be produced with highest quality at cheaper rate.
It is clear that global competition demands the effective implementation of lean tools in coal industry and more
research is needed on application of lean tools in the process industry.
REFERENCES
[1]. Taichi Ohno “Toyota Production System”
[2]. Groover M.P. Automation, Production Systems and Computer Integrated system, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
[3]. Ralph M. Barnes “ Motion and time study Design and measurement of work” Wiley India Edition
[4]. Womack James P, Daniel T Jones ; „The Machine that Changed the world. „The story of lean production and lean thinking;
banish Waste‟ and „Create wealth in your organization.‟
[5]. Journal AUG 11, of Indian institution of Industrial Engineering „Lean manufacturing‟ by N.C. Dutta.
[6]. Int. J. Logistics Systems and Management, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2010 Lean mining: principles for modelling and improving processes of
mineral value chains J.G. Steinberg* and G. De Tomi
[7]. SPSS statistical analysis tool to analyze the data collected.
Web References
[1]. Web sites of Coal India „www.coalindia.nic.in‟.
[2]. Lean manufacturing related web sites
[3]. www.6 sigma.com
[4]. www.healthyforum.com,www.prohealth.com/ //www.runners web.com / ).
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