This document discusses current trends and future directions for public relations research. It outlines two paradigms for public relations - the symbolic/interpretive paradigm which focuses on managing interpretations, and the behavioral/strategic management paradigm which focuses on building relationships through two-way communication. The document then summarizes several areas of ongoing research, including stakeholder identification, situational theory, relationship measurement, and applying public relations concepts in specialized areas. It argues that future research should focus on institutionalizing public relations as a strategic management function.
Social Networks and Employability in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern Re...Premier Publishers
The research examined how social networks contribute to enhance employability and the factors that determine employability in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Data were collected from 90 respondents using questionnaire. SPSS was used in the data analysis to run a binary logistic regression and factor analysis. Based on the analysis, the following were evident: The research found out that a high percentage of respondents were graduates from tertiary institutes with a low percentage of the respondents having been through the basic level of education. Out of the various forms of the job strategies, social network was found to be accessed by respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were from the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. Year’s respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were form the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. The researcher recommends that higher educational institutes as well as organizations should include participation in workshops, seminars, conferences to enhance new entrants into the job market with career-oriented skills and those in the working field with skills to promote organizational performance.
In contemporary organizations, human resources are considered to be the most strategic assets.
Given that effective organizational communication has been recognized as a crucial factor in enhancing
organizational outcomes, it is undoubtedly the most critical dynamic in keeping employees committed to the
organization and satisfied in their work. While several researchers have sought to establish an understanding of
how the context of the organization influences communication processes, studies in the field of public
administration have provided little knowledge about organizational communication and effects. A thorough
review of the existing literature in this field revealed a research gap that brought to mind the following research
question: What is the impact of organizational communication on organizational commitment and job satisfaction
in the Namibian public organizations? An empirical study of 100 public employees from 25 Namibian
Government Ministries was conducted to answer this research question.
Social Networks and Employability in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern Re...Premier Publishers
The research examined how social networks contribute to enhance employability and the factors that determine employability in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Data were collected from 90 respondents using questionnaire. SPSS was used in the data analysis to run a binary logistic regression and factor analysis. Based on the analysis, the following were evident: The research found out that a high percentage of respondents were graduates from tertiary institutes with a low percentage of the respondents having been through the basic level of education. Out of the various forms of the job strategies, social network was found to be accessed by respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were from the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. Year’s respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were form the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. The researcher recommends that higher educational institutes as well as organizations should include participation in workshops, seminars, conferences to enhance new entrants into the job market with career-oriented skills and those in the working field with skills to promote organizational performance.
In contemporary organizations, human resources are considered to be the most strategic assets.
Given that effective organizational communication has been recognized as a crucial factor in enhancing
organizational outcomes, it is undoubtedly the most critical dynamic in keeping employees committed to the
organization and satisfied in their work. While several researchers have sought to establish an understanding of
how the context of the organization influences communication processes, studies in the field of public
administration have provided little knowledge about organizational communication and effects. A thorough
review of the existing literature in this field revealed a research gap that brought to mind the following research
question: What is the impact of organizational communication on organizational commitment and job satisfaction
in the Namibian public organizations? An empirical study of 100 public employees from 25 Namibian
Government Ministries was conducted to answer this research question.
Process and Content Model of CSR Decision-making - A Stakeholder ApproachCSCJournals
This paper examines the process and factors that determine the decision for taking Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives by businesses globally. Specifically, it investigates the stages of decision making and the factors that drive the decision making in each stage. A process model of decision making is proposed based on the factors determined from literature. The model consist of four stages in which the first stage is the pre-finalization stage in which the initial reasons for carrying out the CSR initiatives are explored, second stage is the finalization stage where the reasons for carrying out CSR initiatives are finalized, third stage is the context building for acting according to those reasons and subsequently carrying forward the CSR initiatives and the last stage is the implementation and execution of CSR initiatives. The review of previous literature reveals that major studies have focused only on one aspect of CSR namely, the reasons for CSR initiatives. This study opens up the direction for studying these factors deeply, so that it can be of use and importance to the businesses who are involved in the decision making of CSR initiatives. The interdependency of factors, as explained in the study, will aid decision makers at different levels of planning and implementation stages. It provides valuable inputs for those decision makers who are planning for CSR initiatives as well as to those who are seeking solutions for unsatisfactory results of these initiatives in their organizations.
Global Comparative Study on REDD - Policy Network AnalysisCIFOR-ICRAF
Hear more about the Global Comparative Study on REDD+ with special focus on the Policy Network Analysis with examples from Vietnam, Papa New Guinea, Cameroon and many others.
A Comparative Analysis of Organizational Structure and Effectiveness between ...inventionjournals
The nature of services in institutions of higher learning requires that all stakeholders play
positive roles in the sustainability of the institution’s survival and effectiveness in giving quality teaching,
research and learning. Structure and processes are core requirements for understanding organizational
effectiveness. The actual scenario in the field, however, raises concerns as to whether cases of pending work,
inefficiency, conflicts among others can be arrested by having proper structures and processes. The purpose of
the study was to assess the effect of organizational structure on organizational effectiveness, in public and
private universities in Kenya, using the case of Moi University and University of East Africa (UEA)-Baraton.
Based on the study, this paper undertakes a comparative analyisis of organizational structure and
organizational effectiveness between UEA-Baraton and Moi University and the extent to which the nature of
formalization and level of horizontal integration are antecedents to level of communication and locus of
decision-making. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design that was descripto-explanatory in nature to
identify attributes of the study population using a small sample of individuals. Independent samples t-test was
used to test whether there was any significant difference in organizational structure and organizational
effectiveness between public and private universities. Further, the study used hierarchical regression analysis to
test the hypotheses. Based on the sample of 365 participants (300 from Moi University and 65 from UEABaraton),
the independent samples t-test confirmed that there were significant differences in organizational
structure and organizational effectiveness between public and private universities. The regression results
indicated that the locus of decision-making had positive and significant effects on productivity, stability,
resource acquisition and human resource satisfaction and development. The results highlight the need to
improve organizational structure which has positive impacts on organizational effectiveness under the
moderation of organizational processes. This move is necessitated by the accelerated pace of business
complexity today.
TERRY L. HAPNEYTERRY L. HAPNEYPublic Relations and the School .docxtodd191
TERRY L. HAPNEY
TERRY L. HAPNEY
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent: From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at:
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10
/
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
S
chools are organizations that are located in every community in the United States. Stakeholders in, and related to, schools include students, parents, teachers, administrators, school board members, legislators and other government officials, and alumni, among others. Research shows strong communication skills are a must for superintendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assumption is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski, 2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
307
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011). Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating funds and designating time to engage in public relations (2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have received poor performance evaluations and have even been dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communication” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief administrator in the school system has a big problem to overcome, and effective school public relations can help solve that problem.
School public relations consists of applying public relations in organizations that deliver educational services. It is utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology (Burkart, 2007; Grunig, 2006; Heath, 2006; Herskovitz, 2010; Holtzhausen, 2002; Ihlen, 2007; Porter, 2010).SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND P.
Crisis And Strategy Management - James Grunig / MAMDifusão Editora
Apresentação ministrada pelo consultor e pesquisador norte-americano James Grunig durante mesa-redonda com executivos brasileiros realizada em 04/08 no Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo - MAM. O evento celebrou o lançamento do livro "Relações Públicas: teoria, contexto e relacionamentos", que serviu como base para a elaboração do conteúdo da palestra.
Evaluating and Measuring the Effects of Public RelationsNosdaComunicacao
Apresentação do Professor Doutor James Grunig, sobre avaliação e mensuração de resultados em comunicação corporativa, durante a Série Encontros de Comunicação Corporativa da Abracom, no dia 06 de agosto de 2009
Theorical basis: Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories in Public Relat...Stephen Tindi
Theories are helpful in understanding and explaining the actions of organizations, PR practitioners and publics. The Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories provide useful information on meaning-making between organizations and their publics.
Marshall UniversityFrom the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapn.docxalfredacavx97
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent:
From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10/
http://www.marshall.edu/
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10/
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Schools are organizations that are located in every com-munity in the United States. Stakeholders in, and
related to, schools include students, parents, teachers,
administrators, school board members, legislators and other
government officials, and alumni, among others. Research
shows strong communication skills are a must for super-
intendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assump-
tion is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski,
2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
Public Relations and the
School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice
TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Spe-
cifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public
relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the
realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the
goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas
versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding,
and sociology.
JSPR_37.3.indb 306 5/31/2018 2:26:50 PM
307Public Relations and the School Superintendent
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011).
Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating
funds and designating time to engage in public relations
(2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have
received poor performance evaluations and have even been
dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communi-
cation” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief adminis-
trator in the school system has a big problem to overcome,
and effective school public relations can help solve that
problem.
School public relations consists of applying public rela-
tions in organizations that deliver educational services. It is
utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as
colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article exam-
ines public relations in the K–12 school system context.
Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school
superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of
the school system and how he/she would operate as such in
the realms of seven public relations theories, as the super-
intendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives
of his/her school district: strategic management function,
communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling
and branding, postmo.
Process and Content Model of CSR Decision-making - A Stakeholder ApproachCSCJournals
This paper examines the process and factors that determine the decision for taking Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives by businesses globally. Specifically, it investigates the stages of decision making and the factors that drive the decision making in each stage. A process model of decision making is proposed based on the factors determined from literature. The model consist of four stages in which the first stage is the pre-finalization stage in which the initial reasons for carrying out the CSR initiatives are explored, second stage is the finalization stage where the reasons for carrying out CSR initiatives are finalized, third stage is the context building for acting according to those reasons and subsequently carrying forward the CSR initiatives and the last stage is the implementation and execution of CSR initiatives. The review of previous literature reveals that major studies have focused only on one aspect of CSR namely, the reasons for CSR initiatives. This study opens up the direction for studying these factors deeply, so that it can be of use and importance to the businesses who are involved in the decision making of CSR initiatives. The interdependency of factors, as explained in the study, will aid decision makers at different levels of planning and implementation stages. It provides valuable inputs for those decision makers who are planning for CSR initiatives as well as to those who are seeking solutions for unsatisfactory results of these initiatives in their organizations.
Global Comparative Study on REDD - Policy Network AnalysisCIFOR-ICRAF
Hear more about the Global Comparative Study on REDD+ with special focus on the Policy Network Analysis with examples from Vietnam, Papa New Guinea, Cameroon and many others.
A Comparative Analysis of Organizational Structure and Effectiveness between ...inventionjournals
The nature of services in institutions of higher learning requires that all stakeholders play
positive roles in the sustainability of the institution’s survival and effectiveness in giving quality teaching,
research and learning. Structure and processes are core requirements for understanding organizational
effectiveness. The actual scenario in the field, however, raises concerns as to whether cases of pending work,
inefficiency, conflicts among others can be arrested by having proper structures and processes. The purpose of
the study was to assess the effect of organizational structure on organizational effectiveness, in public and
private universities in Kenya, using the case of Moi University and University of East Africa (UEA)-Baraton.
Based on the study, this paper undertakes a comparative analyisis of organizational structure and
organizational effectiveness between UEA-Baraton and Moi University and the extent to which the nature of
formalization and level of horizontal integration are antecedents to level of communication and locus of
decision-making. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design that was descripto-explanatory in nature to
identify attributes of the study population using a small sample of individuals. Independent samples t-test was
used to test whether there was any significant difference in organizational structure and organizational
effectiveness between public and private universities. Further, the study used hierarchical regression analysis to
test the hypotheses. Based on the sample of 365 participants (300 from Moi University and 65 from UEABaraton),
the independent samples t-test confirmed that there were significant differences in organizational
structure and organizational effectiveness between public and private universities. The regression results
indicated that the locus of decision-making had positive and significant effects on productivity, stability,
resource acquisition and human resource satisfaction and development. The results highlight the need to
improve organizational structure which has positive impacts on organizational effectiveness under the
moderation of organizational processes. This move is necessitated by the accelerated pace of business
complexity today.
TERRY L. HAPNEYTERRY L. HAPNEYPublic Relations and the School .docxtodd191
TERRY L. HAPNEY
TERRY L. HAPNEY
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent: From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at:
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10
/
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
S
chools are organizations that are located in every community in the United States. Stakeholders in, and related to, schools include students, parents, teachers, administrators, school board members, legislators and other government officials, and alumni, among others. Research shows strong communication skills are a must for superintendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assumption is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski, 2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
307
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011). Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating funds and designating time to engage in public relations (2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have received poor performance evaluations and have even been dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communication” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief administrator in the school system has a big problem to overcome, and effective school public relations can help solve that problem.
School public relations consists of applying public relations in organizations that deliver educational services. It is utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology (Burkart, 2007; Grunig, 2006; Heath, 2006; Herskovitz, 2010; Holtzhausen, 2002; Ihlen, 2007; Porter, 2010).SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND P.
Crisis And Strategy Management - James Grunig / MAMDifusão Editora
Apresentação ministrada pelo consultor e pesquisador norte-americano James Grunig durante mesa-redonda com executivos brasileiros realizada em 04/08 no Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo - MAM. O evento celebrou o lançamento do livro "Relações Públicas: teoria, contexto e relacionamentos", que serviu como base para a elaboração do conteúdo da palestra.
Evaluating and Measuring the Effects of Public RelationsNosdaComunicacao
Apresentação do Professor Doutor James Grunig, sobre avaliação e mensuração de resultados em comunicação corporativa, durante a Série Encontros de Comunicação Corporativa da Abracom, no dia 06 de agosto de 2009
Theorical basis: Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories in Public Relat...Stephen Tindi
Theories are helpful in understanding and explaining the actions of organizations, PR practitioners and publics. The Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories provide useful information on meaning-making between organizations and their publics.
Marshall UniversityFrom the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapn.docxalfredacavx97
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent:
From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10/
http://www.marshall.edu/
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10/
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Schools are organizations that are located in every com-munity in the United States. Stakeholders in, and
related to, schools include students, parents, teachers,
administrators, school board members, legislators and other
government officials, and alumni, among others. Research
shows strong communication skills are a must for super-
intendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assump-
tion is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski,
2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
Public Relations and the
School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice
TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Spe-
cifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public
relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the
realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the
goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas
versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding,
and sociology.
JSPR_37.3.indb 306 5/31/2018 2:26:50 PM
307Public Relations and the School Superintendent
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011).
Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating
funds and designating time to engage in public relations
(2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have
received poor performance evaluations and have even been
dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communi-
cation” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief adminis-
trator in the school system has a big problem to overcome,
and effective school public relations can help solve that
problem.
School public relations consists of applying public rela-
tions in organizations that deliver educational services. It is
utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as
colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article exam-
ines public relations in the K–12 school system context.
Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school
superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of
the school system and how he/she would operate as such in
the realms of seven public relations theories, as the super-
intendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives
of his/her school district: strategic management function,
communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling
and branding, postmo.
Why is skilled communication among health professionals so difficu.docxgauthierleppington
Why is skilled communication among health professionals so difficult to achieve? How will you overcome the use of ineffective communication?
TERRY L. HAPNEY
TERRY L. HAPNEY
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent: From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at:
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10
/
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
S
chools are organizations that are located in every community in the United States. Stakeholders in, and related to, schools include students, parents, teachers, administrators, school board members, legislators and other government officials, and alumni, among others. Research shows strong communication skills are a must for superintendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assumption is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski, 2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
307
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011). Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating funds and designating time to engage in public relations (2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have received poor performance evaluations and have even been dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communication” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief administrator in the school system has a big problem to overcome, and effective school public relations can help solve that problem.
School public relations consists of applying public relations in organizations that deliver educational services. It is utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and soc.
Why is skilled communication among health professionals so difficu.docxwashingtonrosy
Why is skilled communication among health professionals so difficult to achieve? How will you overcome the use of ineffective communication?
TERRY L. HAPNEY
TERRY L. HAPNEY
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
Marshall University
From the SelectedWorks of Terry L. Hapney Jr., Ph.D.
Summer June, 2018
Public Relations and the School Superintendent: From Theory to Practice
Terry L. Hapney, Jr.
Available at:
https://works.bepress.com/terryhapney/10
/
Public Relations and the School Superintendent
From Theory to Practice TERRY L. HAPNEY, JR.
ABSTRACT: This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and sociology.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
S
chools are organizations that are located in every community in the United States. Stakeholders in, and related to, schools include students, parents, teachers, administrators, school board members, legislators and other government officials, and alumni, among others. Research shows strong communication skills are a must for superintendents of school systems. Unfortunately, the assumption is anyone can be an effective communicator (Kowalski, 2005). Communication is at the heart of an effective public
306 Journal of School Public Relations Volume 37—Summer 2016
307
relations program in an organization (Kowalski, 2011). Many superintendents question the relevance of allocating funds and designating time to engage in public relations (2011). Studies have shown that superintendents have received poor performance evaluations and have even been dismissed due to “inconsistent and incompetent communication” (Kowalski, 2005, p. 112). Thus, the chief administrator in the school system has a big problem to overcome, and effective school public relations can help solve that problem.
School public relations consists of applying public relations in organizations that deliver educational services. It is utilized in both private and public K–12 schools, as well as colleges and universities (Kowalski, 2011). This article examines public relations in the K–12 school system context. Specifically, the goal of this article is to examine the school superintendent as the chief public relations practitioner of the school system and how he/she would operate as such in the realms of seven public relations theories, as the superintendent works toward meeting the goals and objectives of his/her school district: strategic management function, communitas versus corporatas, persuasion, storytelling and branding, postmodernism, understanding, and soc ...
Authors:
Juan Meng, University of Georgia
Introduction
Organizations are operating in environments characterized by rapid change and increasing communication complexity. Thus, the development and education of communication leaders who are able to navigate and respond effectively and strategically in such dynamic environments has become equally critical for organizations. As a consequence, the implications for integrating leadership education, training, and development into public relations curriculum are profound. If we, as educators, can enhance both communication skills and leadership development for public relations majors, our graduates will be able to develop a sustainable competitive advantage and provide long-term value to organizations. Although the profession has advocated for leveraging the roles of public relations to a managerial and strategic level, the actual effort in building up the pipeline of future leaders in the profession is delayed. In higher education, there is a remarkable scarcity in designing, integrating, and delivering leadership in public relations teaching and education.
INSTRUCTIONSDiscussion 1 Contextualizing Quantitative Data .docxcarliotwaycave
INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion 1: Contextualizing Quantitative Data in the Workplace- CORPORATE BANK FACILITATOR
What role does quantitative research play in your current (Corporate Bank Facilitator) professional role?
Share 1-2 specific examples of ways in which you have, or might, use quantitative data.
Include projects where you would like to do some analysis (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods) but have not.
Describe the project and ask your classmates for their feedback!
· Your initial post (approximately 200-250 words) should address each question in the discussion
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Topic: “The Effect of Social Media Marketing On Business Growth and Prosperity”
Introduction
Since early 2000s, businesses have seen the need of utilizing social media as a convenient platform to reach and engage their potential customers (Pourkhani et al., 2019). Social media has revolutionized the way businesses connect with consumers for the purpose of growing their brand. Notably, social media offers cheaper and highly accessible tools of marketing used by businesses to advance their promotional activities (Fan & Gordon, 2014). In United States, social media has highly transformed the world of business –allowing firms to innovate and improve their business plans in order to attain maximum growth and prosperity (As' ad & Alhadid, 2014). Therefore, this study explores the impact, benefit, and importance of social media to the growth and performance of businesses.
Purpose of the Study
According to Kane (2015), a researcher should have a tangible reason (s) for undertaking a particular study in any filed. Marketing is very crucial to each and every business. Marketing entails the need for companies to access the target markets and engage their potential customers. This is aimed at understanding customer needs and wants –something that is crucial in developing a product (s) which offer maximum satisfaction to consumers. Until late 90s, businesses relied on traditional mode of marketing which included radio, TV, newspaper, billboards, field-marketing, among others. Notably, these marketing channels were very expensive. However, the introduction of social media platforms in early 2000s availed cheap, accessible, and reliable means of reaching the target audiences. Consequently, there is need to explore the element of social media in order to establish its superiority and contribution in helping organizations to attain maximum growth and performance. Thus, this study seeks to establish the impact and benefit of social media platforms to organizations as far as elements of building brand awareness, increasing sales, and expanding markets are concerned.
Study Rationale
Before conducting a research, a researcher is supposed to explain clearly the importance of the study he or she is carrying out. This involves providing specific, valid, and ideally arguments in support of the research topic. The rationale of th ...
1. Current Trends and Future
Directions for Public
Relations Research
James E. Grunig, Professor Emeritus
Larissa A. Grunig, Professor Emerita
Department of Communication
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, USA
2. Types of Public Relations
Research
Research IN public relations.
Used by practitioners in their work.
Research ON public relations.
Constructive, critical research by academic
scholars on the practice of public relations.
Research FOR public relations.
Applied basic research to develop
concepts and tools for the practice of
public relations.
3. Two Paradigms of Public
Relations
The symbolic, interpretive,
paradigm.
The behavioral, strategic
management, paradigm.
4. The Symbolic, Interpretive,
Paradigm
Public relations manages how publics interpret the
organization—to buffer the organization from its
environment.
These interpretations include popular concepts such as
reputation, brand, image, impressions, and identity.
This paradigm can be found in the concepts of reputation
management in business schools, integrated marketing
communication in advertising programs, and rhetoric in
communication and public relations departments.
Emphasis is on publicity, media relations, and media
effects.
5. The Behavioral, Strategic
Management, Paradigm
Public relations participates in strategic decision-
making to help manage the behavior of the
organization.
Public relations is a bridging activity to build
relationships with stakeholders rather than a set of
messaging activities designed to buffer the
organization from stakeholders.
Emphasis is on two-way and symmetrical
communication of many kinds to provide publics a
voice in management decisions and to facilitate
dialogue between management and publics.
6. This Paradigm Adds Stakeholder
Relations to Strategic Management
and Reveals the ROI of PR
The corporation is more than “an extension of the
basic human right to own property.”
“…organizational wealth can be created (or
destroyed) through relationships with stakeholders of
all kinds…—that is managing relationships with
stakeholders for mutual benefit.”
“Corporations ARE what they DO.”
(James E. Post, Lee E. Preston, and Sybille Sachs [2002],
Redefining the the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and
Organizational Wealth, pp. 12, 1, 2.)
7. Purposes of Our Research
Explain and measure the value of the
communication function to organizations and
to society (research on public relations).
Define the role of public relations in strategic
decision-making and organizational
governance (research on public relations).
Develop concepts, tools, and measures for
communication professionals to use in
strategic management (research for public
relations.
8. Stages in Our Research Program
Research on the behavior of publics and development of a
situational theory of publics, beginning in the 1960s.
Research in the 1970s on how characteristics of
organizations and their management affect the behavior of
public relations practitioners and departments.
Development of a theory of symmetrical, dialogical, public
relations, 1970s-1980s.
Evaluation research in public relations for AT&T in the late
1970s.
The IABC excellence project in the 1980s and 1990s, which
explained the ROI of public relations and articulated the
strategic role of public relations.
9. Public Relations Contributes to
Strategic Management by
1. Participating in management decision-
making to identify consequences that
create stakeholders.
2. Segmenting stakeholders and publics.
3. Using communication to cultivate
relationships with strategic publics.
4. Influencing management behavior.
5. Measuring the quality of relationships.
11. Environmental Scanning
Chang (2000) study of corporate PR executives.
Most did not know what environmental scanning
was, or they relied solely on media, polls, or
published information.
Personal sources most useful: customers, activist
groups, journalists, and government officials.
Monitor websites, blogs, and other sources of
information from activists.
Develop a database of issues for issues
management.
12. Identifying Stakeholders
Identify stakeholders by monitoring the
consequences of management decisions on
those not making the decision.
A stakeholder is anyone who has something at
risk because of an organizational decision,
behavior, or lack of behavior.
Most common stakeholders found in the
Excellence study were employees, customers,
investors, community, government, members,
media, and donors.
13. Stakeholders Can Be
Segmented Into Publics
Activist, active, passive, or no
communication behavior.
The more active the public, the more
likely are communication effects.
For example, the probability of an effect
on behavior can be increased from .5%
to about 50% by selecting an active
public rather than a nonpublic.
14. Environmental Publics Found for
the National Wildlife Federation
General environmental public.
Special-issue public: air pollution.
Special-issue public: superhighways.
Special-issue public: killing of whales.
Hot-issue public: energy shortage.
15. Employee Publics Found in
Two Utilities
Management publics.
Routine behavior older employees.
Upwardly mobile, younger employees.
Apathetic employees.
16. Extension of the Situational
Theory by J.-N. Kim (2006)
Information acquisition.
Processing (passive).
Seeking (active).
Information selection.
Permitting (passive).
Forefending (active).
Information transmission.
Sharing (passive).
Forwarding (active).
17. Further Extension of the
Situational Theory by Kim
Cognitive entrepreneurship.
Alpha.
Forward reasoning.
More tolerance in thinking.
More committing.
More careful in finalizing solution.
Omega.
Backward reasoning.
Less tolerance in thinking.
Less committing.
Less careful in finalizing solution.
18. Scenario Building (Sung 2004)
Learn from the past.
Envision possible futures.
Examine comprehensive future options
for decision-making.
Reduce the risk of decisions.
Case of two issues for an insurance
company: credit scoring and national
regulation.
19. Empowering Public Relations
The Excellence study showed that PR
executives enter the dominant coalition and
strategic management when they. . .
Develop extensive knowledge of their organization.
Develop knowledge of public relations and strategic
management.
Respond at times when their expertise is needed,
especially during a crisis or when facing an issue.
Berger (2005) found that coalitions change in
corporations and that public relations is included
when its expertise is relevant.
20. Developing an Ethics
Framework for Strategy
It is a moral obligation for an
organization to engage in dialogue with
publics (deontology) when it has
consequences on publics (teleology) (J.
& L. Grunig, 1996).
Kantian framework for public relations
ethics (Bowen, 2000, 2004).
21. Evaluation of the Long-Term
Value (ROI) of Public Relations
Can Be Done by Measuring the
Quality of Relationships
Trust
Mutuality of control
Satisfaction
Commitment
Huang (1997), J. Grunig & Huang (2000),
Hon & J. Grunig (1999)
22. Relationships and Reputation
The concept of reputation has value when used
in conjunction with relationships.
Reputation is a byproduct of organizational
performance, as evaluated by stakeholders,
and of relationships with stakeholders.
Open-ended questions measure reputations
best (“In a sentence or two, please tell me what
comes to mind when you think of
[organization].”)
23. Research on Relationships
and Reputation
J. Grunig & Hung (2002). Recall of good
and bad behaviors most associated with
the quality of relationships.
Yang (2005). Active communication with
publics leads to better relationships.
Relationships predict reputation.
24. These Measures Have Been Applied by
Strategy One/Edelman
Identify key stakeholders and measure
relationships with each separately.
Ask qualitative questions about
reputation and relationships.
Measure relationships quantitatively.
Explore cultivation strategies that
improve the quality of a relationship.
25. Cultivation Strategies Are the
Heir to the Symmetrical Model
Symmetrical (such as openness, access, and
sharing of tasks).
Asymmetrical (such as contending, avoiding, or
accommodating).
Hung (2002, 2004) and Rhee (2004) identified
additional strategies.
Coercion can be combined with symmetry, as in
NATO (van Dyke, 2005).
Symmetry must be mediated by organizational
justice (H.-S. Kim, 2005)
26. Case of Brookhaven National
Laboratory
Crisis over toxic waste.
Public relations department used
symmetrical communication to consult
with community stakeholders.
Issues management system established.
Importance of personal communication
between employees and community.
Involving employees in community
improved employee relations.
27. Expanding the Role of Public
Relations in Global Strategy
Research in several countries has
extended the Excellence theory to a
theory of generic principles and specific
applications.
Ni (2006) found that relationships with
employees are better for multinational
corporations in China with a local
responsiveness strategy that those
emphasizing global integration alone.
28. Applying This Framework to
Specialized Areas of PR
Kelly (1991) applied excellence concepts to
donor relations.
Schickinger (1998) found similar principles in
shareholder relations.
Rhee (2004) identified interaction between
employee and community relationships.
H.-S. Kim (2005) demonstrated importance of
organizational justice in employee relations.
Chen (2005) applied principles to government
relations in China.
29. Moving to the Future
Research is needed on the
institutionalization of public relations as a
strategic management, bridging, function
rather than its common practice as a
symbolic, buffering, function. (Yi, 2005)