Introduction to GIS_Lecture_ENSC 102.pptx

Introduction to GIS
Jomar J. Lucena
Instructor,
Institute of Environmental Studies,
DMMMSU-NLUC
Bacnotan, La Union

Introduction to GIS 2
Outline
1. GIS Definition
2. GIS Components
3. GIS Data Structures/Types
4. GIS Applications
5. Types of Maps
6. Elements of Map
7. Map Composition
8. Geotagging

What is GIS?

1. GIS Definition
Key Concepts:
a. Geography
b. Cartography
c. Maps
d. Information System

Geography
-A science that deals with the description,
distribution, and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural features of
the earth’s surface
-Analyzes and explains human and
environmental phenomena and processes
taking place on the earth’s surface

Analysis and
Explanation
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
Geography
Human and
Environmental
Phenomena

Cartography
-Develops the theories, concepts, and skills for
describing and visualizing the things and events
or patterns and processes from geography and
communicating this understanding.
-Is the art and science of making MAPS.
-What geography analyzes and explains,
cartography communicates visually.

Things, Events,
Patterns and
Processes
Maps
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
Cartography
Description
and
Visualization

Analysis and
Explanation
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
Maps
Description
and
Visualization
Geography and Cartography
What geography analyzes and explains,
cartography communicates visually.
Human and
Environmental
Phenomena

- A map is a simplified visual representation of real
things from the real world.
- Maps can model the world in more than one way
Maps

Features of a
map are
differentiated
or classified to
have a clear
visual
representation

- An organized system for the collection,
organization, storage and communication of
information
Information System

Geographic Information System (GIS)
Process
input, store, retrieve,
manipulate, analyze Maps, Digital
Data, Tabular
Information
Input
Output
Geographic
Information

is an integrated system of
computer hardware and software
coupled with
procedures and human analyst
which together support the
capture, management, manipulation, analysis,
modelling, display and storage
of geographic information
Geographic Information System (GIS)

2. GIS Components
6 Essential Components of GIS:
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Data
d. People/User
e. Procedure
f. Network

Components of GIS

Components of GIS continued…
• Hardware comprises the equipment needed to
support the many activities needed for geospatial
analysis ranging from data collection to data
analysis.
• Computer
• Digitizer
• Scanner
• Printer/Plotter

• Software/GIS application package is essential for
creating, editing and analyzing spatial and
attribute data.
• GIS software provides the functions and tools
needed to store, analyze, and display geographic
information.

The Key components of GIS Software are:
 Tools for entering and manipulating geographic
information such as addresses or political
boundaries
 A database management system (DBMS)
 Tools that create intelligent digital maps you
can analyze, query for more information, or print
for
presentation
 An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI)

• Data is the spatial data referenced to locations on
the earth.
• Data that is in some way referenced to locations
on the earth. Attribute data can be generally
defined as additional information about each of
the spatial features.
• Geographic data and related tabular data can be
produced by digitizing images from aerial
photographs or published maps.

• People/User those who design, program, and
maintain the system and supply it with data, and
interpret its results.
• Procedure include how the data will be retrieved,
input into system, stored, managed, transformed,
analyzed, and finally presented in a final output
• Network/internet used in sharing/access to
geographic information

2. GIS Data Structures
Data Structure Types:
a. Raster
b. Vector

- Raster and vector are two methods of presenting
geographic data in digital computers
Raster and Vector

4. GIS Applications
a. GIS Capabilities
b. Common GIS Applications
c. GIS Applications in the Philippines

GIS Capabilities/Analysis with GIS
• Location: What is at a particular
location...?
Where is it….?
• Condition: Identify a location where
certain conditions exist..?
• Trends: What has changed since...?
• Patterns: What things are related..?
• Modeling: What if…?

Common GIS Applications
Land Use
Planning
• Parcel
inventory of
zoning areas
• Analysis of
percentage of
land used per
category
• Evaluation of
land-use plans
Environmental
Monitoring
• Inventory of
hazards in
relation to
vital resources
• Analysis of
spread rates
and
cumulative
pollution
levels
Tax
Mapping
• Identification
of ownership
data by land
plot
• Projecting tax
revenue
change due to
land-use
changes
Infrastructure
• Inventory of
roads, bridges
and utilities
• Analysis to
schedule
maintenance
and expansion

07/07/2025 Geographic Mapping using GIS 66
5. Types of Map
In this lecture, we classify maps into four types:
1. Political Maps
2. Physical Maps
3. Thematic Maps
4. Topographic Maps

a. Political Maps
These are maps
showing cities,
towns and villages,
and different
countries and states
of the world with
their boundaries .

b. Physical Maps
Maps showing
natural features of
the earth such as
mountains,
plateaus, plains,
rivers, oceans etc.
are called physical
or relief maps.

Physical Maps continued…
Features of a physical map:
• Physical maps show the natural features of the
Earth.
• Physical maps do not contain man made features.
• Green is usually used at lower elevations, and
orange or brown show higher elevations.
• For example, a physical map would be a map of
what you would see if you were looking down on
Earth from space.

c. Thematic Maps
Thematic maps can
represent a variety
of information
including things like
climate,
precipitation,
vegetation,
elevation,
population, life
expectancy, etc.

Thematic Maps continued…
• These maps are generally used when you are
looking at a single piece of information.
• Thematic maps show us the weather forecast,
election results, poverty, soil types, and the spread
of a virus.

d. Topographic Maps
Topographic maps
show the physical
characteristics of
land in an area and
the built changes in
the landscape.

Topographic Maps continued…
Features of a topographic map:
• Include contour lines to show the shape and
elevation of an area.
• Lines that are close together show steep terrain, and
lines that are far apart show flat terrain.
• Geologists depend on topographic maps to record
the types of rocks. Engineers use topographic maps
when they are planning roads, buildings, or other
human–made structures.

6. Elements of Map
In this lecture, we identify the elements of map
as follows:
a. Map body
b. Map Title
c. Map Border
d. Map Legend
e. North arrow
f. Scale
g. Acknowledgment
h. Graticule and Grids

a. Map Body
The map body is, of course, the most important
part of the map because it contains the map
information.

b. Map Title
The map title is very important because it is
usually the first thing a reader will look at on a
map.

c. Map Border
The map border is a line that defines exactly the
edges of the area shown on the map.

d. Map Legend
To ensure that a person can correctly read a
map, a map legend is used to provide a key to all
the symbols used on the map.

e. North Arrow
A north arrow (sometimes also called a compass
rose) is a figure displaying the main directions,
North, South, East and West.
On a map it is used to indicate the direction of
North.

f. Scale
The scale of a map is the value of a single unit of
distance on the map, representing distance in
the real world. The values are shown in map
units (meters, feet or degrees).

Scale continued…
Scale can be expressed as:
Words: e.g. one millimeter on maps represents a
thousand meters on the ground.
Representative fraction (RF), where map distance and
respective ground distance in the real world is
represented as a ratio. E.g. 1:25,000 or 1/25,000. 25,000
in the ratio is called the scale denominator.
Bar scale: where scale is represented as a graphic. It
shows measured distances on the map.

Scale continued…

g. Acknowledgment
In the acknowledgment area of a map it is
possible to add text with important information.
For example information about the quality of the
used data can be useful to give the reader an
idea about details such as how, by whom and
when a map was created.

h. Graticule and Grids
A graticule is a network of curved lines overlain on a
map to make spatial orientation easier for the reader.
The lines can be used as a reference. As an example, the
lines of a graticule can represent the earth’s parallels of
latitude and meridians of longitude for geographical
coordinate system.
Grids can also be applied for projected coordinate
system instead of graticules. Grids are networks of
parallel and orthogonal straight lines of Eastings and
northings in projected cylindrical projections.

7. Map Composition
Some of the guides in composing your map are
anchored to the following:
a. Balance
b. Hierarchy
c. Contrast

Balance
Balance refers to the arrangement of elements
within the overall composition, and whether
these elements appear stable or unsettled.
A map with all the elements grouped on the left
side will probably look unbalanced.
If these elements are redistributed on the page,
however, balance can be achieved.

Balance continued…

Hierarchy
Hierarchy refers to the perceived importance of
the map elements.
The most important information on a map
should have more visual impact that the
background information.
This can be achieved by several methods, such
as making important elements larger, or by using
bright colors.

Hierarchy continued…

Contrast
Contrast refers to the degree to which different elements
are distinguishable from one another.
Objects that stand out from their background have high
contrast, while objects that seem to blend together have
low contrast.
Contrast, therefore, is useful for establishing figure-
ground relationships. Contrast can be achieved through
variations in color, value, pattern, line weight or type
size.

8. Geotagging

Definition
Geotagging, or GeoTagging, is the
process of adding geographical
identification metadata to various
media such as a geotagged
photograph or video, websites,
SMS messages, and QR Codes.
Metadata is "data that provides
information about other data".In
other words, it is "data about
data".

Any Questions?

Introduction to GIS_Lecture_ENSC 102.pptx

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