Carol Dweck's research on mindsets describes a fixed mindset, where people believe their qualities are innate and unchanging, versus a growth mindset, where people believe their qualities can be developed through effort. According to the document, in a fixed mindset students worry about looking smart and avoid challenges, while in a growth mindset students understand abilities can grow with effort and see challenges as opportunities to learn. The document also provides examples of how people with a growth mindset embrace mistakes as learning opportunities and focus on self-improvement rather than proving abilities.