Growth and development of child for nursing student.this document provide information about growth and development pattern in children. This is a part of nursing education.
The document discusses pediatric nursing growth and development. It covers:
1) Phases of growth including infancy, preschool to puberty, and puberty which is the second most rapid growth period.
2) Principles of growth including that growth is complex, continuous, and orderly. Growth is measured both quantitatively and qualitatively over time.
3) Physiological characteristics of growth for systems like circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous.
The document provides information on feeding and nutrition for young children aged 0-5 years. It discusses the changing nutritional needs as children develop from infancy to age 5. Nutrition is important for energy, growth, development and health. Rapid growth occurs in the first year as weight doubles and brain weight increases. Breastmilk is recommended for infants under 6 months as it provides optimal nutrition for growth and brain development. Introduction of solid foods should start around 6 months once infants develop necessary skills. Healthy eating habits established in childhood can impact future health. The document provides guidelines on appropriate servings and components of meals at different ages.
Cyanotic heart defect is a group of congenital heart defects where deoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation, causing cyanosis. Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect where there is a narrowing of the right ventricle and a ventricular septal defect, allowing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Clinical manifestations include cyanosis, clubbing of fingers and toes, and cyanotic spells. Management includes oxygen, nutrition, rest, oral beta blockers, and surgical correction.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
This document discusses child nutrition and malnutrition. It defines a child as a human between birth and puberty. Proper nutrition is essential for a child's development and overall health. Malnutrition can be caused by factors like inadequate dietary intake, infections, and poor sanitation. The main types of malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Introducing complementary foods at the right developmental stages along with breastfeeding is important for a child's nutrition. Gradually introducing single-ingredient foods can help identify allergies or intolerance. Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of disease and death in children under five and can impact cognitive development and increase risk of illness.
This document provides an overview of anemia in children, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, and classification. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of red blood cell production. The most common causes of anemia in children are nutritional deficiencies, like iron deficiency, and chronic diseases. Clinical evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and laboratory investigations to determine the type and cause of anemia. Anemias are classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. The treatment of pediatric anemia may involve pediatric hematology-oncology specialists.
Prematurity & and its complication on different organs, Dr Iraguha Bandora Yv...IRAGUHA BANDORA Yves
The document discusses preterm birth and summarizes key information. It defines a preterm baby as one delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. Worldwide, preterm birth complicates 5-18% of births, with rates of 5-9% in Europe and 12-13% in the USA. Prematurity is associated with short and long term complications affecting multiple organ systems. Prevention strategies aim to reduce preterm birth through screening and treating at-risk women. Treatment includes steroids, antibiotics, tocolysis and neonatal care to improve outcomes.
- Failure to thrive is defined as inadequate physical growth diagnosed by observing growth trends on standard growth charts.
- It can be classified as organic (caused by medical issues) or nonorganic (caused by psychosocial factors) and further divided into prenatal or postnatal categories.
- Evaluating a child for failure to thrive involves taking a thorough history including feeding and medical history, performing a physical exam, and ordering basic screening labs tailored to the child's history and exam findings.
- Treatment focuses on increasing caloric intake to promote catch-up growth, addressing any underlying medical issues, modifying feeding behaviors, and involving psychosocial support services if nonorganic causes are suspected.
The document discusses pediatric nursing growth and development. It covers:
1) Phases of growth including infancy, preschool to puberty, and puberty which is the second most rapid growth period.
2) Principles of growth including that growth is complex, continuous, and orderly. Growth is measured both quantitatively and qualitatively over time.
3) Physiological characteristics of growth for systems like circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous.
The document provides information on feeding and nutrition for young children aged 0-5 years. It discusses the changing nutritional needs as children develop from infancy to age 5. Nutrition is important for energy, growth, development and health. Rapid growth occurs in the first year as weight doubles and brain weight increases. Breastmilk is recommended for infants under 6 months as it provides optimal nutrition for growth and brain development. Introduction of solid foods should start around 6 months once infants develop necessary skills. Healthy eating habits established in childhood can impact future health. The document provides guidelines on appropriate servings and components of meals at different ages.
Cyanotic heart defect is a group of congenital heart defects where deoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation, causing cyanosis. Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect where there is a narrowing of the right ventricle and a ventricular septal defect, allowing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Clinical manifestations include cyanosis, clubbing of fingers and toes, and cyanotic spells. Management includes oxygen, nutrition, rest, oral beta blockers, and surgical correction.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
This document discusses child nutrition and malnutrition. It defines a child as a human between birth and puberty. Proper nutrition is essential for a child's development and overall health. Malnutrition can be caused by factors like inadequate dietary intake, infections, and poor sanitation. The main types of malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Introducing complementary foods at the right developmental stages along with breastfeeding is important for a child's nutrition. Gradually introducing single-ingredient foods can help identify allergies or intolerance. Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of disease and death in children under five and can impact cognitive development and increase risk of illness.
This document provides an overview of anemia in children, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, and classification. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of red blood cell production. The most common causes of anemia in children are nutritional deficiencies, like iron deficiency, and chronic diseases. Clinical evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and laboratory investigations to determine the type and cause of anemia. Anemias are classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. The treatment of pediatric anemia may involve pediatric hematology-oncology specialists.
Prematurity & and its complication on different organs, Dr Iraguha Bandora Yv...IRAGUHA BANDORA Yves
The document discusses preterm birth and summarizes key information. It defines a preterm baby as one delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. Worldwide, preterm birth complicates 5-18% of births, with rates of 5-9% in Europe and 12-13% in the USA. Prematurity is associated with short and long term complications affecting multiple organ systems. Prevention strategies aim to reduce preterm birth through screening and treating at-risk women. Treatment includes steroids, antibiotics, tocolysis and neonatal care to improve outcomes.
- Failure to thrive is defined as inadequate physical growth diagnosed by observing growth trends on standard growth charts.
- It can be classified as organic (caused by medical issues) or nonorganic (caused by psychosocial factors) and further divided into prenatal or postnatal categories.
- Evaluating a child for failure to thrive involves taking a thorough history including feeding and medical history, performing a physical exam, and ordering basic screening labs tailored to the child's history and exam findings.
- Treatment focuses on increasing caloric intake to promote catch-up growth, addressing any underlying medical issues, modifying feeding behaviors, and involving psychosocial support services if nonorganic causes are suspected.
This document provides information on complementary feeding, including:
- Complementary feeding involves introducing foods to infants starting at 6 months in addition to breastmilk. It is not sufficient as a sole diet and should not displace breastmilk.
- Signs an infant is ready for complementary feeding include being able to hold their head up, opening their mouth for food, and showing interest in others eating.
- Introducing complementary foods too early or too late can reduce breastmilk intake and increase health risks for infants.
- Simple, nutritious complementary foods can be made at home using locally available ingredients like cereals, root crops, fruits and vegetables. Clean preparation and storage is important for safety.
This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and outlines stages of severity. In infants and young children, hypertension is usually secondary to an underlying condition, while adolescents can develop primary or essential hypertension. Evaluation involves measuring blood pressure properly, considering causes of secondary hypertension, assessing for target organ damage like left ventricular hypertrophy, and determining if hypertension is primary or secondary. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, weight management if overweight, and potentially medications to lower blood pressure below guidelines.
This document discusses type 1 diabetes in children. It defines diabetes and outlines the diagnostic criteria. Type 1 diabetes results from insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It accounts for about two-thirds of diabetes cases in children under 18. Proper management includes insulin therapy, diet, exercise, home glucose monitoring, and screening for complications. The goals of treatment are near-normalization of blood glucose and keeping HbA1c levels below 7.5% to avoid short and long-term complications.
Growth charts are used to compare the child's height, weight, and head size against children of the same age.
In this presentation, we will identify the most important pattern of pathological abnormal head circumference, failure to thrive, short statures and tall statures.
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) involves skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her premature or low birth weight infant. It significantly improves infant survival rates and has many health benefits. KMC can be initiated immediately after birth for stable infants and involves frequent, prolonged periods of skin-to-skin contact and exclusive breastfeeding. It provides stability for the infant's temperature, development, nutrition, and bonding with the mother. KMC also allows earlier hospital discharge and is a low-cost alternative to incubator care.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics focusing on the medical care of newborn infants, especially preterm or ill newborns, in the first 28 days after birth. It is practiced in neonatal intensive care units. Key aspects of neonatal care include respiratory support, phototherapy, oxygen therapy, and treating common conditions like respiratory distress, jaundice, and sepsis. Mortality rates such as perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality, and infant mortality are important indicators used to measure the quality of maternal and pediatric care.
Management of SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITIONRAVI PRAKASH
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION :-
DEALT WITH INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILD SUFFERING FROM SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION, ESSENTIAL AND LATEST GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT
This document contains the neonatal history of a 6 day old female infant named Baby Zigyibelu. It includes demographic and background information on the mother and father. It describes the pregnancy, delivery, and initial postpartum course. It then provides a thorough physical exam finding for each body system. The infant is growing appropriately with no significant findings noted on exam.
Play is mandatory for every child, let the age of the child be 0 or 18 years.
This topic will help you to recognize the importance and types of play. Further, it also important to know about play materials that is to be used at various age group.
This document discusses heart failure in children, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. In children, common causes include congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms vary by age but may include feeding issues, sweating, poor growth, and edema. Diagnosis involves exams, chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms. Complications can include arrhythmias, infections, and damage to other organs. Treatment focuses on supportive care, medications to improve heart function, and treating the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the cause,
The document discusses the field of pediatrics, including:
1. It outlines the different stages of childhood by age, from fetal period to adolescence, describing key features and health care needs at each stage.
2. It describes the characteristics of pediatrics, highlighting differences between pediatric and adult patients in areas like anatomy, physiology, immunology and types of diseases seen.
3. It discusses the scope and tasks of pediatrics, which involves caring for infants, children and adolescents, and promoting their growth, development and overall health.
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for each
Babitha's Notes on anemia's & bleeding disordersBabitha Devu
This note will help you in knowing about childhood anemia's like iron deficiency, SCD etc.. also some of the bleeding disorders are also explained in this.
Micronutrient deficiency is common among children globally. At least 50% of children aged 6 months to 5 years suffer from one or more micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, iodine, folate, and vitamin A. The reasons for the high prevalence include inadequate intake of nutritious foods, poor absorption of minerals and vitamins, frequent infections, and consumption of refined foods. Micronutrients play an important role in brain development during the first 1,000 days of life. Complementary feeding starting at 6 months is important to meet increased nutrient needs but current practices in India are often inadequate. Ensuring adequate nutrition through home-made preparations, breastfeeding, and fortified complementary foods can help bridge nutrition
This document discusses best practices for the nutritional support of very low birth weight infants. It covers the following key points:
1) Early initiation of parenteral nutrition within 24 hours of life, including early administration of lipids and amino acids, in order to prevent nutritional deficits and support growth.
2) Rapid advancement of parenteral nutrition to provide adequate amino acids and calories as early as possible.
3) Establishing enteral feedings with human milk as the standard, given its benefits for growth, development and reducing morbidities in preterm infants.
4) Consistent nutritional monitoring and standardized practices to optimize growth outcomes for these high-risk infants.
Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation are considered premature. Premature babies often require care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) as their organs are not fully developed. In the NICU, premature babies receive monitoring, respiratory support if needed, and are fed through tubes or IVs initially. Kangaroo care, where the baby is held skin to skin, helps with temperature regulation, breastfeeding, and weight gain. As the baby develops, parents can help with diaper changes, baths, and taking temperatures. The goal is for the baby to gain weight and develop enough to be able to eat and breathe on their own.
The document discusses infant feeding and nutrition. It covers various topics including the types and definitions of breastfeeding, the physiology of lactation, problems associated with breastfeeding, infant growth phases and their energy requirements, and the importance of proper nutrition. The key components of human milk are discussed, including fat, proteins, carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, prebiotics and probiotics. Guidelines around establishing and maintaining breastfeeding are provided. Common breastfeeding and infant feeding problems are also outlined.
Growth and development involve increasing size and function from birth through adolescence. Key milestones include doubling birth weight by 5-6 months and tripling it by 1 year. Normal growth depends on adequate nutrition. Development proceeds from head to tail and center to extremities. Monitoring growth through measurements like weight, length, head circumference, and comparing to standards helps identify deviations from normal development.
This document provides information on complementary feeding, including:
- Complementary feeding involves introducing foods to infants starting at 6 months in addition to breastmilk. It is not sufficient as a sole diet and should not displace breastmilk.
- Signs an infant is ready for complementary feeding include being able to hold their head up, opening their mouth for food, and showing interest in others eating.
- Introducing complementary foods too early or too late can reduce breastmilk intake and increase health risks for infants.
- Simple, nutritious complementary foods can be made at home using locally available ingredients like cereals, root crops, fruits and vegetables. Clean preparation and storage is important for safety.
This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and outlines stages of severity. In infants and young children, hypertension is usually secondary to an underlying condition, while adolescents can develop primary or essential hypertension. Evaluation involves measuring blood pressure properly, considering causes of secondary hypertension, assessing for target organ damage like left ventricular hypertrophy, and determining if hypertension is primary or secondary. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, weight management if overweight, and potentially medications to lower blood pressure below guidelines.
This document discusses type 1 diabetes in children. It defines diabetes and outlines the diagnostic criteria. Type 1 diabetes results from insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It accounts for about two-thirds of diabetes cases in children under 18. Proper management includes insulin therapy, diet, exercise, home glucose monitoring, and screening for complications. The goals of treatment are near-normalization of blood glucose and keeping HbA1c levels below 7.5% to avoid short and long-term complications.
Growth charts are used to compare the child's height, weight, and head size against children of the same age.
In this presentation, we will identify the most important pattern of pathological abnormal head circumference, failure to thrive, short statures and tall statures.
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) involves skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her premature or low birth weight infant. It significantly improves infant survival rates and has many health benefits. KMC can be initiated immediately after birth for stable infants and involves frequent, prolonged periods of skin-to-skin contact and exclusive breastfeeding. It provides stability for the infant's temperature, development, nutrition, and bonding with the mother. KMC also allows earlier hospital discharge and is a low-cost alternative to incubator care.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics focusing on the medical care of newborn infants, especially preterm or ill newborns, in the first 28 days after birth. It is practiced in neonatal intensive care units. Key aspects of neonatal care include respiratory support, phototherapy, oxygen therapy, and treating common conditions like respiratory distress, jaundice, and sepsis. Mortality rates such as perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality, and infant mortality are important indicators used to measure the quality of maternal and pediatric care.
Management of SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITIONRAVI PRAKASH
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION :-
DEALT WITH INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILD SUFFERING FROM SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION, ESSENTIAL AND LATEST GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT
This document contains the neonatal history of a 6 day old female infant named Baby Zigyibelu. It includes demographic and background information on the mother and father. It describes the pregnancy, delivery, and initial postpartum course. It then provides a thorough physical exam finding for each body system. The infant is growing appropriately with no significant findings noted on exam.
Play is mandatory for every child, let the age of the child be 0 or 18 years.
This topic will help you to recognize the importance and types of play. Further, it also important to know about play materials that is to be used at various age group.
This document discusses heart failure in children, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. In children, common causes include congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms vary by age but may include feeding issues, sweating, poor growth, and edema. Diagnosis involves exams, chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms. Complications can include arrhythmias, infections, and damage to other organs. Treatment focuses on supportive care, medications to improve heart function, and treating the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the cause,
The document discusses the field of pediatrics, including:
1. It outlines the different stages of childhood by age, from fetal period to adolescence, describing key features and health care needs at each stage.
2. It describes the characteristics of pediatrics, highlighting differences between pediatric and adult patients in areas like anatomy, physiology, immunology and types of diseases seen.
3. It discusses the scope and tasks of pediatrics, which involves caring for infants, children and adolescents, and promoting their growth, development and overall health.
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for each
Babitha's Notes on anemia's & bleeding disordersBabitha Devu
This note will help you in knowing about childhood anemia's like iron deficiency, SCD etc.. also some of the bleeding disorders are also explained in this.
Micronutrient deficiency is common among children globally. At least 50% of children aged 6 months to 5 years suffer from one or more micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, iodine, folate, and vitamin A. The reasons for the high prevalence include inadequate intake of nutritious foods, poor absorption of minerals and vitamins, frequent infections, and consumption of refined foods. Micronutrients play an important role in brain development during the first 1,000 days of life. Complementary feeding starting at 6 months is important to meet increased nutrient needs but current practices in India are often inadequate. Ensuring adequate nutrition through home-made preparations, breastfeeding, and fortified complementary foods can help bridge nutrition
This document discusses best practices for the nutritional support of very low birth weight infants. It covers the following key points:
1) Early initiation of parenteral nutrition within 24 hours of life, including early administration of lipids and amino acids, in order to prevent nutritional deficits and support growth.
2) Rapid advancement of parenteral nutrition to provide adequate amino acids and calories as early as possible.
3) Establishing enteral feedings with human milk as the standard, given its benefits for growth, development and reducing morbidities in preterm infants.
4) Consistent nutritional monitoring and standardized practices to optimize growth outcomes for these high-risk infants.
Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation are considered premature. Premature babies often require care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) as their organs are not fully developed. In the NICU, premature babies receive monitoring, respiratory support if needed, and are fed through tubes or IVs initially. Kangaroo care, where the baby is held skin to skin, helps with temperature regulation, breastfeeding, and weight gain. As the baby develops, parents can help with diaper changes, baths, and taking temperatures. The goal is for the baby to gain weight and develop enough to be able to eat and breathe on their own.
The document discusses infant feeding and nutrition. It covers various topics including the types and definitions of breastfeeding, the physiology of lactation, problems associated with breastfeeding, infant growth phases and their energy requirements, and the importance of proper nutrition. The key components of human milk are discussed, including fat, proteins, carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, prebiotics and probiotics. Guidelines around establishing and maintaining breastfeeding are provided. Common breastfeeding and infant feeding problems are also outlined.
Growth and development involve increasing size and function from birth through adolescence. Key milestones include doubling birth weight by 5-6 months and tripling it by 1 year. Normal growth depends on adequate nutrition. Development proceeds from head to tail and center to extremities. Monitoring growth through measurements like weight, length, head circumference, and comparing to standards helps identify deviations from normal development.
This document discusses various techniques for assessing growth in children, including weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, tissue growth assessment, bone age, dental development, and developmental assessment. Key points include tracking weight gain patterns from birth through adolescence, using formulas to estimate height and weight at different ages, measuring body parts like head and chest, and assessing development using standardized tools like the Gesell Development Schedule and Denver Developmental Screening Test. Developmental assessment aims to identify strengths and delays by comparing a child's achievements to milestones.
1. The document discusses growth and development from infancy through adolescence, outlining the key physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones at each stage.
2. It provides details on growth patterns, assessing factors like weight, height, head circumference, and teething.
3. Developmental principles are outlined, noting growth proceeds from general to complex, in a head-to-toe direction, and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Growth and development is a very important aspect of childcare. understanding growth and development enhances the ability of the child healthcare provider to properly attend to the needs of the children under his/her care. The concept of growth and development helps with early detection of both medical, social and psychological problems in a child. it makes for early intervention in child healthcare.
This document outlines growth and development milestones in children from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the definitions and differences between growth and development, factors that influence each, and methods for assessing growth including weight, length, head circumference and developmental milestones. Key stages of growth and development are outlined for infants, toddlers, preschoolers and school-aged children.
This document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative, measurable increase in size while development refers to qualitative maturation and skills. The stages of growth and development include prenatal, neonatal, infant, toddler, preschool, school-age and adolescent periods. Factors that influence growth include genetics, sex, environment, nutrition and health. Key milestones are provided for each developmental period from newborn to school-age. Assessment of growth involves measurements of weight, length/height, head circumference and other parameters.
1. The document discusses growth and development in children from newborn to school age. It defines growth, development, and the different types of each.
2. Key milestones and measurements are provided for physical, motor, language, cognitive, and social development in newborns, infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school-aged children. Growth charts and how to assess growth are also explained.
3. Determinants of growth such as genetics, environment, nutrition, and periods of rapid development are mentioned. Stages of dental development are outlined across ages.
The document discusses normal growth and development from conception through childhood. It describes the stages of growth from the ovum and embryo stages through infancy, childhood and adolescence. It outlines the factors that can affect growth and development such as genetics, hormones, nutrition, socioeconomic status and intellectual stimulation. Key growth parameters like weight, height and head circumference are provided for each stage of development. Milestones for gross motor, fine motor, social and language development are also outlined. Abnormal growth such as low birth weight, microcephaly and macrocephaly are defined and their potential causes discussed.
This document discusses pediatric growth and development from fetal development through childhood. It covers the principles of growth including cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction from general to specific abilities. Factors that can influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment and medical conditions are explained. The document also provides guidelines for monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, chest circumference and dental development at different ages.
G & D for HO students GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.pptEtalemBurako
The document discusses growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It defines growth as an increase in body size and development as increased skill and function. It provides typical growth patterns for weight, length/height, head circumference, and dentition at different ages. Factors that can influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, hormones, and environment are also examined. The document outlines methods for assessing growth, development, and factors that indicate risks.
G & D for HO students GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.pptEtalemBurako
This document discusses growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It begins by defining growth and development and outlining objectives. Normal growth patterns are then described for weight, length/height, head circumference, and dentition at different age groups. Factors affecting growth such as genetics, nutrition, and hormones are explored. The document outlines methods for assessing growth, including growth charts, weight for age, and developmental milestones. Growth and development during infancy, toddlerhood, preschool years, school age, and adolescence is detailed.
Growth and development in children progresses through distinct stages from infancy to adolescence. In the newborn stage, physical growth is rapid as weight doubles by 4-5 months. Infants develop motor skills like sitting, crawling, and walking between 6-15 months. Toddlers, aged 1-3 years, continue to gain weight and height steadily while developing fine motor abilities such as stacking blocks and coloring. Each stage is characterized by improvements in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social capabilities.
This document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and abilities. The document outlines the major stages of growth from infancy to adolescence and lists factors that can influence development such as genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, and socioeconomic status. It also provides examples of developmental milestones in areas like gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social skills that children typically reach at certain ages from birth to 2 years old.
Growth and development in children occurs in an orderly process defined by certain laws and principles. Growth refers to an increase in size due to cell multiplication and hypertrophy. It is assessed through anthropometric measurements like height, weight, head circumference etc. Development involves functional and physiological maturation and is influenced by prenatal, neonatal, social and protective factors. Both growth and development are unique for each child and follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns. Key milestones are used to evaluate motor, language, personal-social and other domains of development. Regular screening aids early detection of deviations from normal patterns.
This document provides an overview of pediatric growth and development from conception through childhood. It discusses fetal development month by month in the womb. Key stages of growth and development are outlined, along with principles like cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction of development. Factors that influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment, and disease are explained. The document also details methods of monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and other indicators at different pediatric ages.
This document discusses growth monitoring and assessment of child development. It covers the benefits of monitoring a child's growth, which include detecting health issues, ensuring proper nutrition, and identifying growth abnormalities. Key aspects of growth that are assessed are weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, and body mass index. The stages of growth from prenatal to adolescence are outlined. Methods of assessing growth include anthropometric measurements, growth charts, and developmental milestones.
This document provides information on assessing growth in children. It discusses the importance of growth assessment and outlines key parameters to measure like height, weight, head circumference, and skin fold thickness. The principles of growth and different growth patterns are explained. Normative growth charts and classifications of nutritional status are presented to interpret measurements and identify growth abnormalities. The document emphasizes the importance of serial measurements to evaluate growth velocity over time.
This document discusses various developmental milestones in different domains like gross motor, fine motor, social, language, and cognitive development from birth to 5 years. It also discusses tools used for developmental screening in India like Denver II developmental screening test, Baroda screening test, and Trivandrum developmental screening test. Additionally, it covers anthropometric measurements like weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, mid-upper arm circumference and their norms. It also provides nutrition history and calorie and protein content of common Indian foods.
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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2. Growth and development
➢ Growth : - the term growth refers to an increase in size of the body parts due to
multiplication of cells and increase in the intercellular substance.
➢ Development :- development refers to physiological maturation. It is progressive
increase in skill and capacity to function.
➢ Major developmental periods.
▪ Prenatal period - conception to birth
▪ Neonatal period - 4 birth to four weeks .
▪ Infancy - 4 four weeks to one year
▪ Toddler - 4 from one to three years
▪ Pre-school - 4 (early childhood) from three to six years
▪ School age - 4 (late childhood) from six to twelve years
▪ Adolescence - from puberty to the beginning of adulthood (13 years to 18 years)
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 2
3. Parameters of growth and development
(anthropometry)
The best indication of good overall health in an infant is steadily increasing
weight, height, head and chest circumference.
Other parameters are MUAC, dentition and suture.
❑1. weight :-
• The average new-born weight is about between 2.5 to 3.5 kg.
• The birth weight usually doubles by 5 months and triples by one year of age.
• After the first year weight gain levels off to approximately 4-6 lbs per year until
the pubertal growth spurt.
• The instrument used in weight measurement is weighing scale (electrical and
salter scale).
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 3
4. Parameters.………(continue)
• Formula for calculating weight –
• 1 to 12 months wt. = age (in months) +9
2
1 to 6 years. Wt. = {age (in years) x 2} + 8
7 yr. To 12 yr. Wt. = age (in yr.) x 7 – 5
2
❑Height / length : -
• The new born has an average length of 50 cm (18-20”).
• There is increase of 50% of the birth length by 12 month of age (75 cm ).
• The height of older child is taken when he is weighed. The infant is measured
while lying on a flat surface or on an infantometer.
• Height at 2yr – 87 cm , @3yr – 94 cm, @ 4yr – 100 cm ( double of birth height).
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 4
5. Parameters………….
❑ MUAC ( mid upper arm circumference) :-
• It taken up to age of 6 months to 59 months of age.
• Instrument is used in measurement – MUAC tape.
• Colour code in MUAC tape –
Red – less than 11.5 cm – SAM (severe acute malnutrition)
yellow – 11.5 to 12.4 cm - MAM ( moderate acute malnutrition)
green – more than 12.5 cm – normal range
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 5
6. Parameters………..
❑Head circumference : -
• Normal head circumference at birth is about 33cm.
• After one year of age head circumference is about 35 cm.
• Increase of ½ inch (1.3 – 1.5 cm) per month b/w age 1 to 6 month.
• Increase of ¼ inch (0.5 to 0.64 cm ) per month b/w ages of 6 month to 12
months. By the age of one year head circumference is 45 cm.
❑Chest circumference : -
• Normal chest circumference at birth is about 31 cm.
• At one year of age head and chest circumference equalize about 45 cm .
• Chest circumference is smaller than head circumference at birth.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 6
7. Parameters……….
❑Dentition :-
• Teething is the period of eruption of primary teeth also called as the
deciduous teeth because they are shed off.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 7
Average age of eruption
(in months)
Teeth average Age
(in months)
10 (8-12) Central incisor 8 (6-10)
11 (9-13) Lateral incisor 13 (10-16)
19 (16- 22) Canine 20 (17-23)
16 boys(13-19) girls (14-18) First molar 16 (14-18)
29 (25-53) Second molar 27 boys(23-31), girls(24-
30)
8. Parameters………
❑Suture (fontanel) : -
• The posterior fontanel measures 1x1 cm at birth and normally closed at
two months ( 1 ½ month) of age.
• The anterior fontanel measures 3.5 x 3.5 cm at birth and normally closed
at 18 months (1 ½ yrs.) of age.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 8
9. Factors influencing growth & development
Growth and development influenced by …
1. Heredity
2. environment
(i) intrauterine environment
(ii) social & economical condition
(iii) cultural influences
(iv) nutrition
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 9
10. Factors………
➢1. heredity factors : -
• Heredity refers to the genetic condition of an individual which is
established during conception.
• Color of the eyes, hair, facial features, structure of the body, physical
peculiarities, blood group are determined antiraly by heredity, sex is
determined at conception.
• Some congenital disorders due to heredity –
• Genetic disorders – haemophilia, colour blindness, phenylketonuria.
• Chromosomal disorders – down syndrome, tuner syndrome, Klinefelter
syndrome.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 10
11. Factors…………
➢2. environmental factors : -
• Environment is a most important affecting factor of growth and
development of child.
❖(i) Intrauterine environment : -
• intrauterine environment is the function of maternal circulatory pattern
which provides nutritional and gas exchange.
• Harmful prenatal factors –
- nutritional deficiencies when the mother’s diet is insufficient in quality ,
anemia in the mother.
- mechanical problems like malposition in utero.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 11
12. Factors……
- metabolic endocrine disturbance like diabetes.
- infectious disease during pregnancy – ToRCH
T – toxoplasmosis
o – other infections
R – rubella
C – cytomegalo virus
H – herpes simplex & syphilis
- smoking and use of alcohol and drugs may result in prematurity or
deformity of child.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 12
13. Factors………
❖(ii) Social & economic conditions : -
• Poverty, crowded living conditions, ignorance and lack of interest on the
part of the parents may lead to retardation of the 6ormal growth and
development of children.
❖(iii) cultural influences : -
• The effect of a particular culture on a child begins the way a cultural group
takes care of the female children of its community and the women.
• Gender discrimination and other issues affects the growth of children.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 13
14. Factors…….
❖(iv) Nutrition : -
• It has been established that prolonged malnutrition of the expectant
mother is one of the most common causes of low birth weight, fetal and
neonatal deaths and incurably damaged infants.
• Adolescent girls have the poorest diet in most cases because of their desire
to be slim.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 14
15. Characteristics of development
There are certain basic predictable characteristics of this basic blue print of
development. There are as follows : -
✓ Development is similar for all.
✓ Development proceeds from general to specific.
✓ Development is continues.
✓ There is co- ordination in development.
✓ Development proceeds at different rates.
✓ Development comes from maturation and learning.
✓ There are individual differences.
✓ Early development is more significant than later development.
✓ Development proceeds by stages such as fetal, infancy, babyhood and adolescent.
✓ There are predictable patterns of physical development.
- cephalocaudal,
- proximodistal
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 15
16. Milestones
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 16
Age (in
months)
Physical
development
Gross & fine
motor
Speech &
language
Vision Social /
emotion/
play
cognition
1 10% of body
weight is lost
during first 10
days.
Gross motor-
Turn head side to
side when prone.
Fine motor -
hands
predominantly
closed.
Responds to
human
voices.
Makes small
throaty
sounds.
Responds to
human
voices.
Cries when
Hungary or
uncomfortable.
-
2 Posterior fontanel
closed at 6 to 8
weeks.
Gross motor-
Start lifting head ,
occasionally while
on tummy.(45 )
Fine motor –
Open hand
intermediately.
Makes coos,
laugh, throaty
sounds like
gargling
cooing.
Can see large
objects.
Social smile
begins
responds to
mother’s facial
expressions
after being
talked.
Eye to eye
contact.
17. Milestones……..
4 -Drooling indicates
appearance of saliva.
-Moro’s reflex, tonic
neck reflex and
rooting reflex
disappears.
gross motor –
Holds head up, lifts
the head and chest
with support on
forearm, sitting with
support head held
standing.
Fine motor –
Reaches for and grasps
an object brings both
hands in mid line and
is able to play around
with both hands.
Turns eyes to
sound, laugh
aloud or
squeals with
laughter.
Eye can follows
the toy, stares
at own hand ,
no crossed eye.
While sitting in
mother’s lap,
smiles back at
mothers and
holds head
steadily.
Looks at
objects, it is
holding.
(observe the
toy).
6 Birth weight
doubles. (at 5
month.)
Two lower incisor
erupted.
Begin to bite and
chew.
Gross motor –
Able to sit with
support, can roll over
from prone to supine
Fine motor –
Holds objects using
thumb side (radial
palmer grasp), transfer
object from hand to
hand (begin).
Monosyllabic
early ‘ba’ ‘ba’
‘ma’.
Turns head to
sound.
Can look for a
dropped spoon,
shifts gaze from
one object to
another.
Stretches arm to
be picked up.
Moves to look
for a fallen
object, child
pays attention
to a person
and an object.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 17
18. Milestone……..
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 18
9 -Being to show
pattern in bladder
and bowel
elimination.
- Eruption of
upper central
incisor.
Gross motor –
Sit without arm
support, reciprocal
(alternate hands
and legs movement)
Crawling.
Fine motor –
Holds objects like
marble b/w thumbs
and first two fingers.
Transfer objects
from hand to hand.
Polysyllabic
babbling ‘mama’,
‘baba’.
Non specific
mama ,dada etc.
Avoids
bumping
into objects
while
moving.
Plays peck a boo
responds to his/
her name.
Looks for a
toy that is
completely
covered.
12 - Birth weight
triples.
- Birth length
increased by
50%
- Has 6-8
deciduous
teeth.
Gross motor-
Able walk while
holding the parents
hand.
Fine motor –
Able to pick up
small objects with
thumb and finger
tip.
Can say at least
one meaningful
word clearly and
specifically like
‘papa’, ‘mama’,
‘dada’ ,
Understand the
word ‘no’.
Looks
alternately
at near and
far objects.
Waves good bye,
hugs Doll or any
one (express
emotions of
affection/ joy/
anger/ fear/ like
kissing, cuddling,
crying etc.)
Gives objects on
request able to
deliver toys to the
father or mother.
Looks for a
toy that is
completely
covered,
puts blokes
into cup.
19. Milestone………
15 Toddler adds
about 3.6 kg
weight each year
and increases
about 3 inches
in height.
There is
continued
eruption of
tooth.
Gross motor-
Begins to walk alone,
walking pattern is wide
based, creeps on the
stairs.
Fine motor –
Pointing with index
finger (where is bottle)
scribbles in imitation,
turns 3-4 pages at a time
and tower of 2 blocks,
manipulate, exploration
of toys in hand.
Points to
common
objects (in the
pictures
book) when
named, can
speak 4-6
words.
Can put a
circular shape
in a puzzle.
Looks for a
toy that was
displaced.
Pretends play
like feeding
the doll.
Follows
simple
instruction
– ‘give me
the ball’,
‘come here’,
‘sit down’.
18 Anterior
fontanel closed,
abdomen pro-
trudes, has
sphincter
control.
Gross motor-
Child walks steadily
even while holding or
pulling a toy begins
to run walks upstairs
with help.
Fine motor –
Spontaneously
scribbles, turns 2-3
pages at a time, build
tower of 3-4 blokes.
Has
expressive
vocabulary of
10 -20 words.
Can listen
and responds
to simple
directions.
- Usually play
beside other
children but
not with
them.
Identifies at
least one or
two body
parts when
asked.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 19
20. Milestones…….
24 - Gross motor-
Runs well, able to jump,
walks up and down,
stairs without help (2feet
steps).
Fine motor –
Open the bottle by
turning cap, turn page
one at a time. Imitates
vertical stroke with
pencil, build tower of 7-
8 cubes.
Speaks in two
words
combination –
‘mama milk’.
Identifies a
picture in a
book or points
to his own
photo.
Imitates every
day activity
like sweeping,
washing
cloths.
Opens lid of
container to
obtain a
sweet, stack
rings on a
page in order,
mention six
body parts.
36 Child grows
about 1.8 kg each
year and 2+
inches taller each
year.
Gross motor –
Hops one to three times
on one foot, can climb
up and down stairs.
Able to go down stairs
with alternating feet
without holding.
Fine motor –
Mimic straight line and
circle, tower of 9 cubes
or bridge.
Is able to ask
‘what is this’ ,
speak simple
sentence and
three words
sentence.
Able to give the
name of one to
two colors.
Able to play
together with
other friends.
(cross play)
Matches
blocks that
are of same
colors, puts
square
triangle on
the form
board.
Differentiate
between cup
plate, big &
small.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 20
21. Neonatal reflexes
The inborn reflexes present at the time of birth and occur in a predictable
fashion.
If these reflexes persists beyond the normal age limit indicates cerebral
damage or immaturity.
➢Moro’s reflex : -
• It is initiated by any sudden movement of the neck.
• It consists of rapid abduction and extension of upper limbs and opening
of hands, within the movements the arms comes together again.
• It begins at 28 weeks of gestation and disappears at the age of 4-5 months.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 21
22. Reflexes………
➢Startle reflex :-
• It is initiated by sudden sound.
• It consists of rapid abduction and extension of upper limbs and opening
of hands, within the movements the arms comes together again.
• It begins at 28 weeks of gestation and disappears at the age of 4-5 months.
➢Palmer grasp reflex : -
• Light touch on the palm produce reflex flexion of fingers.
• It begins at 32 weeks of gestation and disappears at the age of 3-4 months.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 22
23. Reflexes………
➢ Planter grasp reflex : -
• Placing objects or fingers beneath the toes causing the carling of toes around
the object.
• It present at the 32 wks. of gestation and disappear at age of 9-12 months.
➢ Dancing or stepping reflex : -
• When the sole of foot is pressed against the couch, baby tries to walk, its look
like as a baby is dancing.
• It present at birth and disappear at the age of 2-4 months.
➢ Doll’s eye reflex : -
• Passive turning of head the new-born leaves the eye behind.
• It present at the birth and disappears few weeks after birth.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 23
24. Reflexes…………….
➢Tonic neck reflex : -
• In the supine position when the head and neck of the baby turn to a side
than limbs of same side become extend and the limbs of opposite side get
flexed.
• It present at the time of birth and disappear at the age of 2-3 months.
➢Babinski’s reflex : -
• When a firm painful stroke along the lateral border of sole from hill to toe
the response consist of flexion and extension of the big toe and the other
toes fanning outwards.
• It present at the time of birth and disappears at the age of 9-10 months.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 24
25. Reflexes………
➢ Rooting reflex :-
• When the corner of mouth is touched the lower lip is lowered and tongue moves
towards stimuli.
• It is starts at the 28 wks. of gestation but well stablished at 32wks. of gestation
and disappears at the age of 3-4 months.
➢ Sucking & swallowing reflex : -
• starts at the 28 wks. of gestation but well stablished at 32-34 wks. of gestation
and disappears at the age of 12 months.
➢ Gag reflex : -
• It is the reflex contraction of back of the throat.
• It present at the time of birth and persists life time.
Tuesday, 09 August 2022 25