The document discusses groups and group dynamics. It defines groups as consisting of two or more people who see themselves as members working toward shared goals and interacting with one another. Group dynamics refers to the forces that emerge within a group as a result of member interaction and how this impacts the group's productivity and decision-making. High group cohesiveness and norms can increase productivity, while an absence of norms despite cohesiveness may decrease it. The stages of group development are also outlined.

1. DR RAJNI SINGH

2. GROUP
 Aggregation of people to achieve some common goals.
 Kurt Lewin
 Group dynamics- It includes the forces emerging inside a
group as a result of interaction. It is a study of behaviors
occurring inside a group as a result of interaction among
the group members. It is a social system of a group.
 Productivity of a group depends upon group decision
making. Study of group dynamics tells that how groups
should be operated and organized.
 Group norms-Acceptable standards of behaviour within a
group that are shared with the group members.
 Conformity- adjusting one’s behaviour to align with the
norms of the group.

3. What is Group???
Two or more people
Shared goals
People see themselves
As members
There is interaction
Among members
Group

4. Team
 Team- it is a group. For a team synergy and
coordination is needed. In a team performance of one
person is affected by others. Collective performance is
required.
 Organizations prefer the use of teams for
organizational performance.
 Teams have specific goals and roles for its team
members.
 A group is able to work as a team only if the goals and
roles of the members are clear and there is no
confusion inside the group.

5. Types of group
 Formal groups- Groups defined by the organization.
 Informal groups-a group that is neither formally
structured nor organizationally determined; appears
in response to the social contact.
 Informal gps have affect on an ind.s behaviour as well
as on org.s performance.

6. Types of group
1. FORMAL
a. Command group- groups formed on the basis of
organizational chart (Hierarchy)
b. Committees-to achieve specific goals.
c. Team-specific purpose, specific skills, high level of
interaction.
2. INFORMAL
a. Interest group- have common interests, like trade
unions
b. Friendship group- common characteristics.

7. Why do people Join group??
The people often join groups since the groups give the members a stability and
enhances their achievement capacity. The main reasons to join a group are:
Have a sense of security
Have a status
Develop Self-esteem
Power
Goal achievement

8. Group dynamics
Group dynamics is the study of forces emerging inside
a group as a result of interaction. It is a social system of
a group. Productivity of a group depends upon its
decision making.
Functional groups- creativity, new ideas, positive
feeling of belongingness, high cohesiveness
Dysfunctional groups- negative aspect of informal
groups- energy loss, conflict, time waste, diversion
from main goal, feel at home and relaxed.

9. Group structure
Structure of the group consists of roles, norms,
cohesiveness, status
 Group role- a set of expected behaviour
1. role perception
2. role expectation
3. role conflict
 Norms- acceptable standards of behaviour within a
group that are shared by group’s members. Unwritten
informal rules.

10.  Cohesiveness- degree to which group members are
attracted to each other and wanted to stay in the
group. Cohesiveness influences productivity.
 Status –socially defined positions given to the groups
by the group members.
For high productivity both group norms and group
cohesiveness is required.
Group cohesiveness has a negative impact on group
productivity in the absence of group norms.

11. Importance of High Cohesiveness
Low
Cohesiveness
- Negative Feelings
- More Problems
- Less Productive
 High Cohesiveness
- Unity
- Interactive
- Positive Feelings
- Ability to Cope with Problems
- More Productive

12. Impact of group norms and
cohesiveness on group productivity

13. Group decision making
Merits of gp decision making
 Pool of information is created
 Different views
 Commitment to decisions
 High morale
 Creativity and innovation
 Team spirit strong

14. Demerits
1.Costly & time consuming
2. Compromise
3. Interpersonal conflicts
4. Social pressures
5. Groupism
6. No decisions

15. Group decision making
 Meetings- Interaction
 Brainstorming- it refers to generation of ideas, all ideas
are welcome (positive or negative, relevant or irrelevant),
no criticism, evaluating them and arriving at a better
solution to the problem
 Nominal group technique- verbal communication is not
encouraged initially. All the group members have to write
their suggestions on a paper without discussing them. A list
having all the ideas is prepared then there is open
discussion on the ideas, after discussion ranks are assigned
to the ideas according to the priority, idea with the highest
rank is selected for implementation.

16.  Delphi technique- it is used when members are
geographically dispersed and cannot assemble at a place to
solve the problems. Saves time and money but it is time
consuming, lack of personal interaction amongst the group
members.
After problem identification a questionnaire is prepared
for respondents, it is sent to the members and then filled
questionnaires are collected and compiled at the central
location, results are sent to the group members and they
are asked to give further suggestions, suggestions are
reviewed and the process is repeated until a consensus is
not arrived.

18. Group decision making
Impact of group on individual’s Behaviour OR Problems
at the time of group decision making-
 Social loafing- working less in a group then individually
 Group think- process in which the norm for consensus
overrides the realistic appraisal. Decisions taken due to
group pressures.
 Group shift- Risky shift- a change in decision risk between
the group’s decision and individual decision that members
within the group would make; can be either towards
conservatism or greater risk. (Group takes more bold and
daring decisions as responsibility of outcome lies on the
whole group).

19. Stages of group development
 5 stages of group development
 Forming
 Storming
 Norming
 Performing
 Adjourning

20. 1. FORMING- at this stage there is a great deal of
uncertainty and anxiety about the group’s purpose,
structure and leadership. This stage is complete
when the group members began to think themselves
as a part of the group. (introduction of the group
members)
2. STORMING- in this stage there is intra-group
conflict. There is conflict over power i.e who will
control the group. When this stage is complete there
develops a clear hierarchy of leadership within the
group. (control)

21.  NORMING- at this stage close relationships and group
cohesiveness develops. There emerges positive feelings and
emotional support. At this stage all the group members
focuses on the task in hand. Standards of behaviour are set.
High group cohesiveness and high group norms. (affection)
 PERFORMING- Actual performance of the task is done.
Group puts its positive energy into the task achievement. It
is the most preferable stage. ( mature group/ performer).
 ADJOURNING- termination of the group after the task
achievement.