ppt prep

1. GROUP MEMEBERS

2. •Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It
is a rod shaped, aerobic and actively motile
bacteria by peritrichous flagella, which is able to
migrate across surfaces due its “swarming”
characteristic in temperatures between 20 and
37 °C.[1] Their size generally ranges from 0.4–0.8
μm in diameter and 1.0–3.0 μm in length.

3. • They are noncapsulated.
• The name ‘Proteus’ refers to their pleomorphism,
after the Greek God Proteus who could assumeany
shape.
• Four species: Proteus mirabilis, P vulgaris, P penneri
and P myxofaciens are recognized. Proteus mirabilis, P.
vulgaris are widely recognized as human pathogens.

4. CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEUS
• On nutrient agar, Proteus species typically form
circular, smooth, and convex colonies with a
translucent appearance.Colonies may exhibit irregular
edges and a slightly mucoid consistency.
• On blood agar, Proteus colonies appear grayish-white
to creamy-yellow in color.They may display a
spreading or swarming growth pattern due to their
characteristic swarming motility.

5. • Blood agar may also show hemolysis, with some
Proteus strains producing beta-hemolysis (complete
hemolysis) or alpha-hemolysis (partial hemolysis).
• Proteus species are generally lactose non-fermenters,
meaning they do not utilize lactose as a carbon
source. This characteristic is evident on differential
media like MacConkey agar, where they form colorless
colonies.

6. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEUS
• They are gram negative
• Proteus species are known for their ability to produce
urease, an enzyme that hydrolyzes urea to produce
ammonia and carbon dioxide. This activity results in
the characteristic alkaline reaction and pink color
change in urea-containing media.

7. • Proteus species are typically indole-negative, meaning
they do not produce indole from tryptophan.
• In TSI agar, Proteus species may produce alkaline slant
and acid butt reactions, indicating glucose
fermentation with gas production.Some strains may
also exhibit hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production,
appearing as a blackening of the medium.

8. • Proteus species are generally lactose non-fermenters,
meaning they do not utilize lactose as a carbon
source.
• Proteus species are citrate-negative
• In TSI agar, Proteus species may exhibit various
reactions, including an alkaline slant with an acid butt,
gas production, and sometimes hydrogen sulfide
production.

9. • Proteus species are typically negative in the Voges-
Proskauer test, indicating the absence of acetoin
production.
• Proteus species are highly motile, exhibiting swarming
motility on the surface of solid media.
• Proteus species are catalase-positive and oxidase-
negative

10. VIRULENCE FACTORS
• Motility: Proteus species are highly motile due to the
presence of flagella, which allows them to swarm
across surfaces and invade tissues. This motility is
considered a significant virulence factor as it helps in
tissue penetration and colonization.
• Adhesins: Proteus bacteria produce various adhesins
that enable them to adhere to host tissues, facilitating
colonization and evasion of the host immune
response.

11. • Urease Production: Proteus species are known for
their ability to produce urease, an enzyme that
hydrolyzes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This urease activity leads to the alkalinization of urine,
which can contribute to the formation of urinary tract
stones (calculi) and the development of urinary tract
infections.

12. • Proteus species can form biofilms on biotic and abiotic
surfaces. Biofilm formation helps protect the bacteria
from host defenses and antimicrobial agents,
contributing to persistent infections.
• Proteus species possess lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in
their outer membrane, which can elicit a strong
inflammatory response in the host, leading to sepsis
and other systemic manifestations of infection.

13. • Some strains of Proteus produce hemolysins and
cytotoxins that can damage host cells and tissues,
contributing to the severity of infections.
• Proteus bacteria can exhibit resistance to various
antibiotics, complicating the treatment of infections
caused by these organisms.

14. PATHOGENICITY
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Proteus species
contribute significantly to UTIs, especially in
individuals with urinary tract abnormalities or
predisposing factors. Their urease enzyme production
leads to the formation of urinary stones, causing
irritation and inflammation.

15. • Pyelonephritis: Proteus bacteria can ascend from the
bladder to the kidneys, leading to a potentially severe
kidney infection.
• Wound Infections: Proteus species can infect wounds,
especially in individuals with compromised immune
systems or traumatic injuries. Their motility and
biofilm formation contribute to delayed wound
healing and potential complications.

16. • Bacteremia and Sepsis: In severe cases, Proteus
infections can lead to bacteremia, potentially causing
sepsis and systemic infection manifestations.
• Prosthetic Device Infections: Proteus bacteria are
implicated in infections associated with prosthetic
devices, leading to persistent infections and device-
related complications.

17. •Resistant Infections: Some Proteus bacteria
may exhibit resistance to antibiotics,
increasing the risk of treatment failure and
recurrent infections.

18. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PROTEUS.
• SPECIMEN SAMPLES INCLUDE
Urine.
Pus.
Blood.
Ear discharge.

19. •.Culturing the organism from clinical specimens
like urine, wound swabs, or blood is the primary
method for diagnosing Proteus infections.
Selective media, such as MacConkey agar or
blood agar, may be used to isolate Proteus
species.

20. • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Testing the
susceptibility of the isolated organism to various
antibiotics is crucial for guiding appropriate antibiotic
therapy.
• Molecular Methods: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
assays may be used for rapid identification of Proteus
species and detection of specific virulence factors or
antibiotic resistance genes.

21. •Biochemical Tests: Once isolated, Proteus
species can be identified based on their
biochemical characteristics. These include tests
for urease production, indole production,
motility, and carbohydrate fermentation
patterns.

22. •Urinalysis: For urinary tract infections caused by
Proteus species, urinalysis may reveal
characteristic findings such as alkaline pH,
presence of urinary crystals (struvite), and
sometimes haematuria or pyuria.

23. •Imaging: In cases of complicated urinary tract
infections or infections spreading to other
organs, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT
scans may be used to assess the extent of the
infection and associated complications.

24. TREATMENT OF PROTEUS
• Proteus mirabilis: amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, or
ciprofloxacin. In cases of complicated or recurrent
infections, the choice of antibiotics may be guided by
the results of urine culture and sensitivity testing
• Proteus vulgaris:amoxicillin-clavulanate,
fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins.
The choice of antibiotics should be based on the
specific infection and the antimicrobial susceptibility
of the strain

25. •Proteus penneri:fluoroquinolones,
aminoglycosides, or trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole.The selection of antibiotics
should be guided by the susceptibility profile of
the isolated strain

26. CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF PROTEUS
• Emphasize proper hand hygiene to prevent the
transmission of bacteria.
• Implement infection control measures in healthcare
• Use antibiotics judiciously to prevent the
development of antibiotic-resistant strains.
• Ensure proper wound care to minimize the risk of
infection.

27. • Maintain cleanliness in environments, especially in
healthcare settings.
• Regularly disinfect surfaces and medical equipment.
• In healthcare settings, consider appropriate isolation
precautions for patients with Proteus infections.
• Practice safe handling and preparation of food.
• Ensure the safety of water sources to prevent
waterborne infections.

28. •Thank you