This document provides information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes symptoms like fever and chills.
- The life cycle involves the parasite infecting the liver, multiplying in red blood cells, and being transmitted between mosquitoes and humans. Some parasites can lie dormant in the liver.
- Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy identification of parasite stages. Treatment involves chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on parasite resistance. Complications can include cerebral malaria, breathing issues, organ failure or low blood sugar.
Plasmodium's Deadly Tango: A Microscopic Thriller
Imagine a tiny dancer pirouetting through your blood, causing chaos inside your cells. That's Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, in a nutshell. Here's its life cycle in a quick spin:
Act 1: Mosquito Maestro: Plasmodium chills in a mosquito's gut, multiplying like crazy.
Act 2: Liver Invasion: The parasites storm your liver, transforming into hungry blobs.
Act 3: Bloodshed Ballet: They invade your red blood cells, feasting and multiplying, making you feel rotten.
Act 4: Game of Chance: Some parasites turn into sexual partners, waiting for a mosquito's return.
Act 5: Mosquito Encore: When bitten again, the partners tango in the mosquito, creating thousands of baby Plasmodiums, ready to start the dance all over again.
This microscopic thriller highlights the cunning parasite's cycle and the ongoing fight to disrupt its deadly rhythm. Remember, understanding its moves is key to winning the battle against malaria!
Blood and tissue flagellates like Leishmania and Trypanosoma are single-celled eukaryotes that infect vertebrate hosts and are transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. They have complex life cycles involving different morphological forms and hosts. Leishmania causes cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Plasmodium causes malaria with asexual stages in the liver and blood of humans and sexual stages in mosquitoes. Toxoplasma gondii infects warm-blooded animals and humans, forming tissue cysts that can remain lifelong; it has stages in cats and intermediate hosts. Balantidium
This document provides information about the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). It discusses:
- The four main Plasmodium species that infect humans and their geographic distributions.
- The full life cycle, which involves sexual reproduction in mosquitoes followed by asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- Key stages of the life cycle including sporozoite formation in mosquitoes, infection of human liver cells, rupture and infection of red blood cells, and gametocyte formation.
- Molecular mechanisms of red blood cell invasion by merozoites, including receptor binding and vacuole formation.
Four species of Plasmodium commonly cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. They have complex life cycles that involve sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and red blood cells. Symptoms include periodic fevers corresponding to the rupture of infected red blood cells. Diagnosis is via microscopic examination of blood smears to identify the parasitic stages or rapid diagnostic tests to detect parasite antigens.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria poses a major public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. The parasite undergoes development stages in both the human host and the mosquito vector during its life cycle. Symptoms occur during the parasite's asexual replication stage in the human blood. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasite in blood smears under the microscope or detecting parasite antigens. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It outlines the life cycles of the parasites within both human and mosquito hosts, describing the various stages including sporozoites, merozoites, trophozoites, and gametocytes. The most common human Plasmodium species are identified and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria are discussed at a high level.
This is simplified lecture, prepared for MBBS students, Nursing students and other medical students also helpful for NEET preparation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Microbiology by Apurba S Sastry
This document provides information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes symptoms like fever and chills.
- The life cycle involves the parasite infecting the liver, multiplying in red blood cells, and being transmitted between mosquitoes and humans. Some parasites can lie dormant in the liver.
- Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy identification of parasite stages. Treatment involves chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on parasite resistance. Complications can include cerebral malaria, breathing issues, organ failure or low blood sugar.
Plasmodium's Deadly Tango: A Microscopic Thriller
Imagine a tiny dancer pirouetting through your blood, causing chaos inside your cells. That's Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, in a nutshell. Here's its life cycle in a quick spin:
Act 1: Mosquito Maestro: Plasmodium chills in a mosquito's gut, multiplying like crazy.
Act 2: Liver Invasion: The parasites storm your liver, transforming into hungry blobs.
Act 3: Bloodshed Ballet: They invade your red blood cells, feasting and multiplying, making you feel rotten.
Act 4: Game of Chance: Some parasites turn into sexual partners, waiting for a mosquito's return.
Act 5: Mosquito Encore: When bitten again, the partners tango in the mosquito, creating thousands of baby Plasmodiums, ready to start the dance all over again.
This microscopic thriller highlights the cunning parasite's cycle and the ongoing fight to disrupt its deadly rhythm. Remember, understanding its moves is key to winning the battle against malaria!
Blood and tissue flagellates like Leishmania and Trypanosoma are single-celled eukaryotes that infect vertebrate hosts and are transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. They have complex life cycles involving different morphological forms and hosts. Leishmania causes cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Plasmodium causes malaria with asexual stages in the liver and blood of humans and sexual stages in mosquitoes. Toxoplasma gondii infects warm-blooded animals and humans, forming tissue cysts that can remain lifelong; it has stages in cats and intermediate hosts. Balantidium
This document provides information about the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). It discusses:
- The four main Plasmodium species that infect humans and their geographic distributions.
- The full life cycle, which involves sexual reproduction in mosquitoes followed by asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- Key stages of the life cycle including sporozoite formation in mosquitoes, infection of human liver cells, rupture and infection of red blood cells, and gametocyte formation.
- Molecular mechanisms of red blood cell invasion by merozoites, including receptor binding and vacuole formation.
Four species of Plasmodium commonly cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. They have complex life cycles that involve sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and red blood cells. Symptoms include periodic fevers corresponding to the rupture of infected red blood cells. Diagnosis is via microscopic examination of blood smears to identify the parasitic stages or rapid diagnostic tests to detect parasite antigens.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria poses a major public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. The parasite undergoes development stages in both the human host and the mosquito vector during its life cycle. Symptoms occur during the parasite's asexual replication stage in the human blood. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasite in blood smears under the microscope or detecting parasite antigens. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It outlines the life cycles of the parasites within both human and mosquito hosts, describing the various stages including sporozoites, merozoites, trophozoites, and gametocytes. The most common human Plasmodium species are identified and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria are discussed at a high level.
This is simplified lecture, prepared for MBBS students, Nursing students and other medical students also helpful for NEET preparation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Microbiology by Apurba S Sastry
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
9 bio265 viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
The document provides an introduction to viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes their basic structures and life cycles. Key points include: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts; fungi include molds and yeasts, with Candida albicans being an opportunistic pathogen; protozoa include amoebas, plasmodium which causes malaria, and trypanosomes; helminths are multicellular parasites including flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms that have complex life cycles involving hosts.
Plasmodium are unicellular protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. They have a complex lifecycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for parasites, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention relies on mosquito control and use of bed nets and repellents.
This document summarizes key information about various parasites (protozoa and helminths) that can infect humans. It describes the causative agents of diseases like amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, malaria, ascariasis, schistosomiasis, and hydatid cyst disease. For each parasite, it provides details on the disease they cause, their life cycles, modes of transmission, characteristics of different life stages, pathogenicity and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document separates parasites into categories like protozoa (discussing sarcodina, mastigophora and sporozoa), nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes to systematically present information about
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. It requires two hosts, a mosquito and a human, to complete its lifecycle. In humans, the parasite first infects liver cells and then travels to red blood cells, multiplying and causing symptoms. Some parasites develop into male and female gametocytes that a mosquito can ingest. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo sexual reproduction and development stages before migrating to the mosquito's salivary glands, ready to infect a new human host during biting and restart the cycle.
This document summarizes information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.
- The parasites have complex life cycles involving human and mosquito hosts. They are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Symptoms include periodic fevers, chills, fatigue and others. Diagnosis is typically via examination of blood smears under microscopy.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding. Some protozoa have complex life cycles involving sexual reproduction through fusion of gametes. Examples mentioned include Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic dysentery; Plasmodium vivax, which causes malaria; and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which causes African sleeping sickness.
Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. There are four species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. falciparum is the most deadly. Malaria infects over 200 million people worldwide each year and kills over 1 million. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving transmission between humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. Effective prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and chemoprophylaxis with antimalarial drugs.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
The malarial parasite Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, Plasmodium invades liver cells and red blood cells in asexual cycles, and sexual stages form in the mosquito in a sporogonic cycle. There are four main species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia, and is diagnosed microscopically or with molecular tests. Treatment depends on species and severity, while prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance and chemoprophylaxis.
1) The document outlines the kingdoms of life and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from prokaryotes that engaged in endosymbiosis with early eukaryotes.
2) Representative protists are described, including slime moulds, red and brown algae, protozoa like amoebas and paramecium, and the malaria-causing plasmodium.
3) Euglena is presented as a protist that exhibits both plant-like and animal-like characteristics, being able to perform photosynthesis using chloroplasts but also ingest food via phagocytosis.
This PowerPoint is to be used in a Biology course for 12th grade students. The topic is Malaria and its life cycle, as well as, its effects on the human population.
The malaria parasite lifecycle involves two hosts. When a female Anopheles mosquito feeds on an infected human, it ingests sexual stage parasites called gametocytes. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo sexual reproduction and development into sporozoites, which travel to the mosquito's salivary glands. When the mosquito then bites a new human host, it inoculates these sporozoites, initiating liver and blood stage infection in the human and perpetuating the lifecycle.
This document summarizes key information about the protozoan Plasmodium species that cause malaria. It describes the life cycles of several Plasmodium species, including P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum, and P. knowlesi. These species infect red blood cells and are transmitted between humans and mosquitos. The document highlights specifics about the physiology and structures of different Plasmodium species and differences in their life cycles, hosts, symptoms caused, and global disease burden.
Medical & Biological basics of parasitism.Eneutron
This document discusses various types of parasitic interactions and focuses on protozoan parasites of humans. It defines different types of interactions like parasitism, symbiosis, and commensalism. It describes the life cycles of various protozoan parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania tropica. It discusses the diseases caused by these parasites, their morphologies, life cycles involving human and other hosts, modes of transmission, locations within the host, and clinical manifestations. The document also provides classifications and descriptions of medically important protozoa.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This document discusses various protozoan parasites that infect humans. It begins by describing four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It then discusses Babesia microti, transmitted by ticks, which can infect red blood cells similar to malaria. Finally, it covers the hemoflagellates Trypanosoma and Leishmania, both of which are transmitted by insect vectors and have life cycles involving different morphological forms in human and insect hosts.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
9 bio265 viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
The document provides an introduction to viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes their basic structures and life cycles. Key points include: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts; fungi include molds and yeasts, with Candida albicans being an opportunistic pathogen; protozoa include amoebas, plasmodium which causes malaria, and trypanosomes; helminths are multicellular parasites including flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms that have complex life cycles involving hosts.
Plasmodium are unicellular protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. They have a complex lifecycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for parasites, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention relies on mosquito control and use of bed nets and repellents.
This document summarizes key information about various parasites (protozoa and helminths) that can infect humans. It describes the causative agents of diseases like amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, malaria, ascariasis, schistosomiasis, and hydatid cyst disease. For each parasite, it provides details on the disease they cause, their life cycles, modes of transmission, characteristics of different life stages, pathogenicity and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document separates parasites into categories like protozoa (discussing sarcodina, mastigophora and sporozoa), nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes to systematically present information about
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. It requires two hosts, a mosquito and a human, to complete its lifecycle. In humans, the parasite first infects liver cells and then travels to red blood cells, multiplying and causing symptoms. Some parasites develop into male and female gametocytes that a mosquito can ingest. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo sexual reproduction and development stages before migrating to the mosquito's salivary glands, ready to infect a new human host during biting and restart the cycle.
This document summarizes information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.
- The parasites have complex life cycles involving human and mosquito hosts. They are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Symptoms include periodic fevers, chills, fatigue and others. Diagnosis is typically via examination of blood smears under microscopy.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding. Some protozoa have complex life cycles involving sexual reproduction through fusion of gametes. Examples mentioned include Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic dysentery; Plasmodium vivax, which causes malaria; and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which causes African sleeping sickness.
Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. There are four species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. falciparum is the most deadly. Malaria infects over 200 million people worldwide each year and kills over 1 million. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving transmission between humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. Effective prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and chemoprophylaxis with antimalarial drugs.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
The malarial parasite Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, Plasmodium invades liver cells and red blood cells in asexual cycles, and sexual stages form in the mosquito in a sporogonic cycle. There are four main species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia, and is diagnosed microscopically or with molecular tests. Treatment depends on species and severity, while prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance and chemoprophylaxis.
1) The document outlines the kingdoms of life and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from prokaryotes that engaged in endosymbiosis with early eukaryotes.
2) Representative protists are described, including slime moulds, red and brown algae, protozoa like amoebas and paramecium, and the malaria-causing plasmodium.
3) Euglena is presented as a protist that exhibits both plant-like and animal-like characteristics, being able to perform photosynthesis using chloroplasts but also ingest food via phagocytosis.
This PowerPoint is to be used in a Biology course for 12th grade students. The topic is Malaria and its life cycle, as well as, its effects on the human population.
The malaria parasite lifecycle involves two hosts. When a female Anopheles mosquito feeds on an infected human, it ingests sexual stage parasites called gametocytes. Within the mosquito, the parasites undergo sexual reproduction and development into sporozoites, which travel to the mosquito's salivary glands. When the mosquito then bites a new human host, it inoculates these sporozoites, initiating liver and blood stage infection in the human and perpetuating the lifecycle.
This document summarizes key information about the protozoan Plasmodium species that cause malaria. It describes the life cycles of several Plasmodium species, including P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum, and P. knowlesi. These species infect red blood cells and are transmitted between humans and mosquitos. The document highlights specifics about the physiology and structures of different Plasmodium species and differences in their life cycles, hosts, symptoms caused, and global disease burden.
Medical & Biological basics of parasitism.Eneutron
This document discusses various types of parasitic interactions and focuses on protozoan parasites of humans. It defines different types of interactions like parasitism, symbiosis, and commensalism. It describes the life cycles of various protozoan parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania tropica. It discusses the diseases caused by these parasites, their morphologies, life cycles involving human and other hosts, modes of transmission, locations within the host, and clinical manifestations. The document also provides classifications and descriptions of medically important protozoa.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This document discusses various protozoan parasites that infect humans. It begins by describing four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It then discusses Babesia microti, transmitted by ticks, which can infect red blood cells similar to malaria. Finally, it covers the hemoflagellates Trypanosoma and Leishmania, both of which are transmitted by insect vectors and have life cycles involving different morphological forms in human and insect hosts.
The document discusses diagnostic testing for infectious diseases. It describes the diagnostic cycle which includes pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases. It then provides detailed guidelines for collecting, transporting, and processing various specimen types including blood, respiratory, urine, wound/soft tissue, and stool samples. Key steps include using proper collection containers and transport methods, obtaining sufficient samples, and following rejection criteria to ensure sample quality and accurate results.
This document summarizes key concepts in microbial nutrition and metabolism. It discusses the importance of carbon, nitrogen, and other macronutrients for microbial cells. It also describes different metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that break down nutrients to generate energy. Additionally, it outlines various mechanisms that microbes use to generate energy, including fermentation, aerobic/anaerobic respiration, chemolithotrophy, and phototrophy.
Viruses are non-living particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material surrounded by a protective coat. Viruses infect both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of a virus to stimulate an immune response and generate memory cells to fight future infections. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796 by inoculating people with cowpox to protect against smallpox. Modern vaccines are either live attenuated viruses or inactivated viruses and work by priming the immune system without causing disease. Common childhood vaccines protect against measles, mumps, rubella, polio and other diseases.
Bacterial genetics involves the study of genes, DNA, and how genetic information is passed from generation to generation in bacteria. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing bases that pair together in a double helix structure. Genes on DNA code for proteins and traits. DNA replication duplicates genetic material through a semi-conservative process before cell division. Transcription and translation then allow genes to be expressed as proteins. Mutations can occur through errors in replication or exposure to mutagens and can be passed to offspring. Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
This document discusses antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST), which determines which antibiotics will effectively treat a bacterial infection. AST involves growing bacteria in culture with different antibiotics to see which ones inhibit growth. This helps clinicians select the most effective antibiotic for a patient. Common AST methods include disk diffusion, dilution tests, and automated systems. Care must be taken to standardize test conditions for reliable results. AST also provides epidemiological data on antibiotic resistance trends in a community.
Arboviruses, or arthropod-borne viruses, are viruses that can be transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. They infect susceptible vertebrate hosts and are maintained in nature through transmission between hosts by hematophagous arthropods. Approximately 80 arboviruses are known to cause human disease. Common arboviruses include those that cause dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, and chikungunya. They are often associated with diseases ranging from mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. Arboviruses are classified into families including Togaviridae, Flavivir
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections. It covers basic principles for proper specimen collection, including collecting the correct specimen type and transporting it appropriately. It also describes various examination methods used in diagnosis, such as morphological examination of specimens, isolating and culturing bacteria, biochemical testing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and serological and molecular biology techniques. The key is linking laboratory findings to recognized disease syndromes and the patient's clinical condition to establish the causative pathogen.
This document discusses antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance. It covers several topics:
1. It defines antimicrobial compounds and describes their importance in treating infections and medical procedures. However, it notes the need to understand resistance mechanisms.
2. It describes several classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and glycopeptides. It explains their mechanisms of action.
3. It discusses antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods including manual, semi-automated, and automated methods and covers topics like interpretive criteria and quality control.
4. It mentions the diminishing pipeline of new drugs and drivers of antimicrobial
This document discusses antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST), which determines which antibiotics will effectively treat a bacterial infection. AST involves growing bacteria in culture with different antibiotics to see which ones inhibit growth. This helps clinicians select the most effective antibiotic for a patient. Common AST methods include disk diffusion, dilution tests, and automated systems. Care must be taken to standardize test conditions for reliable results. AST also provides epidemiological data on antibiotic resistance trends in a community.
Sterilization and disinfection are important processes in microbiology. Sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving using steam heat above 100°C, ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide gas, filtration, and radiation. Disinfectants vary in toxicity from phenol to ethanol and iodine. An experiment tested the effectiveness of disinfectants like phenol, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and Lysol against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis over time to determine appropriate exposure times needed to kill different microorganisms.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. 1. Define common terms describing host-parasite relationship.(3-5)
2. Outline the broad classification of parasites.(6+9)
3. Name examples of protozoan parasites.(9)
4. Describe the life-cycle of Giadia lamblia as an example of
intestinal protozoa.(10-12)
5. Describe the main stages of the life-cycle of
Plasmodium as an example of blood and tissue protozoa. (13-16)
OBJECTIVES
3. DEFINITIONS:
The entry , development and multiplication of an
infectious agent in the body of humans or
animals. The result may be:
Infection
A human or animal which harbors (
تستضيف
) an
infectious agent under natural conditions .
Host:
A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious
agent in the absence of symptoms and signs of a
disease and serves as a potential source of infection
carrier:
Manifest
(symptomatic) infection
Inapparent
( asymptomatic) infection
(
األعراض ماتظهر
)
Intermediate host (secondary
host): A host in which the
parasite passes its larval or
asexual stages.
Definitive host (primary host):
A host in which the parasite
passes its sexual stage.
بيصير هل تحدد اللي العوامل
كان إذا هي ال أو انفكشن فيه
المريض عند فيه
receptors
الباراسايت كمية حسب على أو
قليلة تصير ممكن دخلت اللي
انفكشن تسبب وال
.
4. Definition
Pathogenesis
Production and
development of
disease.
Pathogenicity
Capability of an
infectious agent to
cause disease in a
susceptible host.
Commensalism
تكافل
Kind of relationship
in which one
organism (
فلورا النورمال مثال
)
, the commensal , is
benefited whereas t
, the host , is not
harmed but or even
helped by this
association.
Parasitism
(
تطفل
)
A relationship in
which an organism
(the infectious agent,
the parasite) benefits
from the association
with another organism
(the host) whereas the
host is harmed in
some way.
Note..
Pathogenicity
المعدي العامل قدرة
المرض إنتاج على
5. parasite that lives on the outer
surface of its host.
Ectoparasite:
Parasite that lives inside its host.
Endoparasite
Disease of animals that is
transmissible to humans .
zoonosis:
Definitions
Protozoa
Helminths
Amoebae
Flagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexa
Round worms
(Nematodes)
Flat worms:
1/Trematode
2/Cestodes
فقط المطلوبين هم تصنيفين اخر
(
اللي
باألحمر
)
9. Parasite cause it
e.g. Diseases
location
Parasitic
Protozoa
Intestinal
giardiasis
Giardia
lamblia
amoebiasis
Entamoeba
histolytica
Blood &
tissues
malaria
Plasmodium
spp
Cutaneous
leishmaniasi
s
Leishmania
major
Parasitic Protozoa
10. Giardia lamblia (THE PARASITE)
giardiasis (THE DISEASE)
giardiasis
Can
cause
diarrhea
loss of
appetite
poor
absorption
of the
nutrient
Stomach
cramp
vomiting
infect the
cells of the
duodenum
jejunum.
+Person-to-person transmission is
possible, Animals can also be infected with
Giardia .
11. LIFE-CYCLE OF GIARDIA
LAMBLIA
5- Both cysts and trophozoites are then
passed in the feces (but only the cyst is infectious)
4- Some trophozoites then encyst in the
small intestine (encyst = become cyst).
3- Within the small intestine
(duodenum,jejunum), the trophozoites reproduce
asexually (binary fission) and either float free or
are attached to the mucosa of the lumen.
2- the low pH of the stomach ,the acidity
produces excystation (Excystation means
the releases of trophozoites.)
1- cysts are ingested by consuming
contaminated food or water, or fecal-
orally.
They can survive
outside the body for
several months, and
are also relatively
resistant to
chlorination, UV
exposure and
freezing.
*only the cyst is infectious
*Both cysts and trophozoites are
exit the body
Excystation----> stomach
*
*encystation---> small intestine
*As few as 10 cysts can cause
infection means: high
pathogenicity.
Giardia cysts are the
infective stage of
Gastro intestinalis.
12. THE LIFE CYCLE OF GIADIA LAMBLIA
أربعة
أنوية
نواتين
important
13. Examples of Diseases caused by Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Plasmodium
spp
parasite malaria
Disease
15. A mosquito (anopheles)
carrying plasmodium
Healthy
human
1
The mosquito
sucks human’s
blood and give him
sporozoits from
her saliva
2
The sporozoits
enter the body
blood
liver
3
Multiplication in
the liver
( merozoites) Comes
out of the liver
To the RBC’S (red
blood cells)
Then replication in the
cells. then it will burst
This will lead
to severe
anemia
Become
gametocytes :
male and female
Transmit to a healthy
mosquito
(when it’s sucks blood
from a carrier human)
merozoites
LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA
16. Main pathology of malaria is due to invasion
of the RBCs
Important notes:
• sporozoits = infective stage
• Main pathogenic is in the RBC
• The replication in the liver
• Mosquito is primary (definitive) host :(sexual)
• Human is secondery (intermediate) host:
(asexual)
• Only female anopheles can causes infection
because males can not reach the blood
• The fertilization happens inside the mosquito
between male and female gametocytes =
sporozoites
17. Examples of Diseases caused by Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Leishmania
major
parasite
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
Disease
18.
19. •
•
•
•
The natural ecology of malaria involves malaria parasites infecting successively two types
of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and
multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive
broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter
parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells.
The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain
forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles
mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and
multiplication in the mosquito.
After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary
glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the
sporozoites are inJected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection
when they parasitize the liver cells.
Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector").
Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of
the parasites
Foundation Block, 2009 2
Extra information
20. Foundation Block, 2016 16
Life
In the life cycle of Plasmodium, a female Anopheles mosquito (the definitive host) transmits a motile infective
form (called the sporozoite) to a vertebrate host such as a human (the secondary host), thus acting as a
transmission vector. A sporozoite travels through the blood vessels to liver cells (hepatocytes), where it
reproduces asexually (tissue schizogony), producing thousands of merozoites. These infect new red blood
cells and initiate a series of asexual multiplication cycles (blood schizogony) that produce 8 to 24 new infective
merozoites, at which point the cells burst and the infective cycle begins anew.
Other merozoites develop into immature gametocytes, which are the precursors of male and female gametes.
When a fertilised mosquito bites an infected person, gametocytes are taken up with the blood and mature in
the mosquito gut. The male and female gametocytes fuse and form a fertilized, motile zygote which develop
into new sporozoites that migrate to the insect's salivary glands, ready to infect a new vertebrate host. The
sporozoites are injected into the skin, in the saliva, when the mosquito takes a subsequent blood meal.
Only female mosquitoes feed on blood; male mosquitoes do not transmit the disease. The females of the
Anopheles mosquito prefer to feed at night.
Extra information
