Recent growth of construction
industry has increased the demand of cement.
Increase of the cement utilization demands for
higher production efficiency and ultimately low
production cost. The efficiency of the cement
production depends greatly upon the efficiency of
a grinding mill which consumes 60-70% of the
total electricity consumption of the cement
plant[12]. A grinding mill (Ball Mill) is used to
grind the cement clinker into fine cement powder.
Grinding Aids are used to improve the grinding
efficiency and reduce power consumption. This
paper discusses the grinding aids mechanism and
improvement in grinding efficiency due to various
grinding aids viz .polyols, amines . This paper also
focus on the effects of grinding aids on the
mechanical properties of cement such as setting
time, specific surface, compressive strength at various stages.
Recent growth of construction
industry has increased the demand of cement.
Increase of the cement utilization demands for
higher production efficiency and ultimately low
production cost. The efficiency of the cement
production depends greatly upon the efficiency of
a grinding mill which consumes 60-70% of the
total electricity consumption of the cement
plant[12]. A grinding mill (Ball Mill) is used to
grind the cement clinker into fine cement powder.
Grinding Aids are used to improve the grinding
efficiency and reduce power consumption. This
paper discusses the grinding aids mechanism and
improvement in grinding efficiency due to various
grinding aids viz .polyols, amines . This paper also
focus on the effects of grinding aids on the
mechanical properties of cement such as setting
time, specific surface, compressive strength at various ages.
Cement industry : grinding process of ball millPankaj Verma
this is the presrntation which i made when i was in traning in ultratech cement hirmi , i got project on studying the process and operations of grinding process of ball mill in the cement industry , after the clincker formation.
Recent growth of construction
industry has increased the demand of cement.
Increase of the cement utilization demands for
higher production efficiency and ultimately low
production cost. The efficiency of the cement
production depends greatly upon the efficiency of
a grinding mill which consumes 60-70% of the
total electricity consumption of the cement
plant[12]. A grinding mill (Ball Mill) is used to
grind the cement clinker into fine cement powder.
Grinding Aids are used to improve the grinding
efficiency and reduce power consumption. This
paper discusses the grinding aids mechanism and
improvement in grinding efficiency due to various
grinding aids viz .polyols, amines . This paper also
focus on the effects of grinding aids on the
mechanical properties of cement such as setting
time, specific surface, compressive strength at various ages.
Cement industry : grinding process of ball millPankaj Verma
this is the presrntation which i made when i was in traning in ultratech cement hirmi , i got project on studying the process and operations of grinding process of ball mill in the cement industry , after the clincker formation.
STUDY THE CORRELATION OF CLINKER QUALITY, RESIDE, PSD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF P...IAEME Publication
This research establishes the correlation between clinker quality, residue, particle size distribution and performance behaviour of cement. Different qualities of clinker were identified to understand the influence of mineralogy on the performance of cement. Chemical and mineralogical evaluation of clinker and gypsum were carried out as per the Indian specified standards, XRD and Optical microscopy. Cement samples were prepared by inter mixing of clinker and gypsum with 95 and 5% respectively for different fineness zones such as 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 and 350 m2/kg. The resultant samples were studied for residue, particle size distribution and performance evaluation as per IS 4031. It was observed that clinker quality plays an important role to achieve the desired performance characteristics in addition to the residue and particle size distribution of the cements.
Manufacturing and Quality Control of Cement.Abhishek Garai
This Slide explains in details how cement is made in industry and how the quality of the cement is maintained.
Please write to me if u have inquiry and suggestion: +919564011691/+917788817058
abhi.loveofmylife@gmail.com
STUDY THE CORRELATION OF CLINKER QUALITY, RESIDE, PSD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF P...IAEME Publication
This research establishes the correlation between clinker quality, residue, particle size distribution and performance behaviour of cement. Different qualities of clinker were identified to understand the influence of mineralogy on the performance of cement. Chemical and mineralogical evaluation of clinker and gypsum were carried out as per the Indian specified standards, XRD and Optical microscopy. Cement samples were prepared by inter mixing of clinker and gypsum with 95 and 5% respectively for different fineness zones such as 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 and 350 m2/kg. The resultant samples were studied for residue, particle size distribution and performance evaluation as per IS 4031. It was observed that clinker quality plays an important role to achieve the desired performance characteristics in addition to the residue and particle size distribution of the cements.
Manufacturing and Quality Control of Cement.Abhishek Garai
This Slide explains in details how cement is made in industry and how the quality of the cement is maintained.
Please write to me if u have inquiry and suggestion: +919564011691/+917788817058
abhi.loveofmylife@gmail.com
Raymond mill structure and working principlelinxiaomo
Raymond Mill powder mainly composed of large cyclone separator, collection hopper, spiral conveyor and air locking device which is composed of four parts. We through the working principle of Raymond grinding mill to the analysis of the discharging device advantages of the new generation of Raymond mill.
Mill ExCS - sistema de control automático de molino de bolas.
Conclusions:
• With the reduction of the variability and fluctuations of the main
parameters involved in the mill control process, we will increase the
Mill’s output, decreasing the power consumption and obtaining a
better quality control, with a short payback period.
• The MillExCS is one of the unique systems in
29 dew Jwulwio.p dreic a2s0t0.e8s
the market that is always putting the mill in
its maximum condition, without any
intervention of operators.
• Once obtained the optimun operating point,
MillExCS will keep the system running in its
condition in a repetitive and safe way.
Exporters and Suppliers of Helical Sugar Mill Gears, Industrial Girth Gear, Girth Gear, Mechanical Girth Gear.These can efficiently cater to the engineering needs of various industries.
Mill ExCS - sistema de control de los molinos de bolas.
MillExCS is an Expert Controller for control in automatic and optimize ball mills.
MillExCS control philosophy is to reproduce the same control actions as the best operator in plant.
Use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives in various kinds of high performance and high strength concrete is essential. I have explained how it works.
SBS 2511 GA is an aqueous solution of an amine acetate salt and is an effective dispersant particularly developed for use as a grinding aid for Portland cement and other hydraulic cements. SBS 2511 GA conforms to ASTM C 465. It helps in improving the efficiency of the grinding process by reducing the surface energy forces that causes agglomeration of the newly fractured cement particles. It is effective in both open circuit and closed circuit cement mills. The improved flowability of cements with SBS 2511 GA results in faster loading and unloading times of bulk tankers. Also, it helps in increasing the bulk density of cement and helps in providing increased storage capacities of silos and bulk tankers. However, it is recommended to dilute with 5 parts of water or more to ensure greater proportioning accuracy and better additive distribution. SBS 2511 GA helps in increasing the mill output at same cement fineness. SBS 2511 GA is compatible with all types of cement.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Grinding Aids for Cement
1. Grinding Aids For Cement
Prepared by:
Shyam R. Anandjiwala
(Construction Management)
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
2. What are Grinding Aids?
• Grinding mill grinds the hard clinker into fine
cement powder.
• Additives used to improve the grinding
efficiency of grinding mill.
• Improvement in grinding efficiency leads to
reduction in electricity consumption.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 2
3. History of Grinding Aids
• The history of cement additives goes back to the
1930s.
• Attempt was made to disperse carbon black in
concrete with the help of triethanolamine to
solve mottling issue and to improve the strength
of concrete. This chemical is given name
“Tucker’s Dispersion Aid”.
• By 1960, TDA from Dewey and Almy, 109-B from
Master Builders and Polyfon T from West Virginia
Pulp and Paper (now Westvaco) were the only
approved grinding aids under ASTM.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 3
4. Why Grinding Aids should be used?
• Grinding of clinker is affected by cleavage,
microcracks or the defects present in its
crystal structure.
• Applied shear stress on clinker breaks the
ionic bonds and highly reactive positive &
negative charges are produced.
• High surface energy on clinker surface
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 4
5. • Formation of electrostatic charges on surface
cause agglomeration of cement particles.
• Decrease in surface area and increase in
electricity consumption.
• High surface energy causing “Pack set”
• Grinding aids neutralize the electrostatic
charges and inhibits the pack set of cement.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 5
Why Grinding Aids should be used?(contd.)
6. • Allows the cement transport in delivery trucks
and storage in silos without lump formation.
• Better material handling due to improved fluidity.
• Elimination of ‘’coating’’ effect of the clinker on
grinding media and grinding mill walls.
• To either increase the surface area of cement at
the given production rate or it can increase the
production rate of cement keeping the surface
area constant.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 6
Why Grinding Aids should be used?(contd.)
7. Fig1. The milling media(balls)
coated themselves with cement if
no grinding aid is used
Fig2. Grinding aids keep the
milling media (balls) clean and
increase the productivity
Sika Tech
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 7
8. Commonly Used Grinding Aids
Amine based GAs
Monoethanolamine(MEA)
Diethanolamine(DEA)
Triethanolamine(TEA)
Triisopropanolamine(TIPA)
Alchohol based GAs
Ethylene glycol(EG)
Diethylene glycol(DEG)
Ether based GAs
Poly Carboxylate Ether(PCE)
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 8
9. Grinding Aid Mechanisms
1. Dispersion Mechanism
• 2 basic mechanisms through which dispersion
can take place between the organic molecules
1. Gas Transfer
2. Surface Contact Transfer
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 9
10. Gas Transfer
• The temperature in grinding mill is generally in
the range of 80-120 °C.
• Alcohols with boiling points below grinding
temperature (eg.ethanol-see table 1) get
adsorbed weakly due to their high volatility.
• They can be smelt even on cold cement.
Therefore it can be assumed that they are
dispersed via gas transfer.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 10
11. Chemical Boiling Point(°C)
Ethanol 78
Propylene glycol(PG) 188
Diethylene glycol(DEG) 245
Triethanolamine(TEA) 335
Table 1 :Different Grinding Aids with their Boiling
Temperatures(°C)
Sika Tech
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 11
12. Surface Contact Transfer
• Polymers such as PCEs are assumed to be
dispersed via surface contact transfer.
• During grinding they retain their action as a
plasticizer.
• Therefore evaporation mechanism is assumed
to be excluded.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 12
13. 2. Surface Energy Reduction
• Mixture with water
• Grinding aids reduce surface energy of clinker in 3 parts:
(1)clinker tries to lower its surface energy(E1)
(2) surface energy of the grinding aids(E2) increase due to the
gain through the surface energy of clinker
(3) clinker-grinding aid interfacial energy(E3) value should be
negative or very small positive.
• The surface energy of the clinker covered with grinding aid(E)
is the algebraic summation of E1,E2 and E3.
E= E3 + E2 + E3
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 13
14. • If E = -ve that means the energy is released
and the grinding aid spreads out on clinker’s
surface.
• That means Grinding aids not only have to
reduce the surface energy of clinker(E1) but
also to get strongly adsorbed on the surface of
clinker particles and reduce interfacial
energy(E3).
• Nonpolar liquids can not be used as the
grinding aids even though they have low
surface energy.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 14
15. Effect of GA on Cement Composition
• Effect on C3S, C2S, C3A & C3A+gypsum
• C3A hydrates to hydrogarnet(C3AH6) before it
transforms to ettringite in absence of TEA.
• TEA accelerate the hydration of C3A .
• TEA accelerates the formation of ettringite
and as it increase, conversion from ettringite
to monosulphate is at faster rate.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 15
16. • Extends the induction period of C3S may be
due to formation of surface complex on the
hydrating C3S .
• TEA also increase the induction period of C2S
like C3S but the difference is the slow rate of
reaction with C2S.
• Peak due to the C3S formation is extended
with the addition of TEA which indicates the
hydration of C3S is retarded by TEA.
• So TEA accelerates the aluminate phase
hydration and retards the hydration of silicate
phase.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 16
17. Fig.3 Conduction calorimetric
curves of cement hydrated in the
presence of TEA
Fig.4 Conduction calorimetric
curves of cement hydrated in
the presence of CaCl2
T I M E. H O U R S
V.S.Ramachandran11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 17
18. Effect of GA on Mechanical Properties
GA affects the following mechanical
properties of cement:
setting time
surface area
compressive strength
mortar workability
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 18
19. Setting Time
• It is not found out whether TEA is a retarder or
an accelerator .
• TEA acts as retarder at low dosage (up to 0.5 %)
but accelerates the hydration at higher dosage .
• High dosage TEA can be used as an accelerator in
place of CaCl2 to eliminate chloride attack.
• MEA and low dosage DEA does not cause much
alteration in setting time.
• TIPA increases both initial and final setting time
of cement due to its diffusion into pores and
cracks of clinker particles.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 19
20. Surface Area
• All the grinding aids increase the surface area
of cement .
Table 2.values of Blaine for different specific energy
consumption
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi
20J.Assad
21. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
%increasetoreferencemix
specific energy consumption(kWh/ton)
0.08%
amine GA
0.08%
glycol GA
Fig 5. Comparison of % increase in surface area
(cm2/g) due to amine & glycol grinding aids
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 21
22. • Grinding energy of the mill affects the
performance of grinding aids.
• At higher grinding energy the effectiveness of
grinding aids to increase surface area of
cement increase.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 22
23. Compressive Strength
• TIPA increase 7 days and 28 days compressive strength
of cement.
• Optimum dosage is 0.01-0.02% for the enhancement of
strength by TIPA.
• If dosage>optimum dosage it can increase the strength
further very little but it is not economical.
• Higher dosage of TIPA can cause air entrainment in
cement. This air entrainment can be as high as 2%
compared to the cement without any additives.
• Therefore TIPA is used with air detraining agent at
higher dosage.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 23
24. • Effectiveness of enhancement of strength by
TIPA also depends upon the tetra calcium
aluminoferrite (C4AF) content in clinker.
• C4AF content must be > 4% for the
improvement in strength using TIPA.
• At higher C4AF content effectiveness of TIPA
increases in increasing strength.
• The increase in 1 day strength of cement due
to addition of TEA as grinding aid is debatable.
• TEA decreases later age strength of cement.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 24
25. Explanations for the decrease in later age strength
due to TEA:
• Rapid early hydration may create a dense zone of
hydration product around the grains and retard
subsequent hydration.
• Formation of hydration product with higher density
may promote a more porous structure.
• Cement that has set in a few minutes has obviously not
been thoroughly mixed, and consequently there will be
a non-uniform distribution of hydration products
within the structure that will prevent the development
of full strength.
• Rapid formation of ettringite may alter the initial
matrix and disturb subsequent bonding characteristics.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 25
26. • Combinations of grinding aids can be used to
improve grinding aids of cement at all ages.
• When TIPA is added individually it does not
make significant difference in strength at 28
days.
• 1 day strength of mixture of TEA and TIPA fall
between neat TIPA and neat TEA.
• Combination of TIPA and TEA used in the
proportion 3:1 or 1:3 respectively significantly
increase the compressive strength at all ages.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 26
27. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 day 7 day 28 day
Compressivestrength(MPa)
Age(days)
No GA addition
TIPA
TEA
TIPA:TEA=1:1
TIPA:TEA=1:3
TIPA:TEA=3:1
Fig 6.Comparison of compressive strength (MPa) by adding different GAs
and their combinations
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 27
28. Effect of GA on Grinding Mill Output
• Grinding mill can be loaded with higher mass using grinding aids and it can
minimize power consumption.
• Table 3. Blaine values at different grinding masses and grinding energies
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 28United states patent: 4,990,190
29. Fig 7. . % increase in bline(cm2/g)due to increase in grinding-
energy(kWh/ton)[
United states patent: 4,990,19011-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 29
30. Conclusion
• Grinding aids are used to improve grinding
efficiency of the clinker particles and to
minimize the power consumption.
• Grinding aid also improve some physical and
mechanical properties of cement.
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 30
31. References
[1] M. Katsioti,P.E. Tsakiridi,,P. Giannatos, Z. Tsibouki J.
Marinos(2008):”CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS CEMENT
GRINDING AIDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON GRINDABILITY AND
CEMENT PERFORMANCE” Elsevir Publication Construction and
Building Materials
[2] Bravo Anna, Cerulli Tiziano, Giarnetti Mariagrazia, Magistri
Matteo:”GRINDING AIDS:A STUDY ON THEIR MECHANISM OF
ACTION”Mapei Publication
[3] Dr. Martin Weibel, Dr. Ratan K. Mishra(2014)“GRINDING AIDS
INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF
CEMENT PRODUCTION” Sika Technology Center Zürich
[4] Davide Padovani, Matteo Magistri “IMPROVEMENT OF
MECHANICAL STRENGTHS BY THE USE OF GRINDING
AIDS:OPTIMISATION OF SULPHATE CONTENT IN CEMENT” Mapei
SpA, Italy
[5] Howard II. Moorer ,Charleston; Charles M. Anderegg(1971):UNITED
STATES PATENT 13,615,785
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 31
32. [6] David F. Myers, Columbia; Ellis M. Gartner(1991): UNITED STATES
PATENT 4,990,190
[7] Preston L. Veltman(1967):” MINERAL GRINDING AIDS AND PROCESS
OF GRINDING”UNITED STATES PATENT 33125305
[8] D.W.Fuestenau(1995):”GRINDING AIDS” Kona Powder and Particle
Journal
[9] Joseph J. Assaad, Salim E. Asseily,Jacques Harb(2008): EFFECT OF
SPECIfiC ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON fiNENESS OF PORTLAND
CEMENT INCORPORATING AMINE OR GLYCOL-BASED GRINDING
AIDS” RILEM Publication
[10]V.S. Ramachandran(1976):”HYDRATION OF CEMENT-ROLE
OFTRIETHANOLAMINE” Cement and Concrete Research.Vol.6, 1976
[11] Z. Heren and H.Olmez(1996):
”THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOLAMINES ON THE HYDRATION AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT” Cement and
Concrete Research.Vol.26,1996
[12] Alejandro Pérez-Velázquez:’’ LOW COST GRINDING AIDS FOR
CEMENT’’worldcements.com
11-05-2015 Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi 32