This document discusses the 12 Principles of Green Engineering, which provide a framework for designing sustainable materials, products, processes, and systems. The principles can be applied at different scales from molecular to product to system levels. The first principle emphasizes designing systems to be inherently non-hazardous rather than relying on circumstantial controls. Life cycle considerations are also important to avoid simply shifting impacts to other stages. While some hazardous inputs may be unavoidable, it is better to prevent waste than treat it after formation. The principles aim to maximize sustainability through science and engineering design.
Green infrastructure (GI) solutions were investigated as part of a joint-industry program to increase business resilience. GI solutions utilize natural and semi-natural systems to provide benefits like traditional gray infrastructure. The study evaluated case studies where GI increased resilience to stressors through reduced costs, environmental impacts, and socio-political risks compared to gray infrastructure. Both green and gray infrastructure resist shocks in different ways, so hybrid approaches may provide optimal resilience.
Green chemistry is an innovative approach that focuses on environmental protection in the design of products and manufacturing processes. It aims to make chemicals and products safer by design through the use of principles like prevention of waste, atom economy, less hazardous syntheses, and design for energy efficiency and degradation. Green chemistry relies on life cycle thinking to achieve sustainability goals and reduce toxics in manufacturing.
Industrial ecology aims to connect the environment, economy, government, and society through sustainability. It models natural systems by closing material and energy loops. The document reviews concepts in industrial ecology like life cycle assessment and eco-industrial parks. Case studies show successes, like in Denmark where an eco-industrial park exchanges waste between multiple firms, reducing costs and impacts. However, industrial ecology has also faced challenges in implementation. The document provides an overview of the goals, tools and debates within the field of industrial ecology.
Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging field that studies interactions within and between industrial and ecological systems. IE provides a framework to implement cleaner production and pollution prevention strategies in industries. This framework can be applied to the mining and mineral processing industry through a hierarchical structure with sustainable development goals operationalized through IE at a corporate level, which then informs cleaner production and pollution prevention strategies at an operational level. Key aspects of implementing IE in industry include analyzing material and energy flows, life cycle assessments, and establishing performance metrics to measure progress towards sustainable development.
Industrial ecology involves designing industrial systems modeled after natural ecosystems, with closed material and energy loops and byproducts that are recycled as inputs. It aims to minimize resource use and waste generation. Key concepts include analyzing material and energy flows, creating industrial analogs of natural systems, dematerializing industrial output, and balancing industrial and natural ecosystem capacities. While industrial ecology provides a systems analysis of material flows, it has not fully incorporated economic, social, and psychological factors into decision making models.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate various business functions and departments into a single system. ERP combines databases across departments into a single database accessible by all employees. It automates tasks involved in business processes. Major ERP components include finance, human resources, and manufacturing/logistics modules. Leading ERP vendors include SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft. ERP aims to integrate financial data, standardize processes, and centralize HR information. Successful ERP implementation requires top management support, extensive training, and viewing implementation as an ongoing process.
Industrial ecology as an integrated framework forAlexander Decker
This document discusses industrial ecology as an integrated framework for business management. It defines industrial ecology as the study of physical, chemical, and biological interactions within industrial systems and between industrial systems and natural ecological systems, with the goal of transforming open linear systems to closed cyclical systems like in nature. The document outlines several key concepts of industrial ecology, including designing for minimal waste and resource use, using less toxic alternatives, preserving utility of materials, and designing for reusability. It also discusses tools used in industrial ecology like materials flow analysis, life cycle assessment, strategic environmental assessment, and environmental risk assessment to analyze resource flows and impacts throughout a product's life cycle.
Gary Shaver has over 30 years of experience in occupational health and safety. He has held roles as an industrial hygienist, EHS manager, and EHS consultant. His experience includes managing EHS programs at universities, manufacturing facilities, and consulting firms. He has expertise in areas such as chemical exposure control, industrial ventilation, hazardous materials management, and regulatory compliance.
Green infrastructure (GI) solutions were investigated as part of a joint-industry program to increase business resilience. GI solutions utilize natural and semi-natural systems to provide benefits like traditional gray infrastructure. The study evaluated case studies where GI increased resilience to stressors through reduced costs, environmental impacts, and socio-political risks compared to gray infrastructure. Both green and gray infrastructure resist shocks in different ways, so hybrid approaches may provide optimal resilience.
Green chemistry is an innovative approach that focuses on environmental protection in the design of products and manufacturing processes. It aims to make chemicals and products safer by design through the use of principles like prevention of waste, atom economy, less hazardous syntheses, and design for energy efficiency and degradation. Green chemistry relies on life cycle thinking to achieve sustainability goals and reduce toxics in manufacturing.
Industrial ecology aims to connect the environment, economy, government, and society through sustainability. It models natural systems by closing material and energy loops. The document reviews concepts in industrial ecology like life cycle assessment and eco-industrial parks. Case studies show successes, like in Denmark where an eco-industrial park exchanges waste between multiple firms, reducing costs and impacts. However, industrial ecology has also faced challenges in implementation. The document provides an overview of the goals, tools and debates within the field of industrial ecology.
Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging field that studies interactions within and between industrial and ecological systems. IE provides a framework to implement cleaner production and pollution prevention strategies in industries. This framework can be applied to the mining and mineral processing industry through a hierarchical structure with sustainable development goals operationalized through IE at a corporate level, which then informs cleaner production and pollution prevention strategies at an operational level. Key aspects of implementing IE in industry include analyzing material and energy flows, life cycle assessments, and establishing performance metrics to measure progress towards sustainable development.
Industrial ecology involves designing industrial systems modeled after natural ecosystems, with closed material and energy loops and byproducts that are recycled as inputs. It aims to minimize resource use and waste generation. Key concepts include analyzing material and energy flows, creating industrial analogs of natural systems, dematerializing industrial output, and balancing industrial and natural ecosystem capacities. While industrial ecology provides a systems analysis of material flows, it has not fully incorporated economic, social, and psychological factors into decision making models.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate various business functions and departments into a single system. ERP combines databases across departments into a single database accessible by all employees. It automates tasks involved in business processes. Major ERP components include finance, human resources, and manufacturing/logistics modules. Leading ERP vendors include SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft. ERP aims to integrate financial data, standardize processes, and centralize HR information. Successful ERP implementation requires top management support, extensive training, and viewing implementation as an ongoing process.
Industrial ecology as an integrated framework forAlexander Decker
This document discusses industrial ecology as an integrated framework for business management. It defines industrial ecology as the study of physical, chemical, and biological interactions within industrial systems and between industrial systems and natural ecological systems, with the goal of transforming open linear systems to closed cyclical systems like in nature. The document outlines several key concepts of industrial ecology, including designing for minimal waste and resource use, using less toxic alternatives, preserving utility of materials, and designing for reusability. It also discusses tools used in industrial ecology like materials flow analysis, life cycle assessment, strategic environmental assessment, and environmental risk assessment to analyze resource flows and impacts throughout a product's life cycle.
Gary Shaver has over 30 years of experience in occupational health and safety. He has held roles as an industrial hygienist, EHS manager, and EHS consultant. His experience includes managing EHS programs at universities, manufacturing facilities, and consulting firms. He has expertise in areas such as chemical exposure control, industrial ventilation, hazardous materials management, and regulatory compliance.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of industrial ecology. It begins with defining industrial ecology as the study of the physical, chemical, and biological interactions within and between industrial and ecological systems, with the goal of identifying strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of industry and move toward more sustainable systems. The document then discusses the historical development of industrial ecology, from systems analysis to conceptualizing industrial systems as analogous to natural ecosystems. It also attempts to define industrial ecology while acknowledging there is no single agreed upon definition. Several key concepts of industrial ecology are outlined, including systems analysis, material and energy flows, multidisciplinary approaches, and emulating closed-loop natural systems. The document concludes by discussing how industrial ecology relates to the field of ecology
This document summarizes a student's final project on green chemistry. It introduces green chemistry principles and applications in industry, environmentally friendly catalysis, and biomass. It discusses how green chemistry aims to prevent waste and increase energy efficiency. Green catalysis techniques like heterogeneous catalysis are highlighted which improve productivity while reducing costs and pollution. The conclusion emphasizes how applying green chemistry can reduce environmental damage and fuel consumption.
Environment, Innovation, and Business StrategiesIan Miles
The document discusses various topics related to clean technology and environmental management strategies. It describes different levels of "clean" technology adoption by industries from reactive approaches to proactively seeking new clean technology directions. It also discusses the concepts of technological trajectories, regimes and revolutions in relation to clean technology. Finally, it outlines some key components of environmental management programs within companies including structure, mechanisms for monitoring performance, guidelines and tools.
ISTD Green Management Seminar by Mr. S Raghupathy of CII on 3rd Aug 2011Revathi Turaga
Mr. Raghupathy, the Executive Director at CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, spoke to ISTD (Indian Society for Training & Development) Hyderabad Chapter members on \'Going Green\' and \'Green Management\'! Green Management is part of the current retooling efforts in academia and industry to address the grand challenge of environmental sustainability.
DRIVE | organising for the product that lastCLICKNL
What are the organizational challenges to designing and selling circular products? How can these challenges be overcome? What to do within your company and how to arrange your network cooperation? Professors and researchers at Groningen University and Radboud University decided to combine forces on the subject of sustainable and circular innovation, as a result of the IOP IPCR research program. They started working on a practical guidelines for companies, addressing questions like: This session reveals a tip of their research ‘iceberg’ and shows the main conclusions of their book ‘How to organize for the products that last?’ (expected early 2016)
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
The document provides an overview of various tools that can be used to implement eco-efficiency within an organization. It describes common tools such as life-cycle assessment, design for environment, environmental labelling, and cleaner production/pollution prevention. It also discusses how these tools can be applied at different levels and stages within an organization, and observations about factors driving adoption of various tools.
This document outlines the 7 modules of an environmental management system (EMS). The modules are: 1) commitment and environmental policy, 2) initial environmental review, 3) planning the environmental policy, 4) implementing the environmental policy, 5) measurement and evaluation, 6) audits and review, and 7) external environmental communication. The purpose of an EMS is to increase compliance with environmental regulations and reduce waste. An effective EMS provides ongoing environmental benefits and cost savings through continual improvement of environmental performance.
This document discusses environmental tax shifting, which involves levying environmental taxes and recycling the revenue through reductions in other taxes. It aims to address environmental externalities by bringing prices more in line with social costs. Benefits include supporting civic values and economic efficiency. Challenges include adjustment costs, concentrated impacts, and uncertainty over revenues and outcomes. Strategies proposed to overcome challenges include phasing in taxes gradually and using revenues to reduce income, capital, sales or payroll taxes. Environmental taxes discussed include user fees, resource and emissions charges, and policies to support product responsibility.
This document discusses green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. It was presented by several individuals and describes what green chemistry is, its principles, and areas the American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable has reviewed. These include solvent reduction/replacement and various chemical reaction types. The document also discusses GSK's eco-design toolkit and some high profile successes in developing greener processes from companies like Roche, Merck, Pfizer and Eli Lilly.
The document summarizes Catherine Michelle Rose's PhD thesis from Stanford University on formulating product end-of-life strategies. It discusses her research on design for environment and the hierarchy of end-of-life strategies from reuse to recycling to disposal. The document also explains Philips Consumer Electronics' process for environmental impact analysis of products, which involves life cycle assessment tools to examine impacts across a product's entire lifecycle.
This document discusses principles of green chemistry, green engineering, and sustainability. It provides definitions of these concepts, lists principles that guide them, and presents case studies. The key points are:
- Green chemistry aims to reduce pollution and waste through design of chemical products/processes. Its 12 principles include preventing waste and designing for non-toxicity.
- Green engineering similarly works to minimize environmental impacts and risks. Its principles involve holistic design and ensuring materials/energy are nonhazardous.
- Sustainability seeks to meet needs without compromising future generations. It involves lifecycle thinking and conserving ecosystems while protecting health.
How an Environmental Management System (EMS) can help with embedding of a Car...Scott Buckler
The document discusses the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) according to ISO 14001 standards at Cambridge Regional College. It covers the reasons for having an EMS, including legal and financial benefits; what ISO 14001 involves, such as establishing environmental aspects, impacts, and policies; how to set up an EMS with objectives, targets, evaluations, and management reviews; and that senior management buy-in, all staff, and an environmental action group will need to be involved in the process. The overall goal is for the college to be the first further education college in the UK to achieve ISO 14001 certification for its EMS.
Abiola Oladimeji Talabi provides a personal profile and resume highlighting over 10 years of experience in environmental consultancy, management, and health and safety. He has a background in environmental technology and management and lists skills in areas such as teamwork, leadership, customer service, and problem solving. The resume details his work history and roles at various environmental services companies where he conducted projects in areas such as environmental impact assessments, waste management, and health and safety compliance.
IRJET- Green Supply Chain Management in Construction Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the construction industry. It first defines GSCM and discusses its importance and benefits. It then reviews several studies that have examined various aspects of GSCM in construction, including frameworks for implementation, key drivers and barriers, and the GSCM practices of different countries/regions. The document concludes that while construction activities can harm the environment, GSCM provides opportunities to reduce negative impacts and improve sustainability across the construction supply chain.
Sustainable Energy Management: Reducing Waste with Lifecycle ThinkingChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Rajini K R Karduri, " Sustainable Energy Management: Reducing Waste
with Lifecycle Thinking", International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 8,Issue 5,May 2022,pp 55-64
This document provides an outline for a presentation on industrial ecosystems. It begins with an introduction that defines industrial ecosystems as aiming to mimic natural ecosystems through closed-loop systems that optimize resource use and minimize waste and impacts. It then discusses key characteristics of industrial ecology, including resource efficiency, systems thinking, closed-loop systems, collaboration, and life-cycle thinking. Examples are given for each characteristic. The conclusion restates that industrial ecology can help create more sustainable systems. References for further information are also included.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It outlines 12 principles for making chemical processes more environmentally friendly, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals, developing renewable and biodegradable products, and using catalysis to improve atom economy. The principles guide the design of sustainable chemicals and processes to benefit the environment and economy.
NASA is promoting green engineering principles to reduce environmental risks and costs. Green engineering aims to minimize environmental impacts over a product's lifecycle through design. NASA is developing tools to help engineers select more sustainable materials and identify emerging regulatory risks. Courses teach green engineering techniques, and centers evaluate alternative technologies. Embracing green engineering may reduce health/safety risks, costs, and gain public support while enabling innovation.
This document discusses cleaner production as an integrated preventative environmental strategy. It defines cleaner production as methods and techniques to improve productivity while minimizing environmental impact. The document outlines the concept, advantages, methodology, applications, principles, and examples of cleaner production. Specific examples discussed include campaigns for efficient water and energy use, investments in clean technology, and waste management programs implemented by companies in Cordoba, Argentina. The conclusion states that cleaner production is a sustainable option that can be applied to processes, products, and services to reduce environmental impacts across the lifecycle.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of industrial ecology. It begins with defining industrial ecology as the study of the physical, chemical, and biological interactions within and between industrial and ecological systems, with the goal of identifying strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of industry and move toward more sustainable systems. The document then discusses the historical development of industrial ecology, from systems analysis to conceptualizing industrial systems as analogous to natural ecosystems. It also attempts to define industrial ecology while acknowledging there is no single agreed upon definition. Several key concepts of industrial ecology are outlined, including systems analysis, material and energy flows, multidisciplinary approaches, and emulating closed-loop natural systems. The document concludes by discussing how industrial ecology relates to the field of ecology
This document summarizes a student's final project on green chemistry. It introduces green chemistry principles and applications in industry, environmentally friendly catalysis, and biomass. It discusses how green chemistry aims to prevent waste and increase energy efficiency. Green catalysis techniques like heterogeneous catalysis are highlighted which improve productivity while reducing costs and pollution. The conclusion emphasizes how applying green chemistry can reduce environmental damage and fuel consumption.
Environment, Innovation, and Business StrategiesIan Miles
The document discusses various topics related to clean technology and environmental management strategies. It describes different levels of "clean" technology adoption by industries from reactive approaches to proactively seeking new clean technology directions. It also discusses the concepts of technological trajectories, regimes and revolutions in relation to clean technology. Finally, it outlines some key components of environmental management programs within companies including structure, mechanisms for monitoring performance, guidelines and tools.
ISTD Green Management Seminar by Mr. S Raghupathy of CII on 3rd Aug 2011Revathi Turaga
Mr. Raghupathy, the Executive Director at CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, spoke to ISTD (Indian Society for Training & Development) Hyderabad Chapter members on \'Going Green\' and \'Green Management\'! Green Management is part of the current retooling efforts in academia and industry to address the grand challenge of environmental sustainability.
DRIVE | organising for the product that lastCLICKNL
What are the organizational challenges to designing and selling circular products? How can these challenges be overcome? What to do within your company and how to arrange your network cooperation? Professors and researchers at Groningen University and Radboud University decided to combine forces on the subject of sustainable and circular innovation, as a result of the IOP IPCR research program. They started working on a practical guidelines for companies, addressing questions like: This session reveals a tip of their research ‘iceberg’ and shows the main conclusions of their book ‘How to organize for the products that last?’ (expected early 2016)
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
The document provides an overview of various tools that can be used to implement eco-efficiency within an organization. It describes common tools such as life-cycle assessment, design for environment, environmental labelling, and cleaner production/pollution prevention. It also discusses how these tools can be applied at different levels and stages within an organization, and observations about factors driving adoption of various tools.
This document outlines the 7 modules of an environmental management system (EMS). The modules are: 1) commitment and environmental policy, 2) initial environmental review, 3) planning the environmental policy, 4) implementing the environmental policy, 5) measurement and evaluation, 6) audits and review, and 7) external environmental communication. The purpose of an EMS is to increase compliance with environmental regulations and reduce waste. An effective EMS provides ongoing environmental benefits and cost savings through continual improvement of environmental performance.
This document discusses environmental tax shifting, which involves levying environmental taxes and recycling the revenue through reductions in other taxes. It aims to address environmental externalities by bringing prices more in line with social costs. Benefits include supporting civic values and economic efficiency. Challenges include adjustment costs, concentrated impacts, and uncertainty over revenues and outcomes. Strategies proposed to overcome challenges include phasing in taxes gradually and using revenues to reduce income, capital, sales or payroll taxes. Environmental taxes discussed include user fees, resource and emissions charges, and policies to support product responsibility.
This document discusses green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. It was presented by several individuals and describes what green chemistry is, its principles, and areas the American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable has reviewed. These include solvent reduction/replacement and various chemical reaction types. The document also discusses GSK's eco-design toolkit and some high profile successes in developing greener processes from companies like Roche, Merck, Pfizer and Eli Lilly.
The document summarizes Catherine Michelle Rose's PhD thesis from Stanford University on formulating product end-of-life strategies. It discusses her research on design for environment and the hierarchy of end-of-life strategies from reuse to recycling to disposal. The document also explains Philips Consumer Electronics' process for environmental impact analysis of products, which involves life cycle assessment tools to examine impacts across a product's entire lifecycle.
This document discusses principles of green chemistry, green engineering, and sustainability. It provides definitions of these concepts, lists principles that guide them, and presents case studies. The key points are:
- Green chemistry aims to reduce pollution and waste through design of chemical products/processes. Its 12 principles include preventing waste and designing for non-toxicity.
- Green engineering similarly works to minimize environmental impacts and risks. Its principles involve holistic design and ensuring materials/energy are nonhazardous.
- Sustainability seeks to meet needs without compromising future generations. It involves lifecycle thinking and conserving ecosystems while protecting health.
How an Environmental Management System (EMS) can help with embedding of a Car...Scott Buckler
The document discusses the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) according to ISO 14001 standards at Cambridge Regional College. It covers the reasons for having an EMS, including legal and financial benefits; what ISO 14001 involves, such as establishing environmental aspects, impacts, and policies; how to set up an EMS with objectives, targets, evaluations, and management reviews; and that senior management buy-in, all staff, and an environmental action group will need to be involved in the process. The overall goal is for the college to be the first further education college in the UK to achieve ISO 14001 certification for its EMS.
Abiola Oladimeji Talabi provides a personal profile and resume highlighting over 10 years of experience in environmental consultancy, management, and health and safety. He has a background in environmental technology and management and lists skills in areas such as teamwork, leadership, customer service, and problem solving. The resume details his work history and roles at various environmental services companies where he conducted projects in areas such as environmental impact assessments, waste management, and health and safety compliance.
IRJET- Green Supply Chain Management in Construction Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the construction industry. It first defines GSCM and discusses its importance and benefits. It then reviews several studies that have examined various aspects of GSCM in construction, including frameworks for implementation, key drivers and barriers, and the GSCM practices of different countries/regions. The document concludes that while construction activities can harm the environment, GSCM provides opportunities to reduce negative impacts and improve sustainability across the construction supply chain.
Sustainable Energy Management: Reducing Waste with Lifecycle ThinkingChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Rajini K R Karduri, " Sustainable Energy Management: Reducing Waste
with Lifecycle Thinking", International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 8,Issue 5,May 2022,pp 55-64
This document provides an outline for a presentation on industrial ecosystems. It begins with an introduction that defines industrial ecosystems as aiming to mimic natural ecosystems through closed-loop systems that optimize resource use and minimize waste and impacts. It then discusses key characteristics of industrial ecology, including resource efficiency, systems thinking, closed-loop systems, collaboration, and life-cycle thinking. Examples are given for each characteristic. The conclusion restates that industrial ecology can help create more sustainable systems. References for further information are also included.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It outlines 12 principles for making chemical processes more environmentally friendly, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals, developing renewable and biodegradable products, and using catalysis to improve atom economy. The principles guide the design of sustainable chemicals and processes to benefit the environment and economy.
NASA is promoting green engineering principles to reduce environmental risks and costs. Green engineering aims to minimize environmental impacts over a product's lifecycle through design. NASA is developing tools to help engineers select more sustainable materials and identify emerging regulatory risks. Courses teach green engineering techniques, and centers evaluate alternative technologies. Embracing green engineering may reduce health/safety risks, costs, and gain public support while enabling innovation.
This document discusses cleaner production as an integrated preventative environmental strategy. It defines cleaner production as methods and techniques to improve productivity while minimizing environmental impact. The document outlines the concept, advantages, methodology, applications, principles, and examples of cleaner production. Specific examples discussed include campaigns for efficient water and energy use, investments in clean technology, and waste management programs implemented by companies in Cordoba, Argentina. The conclusion states that cleaner production is a sustainable option that can be applied to processes, products, and services to reduce environmental impacts across the lifecycle.
The document discusses cleaner production as a strategy for sustainable industrial development. It defines cleaner production as the continuous application of preventive environmental strategies to processes, products, and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment. The document outlines the principles of cleaner production, including precaution, prevention, and integration. It also describes the methodology, which involves 6 phases: commitment, analysis, opportunity generation, solution selection, implementation, and maintenance. Examples of cleaner production strategies and applications in industry are provided.
Principles and Applications of Green ChemistryAkhileshKoti
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The 12 principles of green chemistry include using renewable resources, designing safer chemicals, and using catalysis to make reactions more efficient. Green chemistry has applications in solar energy conversion, designing atom efficient synthesis processes, and developing safer solvents and chemicals.
The document discusses cleaner production, providing definitions and key principles. It describes the phases of cleaner production as planning and organization, preliminary assessment, detailed assessment, and feasibility assessment. Various cleaner production practices are outlined, including good housekeeping, input substitution, and technology changes. Barriers to cleaner production include resistance to change and lack of information. The document concludes with a case study on implementing cleaner production techniques at a textile mill in India.
4 ME PPT _ MT-I Energy Rate Forming Processes .21.03..2023.pptxmahendra singh
This document discusses sustainable manufacturing. It defines sustainable manufacturing as reducing negative environmental and social impacts while considering environmental, social and governance factors. An example of a sustainable process is one that resembles natural ecosystems by using local resources and waste to create new materials. The document outlines challenges to achieving sustainability, such as short-term profit pressures conflicting with long-term goals. However, sustainable practices can save money and resources. Examples of companies making progress include Patagonia and Seventh Generation.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry techniques to improve sustainability in chemical processes and products. It begins with examples of green chemistry and green engineering approaches. It then outlines the 12 principles of green chemistry and 12 principles of green engineering which guide the application of these techniques. The principles are organized into three categories: designing systems holistically, eliminating hazards and pollution, and maximizing resource efficiency. The document concludes with an introduction to green chemistry metrics for measuring sustainability and sections on material selection and reaction conditions.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry techniques to improve sustainability in chemical processes and products. It begins with examples of green chemistry and green engineering approaches. It then outlines the 12 principles of green chemistry and 12 principles of green engineering which guide the application of these techniques. The principles are organized into three categories: designing systems holistically, eliminating hazards and pollution, and maximizing resource efficiency. The document concludes with an introduction to green chemistry metrics for measuring sustainability and sections on material selection and reaction conditions.
Plant-Wide Control: Eco-Efficiency and Control Loop ConfigurationISA Interchange
Since the eco-efficiency of all industrial processes/plants has become increasingly important, engineers need to find a way to integrate the control loop configuration and the measurements of eco-efficiency. A new measure of eco-efficiency, the exergy eco-efficiency factor, for control loop configuration, is proposed in this paper. The exergy eco-efficiency factor is based on the thermodynamic concept of exergy which can be used to analyse a process in terms of its efficiency associated with the control configuration. The combination of control pairing configuration techniques (such as the relative gain array, RGA and Niederlinski index, NI) and the proposed exergy eco-efficiency factor will guide the process designer to reach the optimal control design with low operational cost (i.e., energy consumption). The exergy eco-efficiency factor is implemented in the process simulation case study and the reliability of the proposed method is demonstrated by dynamic simulation results.
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTGaurav Dutta
The document discusses a strategic framework for green supply chain management. It outlines several key factors that influence an organization's management of a green supply chain, including the product lifecycle, operational lifecycle, and environmentally conscious business practices. The product lifecycle influences greening strategies depending on the phase of maturity. The operational lifecycle encompasses procurement, production, distribution, and reverse logistics. Environmentally conscious practices include reduction, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal alternatives.
This document summarizes a unit on cleaner production from the Saltillo Technological Institute's distance education program. It discusses the principles and phases of cleaner production, as well as practices, barriers, and benefits. Cleaner production aims to conserve resources and reduce waste and pollution in production processes, products, and services. It can increase efficiency and sustainability. The document also provides several case studies on industries that implemented cleaner production strategies to reduce their environmental impact and become more sustainable and efficient.
1) The document proposes a new methodology for eco-innovative design based on TRIZ (the theory of inventive problem solving). It introduces two new parameters: user needs/settings and the level of ownership of eco-design by stakeholders.
2) Many existing eco-design tools and methods are complicated, require extensive environmental expertise, or produce results with large margins of error. The proposed methodology uses a simplified but thorough multi-criteria environmental assessment.
3) TRIZ methods have been shown to find solutions without compromise by addressing contradictions. The methodology builds an new matrix linking eco-efficiency indicators to engineering parameters to guide designers to one or more eco-innovative solutions.
Why facility managers are crucial to introducing sustainabilityJohn Machado
As technology becomes more accessible than ever, sustainability initiatives are becoming exponentially easier for companies to implement. Targets are being put in place by companies, motivated by factors like climate awareness, customer expectations or regulations being set by governmental bodies. At the centre of this nexus of change stands the facility manager, making it possible to conceptualise and implement these plans.
Green technology aims to develop and apply technologies that are environmentally friendly and resource efficient. It covers areas like green chemistry, green nanotechnology, green building, green IT, and green energy. The goals are sustainability, reducing waste and pollution, innovation, and economic viability. Green chemistry uses principles like prevention of waste, safer solvents and materials. Green nanotechnology minimizes environmental risks of nanotechnology. Green buildings use renewable materials and energy generation. Green IT improves energy efficiency of computing. Green energy develops power from renewable sources like solar and wind. Green marketing considers environmental impacts in the 4Ps of product, price, place and promotion. The triple bottom line model evaluates financial, social and environmental impacts and is linked to corporate social responsibility
This document summarizes a paper that describes how model-driven development (MDD) can be used for safety-critical projects in the energy industry. MDD involves first analyzing problems and potential solutions using techniques like simulation before final decision making. Requirements are formally verified and validated to improve common understanding. Graphical models improve communication by breaking down barriers between domains. MDD has been successfully applied in industries like aerospace, defense, nuclear, automotive, and medical devices. The paper outlines how MDD and requirements-driven engineering can improve quality, reduce costs and risks for complex energy projects.
Biomimicry involves studying nature's designs and processes to solve human problems. Examples include termite mounds inspiring building designs with natural ventilation, and gecko feet inspiring reusable adhesive tapes. Nature's solutions are often highly efficient, using minimal energy and resources and producing no waste. Biomimicry advocates studying how nature fits form to function, rewards cooperation, and avoids excess to design more sustainable human systems and innovations.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It focuses on preventing pollution and reducing consumption through technological approaches rather than regulating emissions. Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but particularly focuses on synthesis, process chemistry, and engineering applications. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles to guide green chemistry, addressing ways to reduce environmental and health impacts through safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes.
Measurement is a fundamental concept in science that allows scientists to conduct experiments and form theories. It involves comparing properties of an object to a standard unit of measurement. The metric system, also known as the SI system, provides standardized units that are used worldwide. The seven base SI units are used to derive other common units like liters, newtons, and joules. Measurement tools introduce uncertainty, so scientists aim for accuracy and precision by taking multiple measurements and calculating averages.
1) Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until uniform distribution is reached. It occurs more quickly in gases than liquids due to particles moving more rapidly and having more space between them in gases.
2) When two gases are combined, they mix rapidly through diffusion as particles move along concentration gradients. Bromine vapor rises into an air-filled jar through diffusion.
3) In osmosis, water molecules diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration into a solution with low water concentration, such as sucrose solution. The sucrose solution increases in volume while the water decreases.
Rectification is the process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using rectifier circuits. There are two main types of rectifiers: half-wave and full-wave. A half-wave rectifier uses a single diode to pass only the positive half of the AC waveform, resulting in a DC output that fluctuates between 0V and the peak voltage. A full-wave rectifier uses four diodes in a bridge configuration to rectify both the positive and negative halves of the AC waveform, producing a fuller DC output.
This document is a worksheet about radioactive decay of iodine-125. It contains 10 questions asking students to calculate things like the percentage decayed after a certain number of half-lives, the number of grams remaining after a given time, and the number of half-lives that have passed based on the amount remaining. The questions cover core concepts of radioactive decay like decay over multiple half-lives and calculating remaining and decayed amounts.
The document defines a force as anything that alters an object's state of inertia, creating a push or pull. Forces can get objects moving, change their direction of motion, stretch or squash objects. There are contact forces like friction, tension, normal force and spring force, which act through direct contact. There are also non-contact or action-at-a-distance forces like gravity, electricity and magnetism. The document provides examples of how each type of force works.
1. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to common lymphoid progenitors which differentiate into pro-B and pro-T cells.
2. Commitment to the B or T cell lineage is regulated by distinct transcription factors and cytokines direct proliferation of early lymphocytes.
3. Positive and negative selection during maturation ensure lymphocytes express functional receptors with low self-reactivity.
1. During sexual reproduction, double fertilization occurs in flowering plants where two sperm cells from a pollen grain fertilize cells in an ovule.
2. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote that becomes the embryo, while the second sperm cell fertilizes two polar nuclei in the central cell to form the endosperm, a triploid cell that provides nutrition for seed development.
3. The pollen grain delivers the sperm cells and lands on the stigma of the female reproductive organ called the carpel, connecting the pollen grain to the ovary where the ovule containing the egg cell develops.
After successful pollination and fertilization in Fast Plants:
1. Flower parts other than the pistil wither while the pistil begins rapidly enlarging to become a pod containing developing seeds.
2. Students measure the increasing length of pistils at 3, 6, and 9 days after pollination, observing the outlines of developing ovules and embryos within enlarging pods.
3. By 20 days after pollination, embryos have matured into viable seeds, completing the life cycle from one generation to the next.
There are two ways for substances to enter or leave a cell: passive diffusion (simple/facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport. Passive processes involve movement down a concentration gradient without energy usage, while active transport moves substances against a gradient by using ATP. Osmosis is diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane, and turgor pressure results from water uptake in plant cells. Active transport uses protein carriers and ATP to move molecules against their gradients.
The document discusses several factors that affect blood pressure, including peripheral resistance, vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output. Peripheral resistance, which is affected by blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length, has a major influence on blood pressure. Higher peripheral resistance requires more pressure to maintain blood flow. Additionally, increased blood volume or cardiac output leads to higher blood pressure, while decreased vessel elasticity also elevates pressure over time.
Speciation is the process by which new species arise. It occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from one another through mechanisms that prevent interbreeding, such as geographical isolation, differences in mating behaviors or seasons, or changes in chromosome numbers. Reproductive isolation allows populations to diverge genetically as new traits evolve in response to different environmental pressures without gene flow between them. The fossil record shows that new species tend to appear and disappear abruptly rather than through gradual change over time, fitting a pattern of punctuated equilibrium more than constant evolution.
There are two ways for substances to enter or leave a cell: passive diffusion (simple/facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport. Passive processes involve movement down a concentration gradient without energy usage, while active transport moves substances against a gradient by using ATP. Osmosis is diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a lower to higher solute concentration area. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to selectively move specific molecules. Active transport uses protein carriers and ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
The document discusses sustainable transport and development. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable transport considers environmental, economic, and social impacts. Freight transport is important but road freight causes negative environmental and social impacts. Sustainable freight aims to balance efficient logistics with sustainable development. Spatial planning can help bridge economic development and environmental protection to achieve sustainable urban development.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water useDamion Lawrence
This document discusses methods and technologies to improve water use efficiency. It notes that competition for freshwater supplies will require maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed rather than land area. Broad systems approaches are needed to optimize irrigation based on factors like water delivery, rainfall, crop needs, soil, and weather. Water can be conserved by reducing evaporation and transpiration and minimizing unusable losses. Agricultural advances will include more efficient irrigation technologies, higher value crops that use less water, and drought-tolerant alternatives. Both agricultural and non-agricultural users will need to cooperate and compromise to adopt more conservative water use approaches.
This document discusses issues and challenges related to rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. It covers key topics like the benefits of rainwater harvesting, design considerations for optimizing tank size and system efficiency, water quality issues and treatment technologies, economic factors, social challenges, and the impact of climate change. Proper system design is important to improve performance and water supply stability. Water quality can be impacted by contaminants from rooftops and atmospheric pollution, requiring treatment before human consumption. Further research is still needed to better understand system performance and compare estimated versus actual outcomes.
Environmental management systems and green supply chain managementDamion Lawrence
This document discusses environmental management systems (EMS) and green supply chain management (GSCM). It questions whether EMS adoption leads organizations to implement more sustainable practices throughout their supply chains. While EMS focus on internal environmental policies and procedures, GSCM evaluates impacts throughout the supply network. The document presents debates around whether EMS improve performance beyond organizational boundaries or are just symbolic. It also explores how EMS capabilities could facilitate GSCM and how both face similar institutional pressures. The research aims to empirically evaluate the relationship between EMS and GSCM practices.
The document discusses design for materials recovery in architecture. It provides context on life cycle analysis and considering impacts across a building's lifespan from sourcing materials through end of life. Key aspects of design for recovery discussed include embodied energy, durability, disassembly, adaptive reuse, and recyclability. It also presents a case study on the Advanced Green Builder Demonstration Project, which uses a flexible post-and-beam system made from recycled steel and infill walls demonstrating natural, recycled, and byproduct materials.
This document outlines 10 principles of good work design for optimizing work health and safety, human performance, job satisfaction, and business success. The principles are structured into three sections: why good work design is important, what should be considered in good work design, and how good work is designed. The principles aim to provide guidance on applying good work design to protect workers and others affected by the work.
The 7 Principles of Universal Design were developed in 1997 by architects, designers, engineers and researchers led by Ronald Mace to promote inclusive design. The principles are: 1) Equitable Use, designs that can be used by people with diverse abilities, 2) Flexibility in Use, accommodating individual preferences and abilities, 3) Simple and Intuitive Use, easy to understand regardless of experience or abilities.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
3. quired to optimize the overall system solution. There
are, however, two fundamental concepts that de-
signers should strive to integrate at every opportuni-
ty: life cycle considerations and the first principle of
green engineering, inherency.
Life cycle and inherency
The materials and energy that enter each life cycle stage
of every product and process have their own life cycle.
If a product is environmentally benign but is made
using hazardous or nonrenewable substances, the im-
pacts have simply been shifted to another part of the
overall life cycle. If, for example, a product or process
is energy efficient or even energy generating (e.g., pho-
tovoltaics), but the manufacturing process consumes
energy to a degree that offsets any energy gains, there
is no net sustainability advantage. Accordingly, de-
signers should consider the entire life cycle, including
those of the materials and energy inputs.
The life cycles of materials and energy begin with
acquisition (e.g., mining, drilling, harvesting) and
move throughout manufacturing, distribution, use,
and end of life. It is the consideration of all of the im-
pacts that is needed when applying the green engi-
neering principles. This strategy complements the
selection of inherently benign inputs that will reduce
the environmental impact across life-cycle stages.
Making products, processes, and systems more
environmentally benign generally follows one of the
two basic approaches: changing the inherent nature
of the system or changing the circumstances/condi-
tions of the system. Although inherency may, for ex-
ample, reduce the intrinsic toxicity of a chemical; a
conditional change can include controlling the re-
lease of, and exposure to, a toxic chemical.
Inherency is preferable for various reasons, most
importantly to preclude “failure”. By relying on tech-
nological control of system conditions, such as air
scrubbers or effluent treatment, there is a potential
for failure that can lead to a significant risk to human
health and natural systems. However, with an inher-
ently more benign design, regardless of changes in
conditions or circumstances, the intrinsic nature of
the system cannot fail.
In those cases in which the inherent nature of the
system is predefined, it is often necessary to improve
that system through changes in circumstances and
conditions. Although technological and economic
factors may often preclude the adoption of an alter-
native system design that is more inherently benign,
incremental changes in circumstances can have a
very significant effect on the overall system. One ex-
ample is the choice between designing personal trans-
portation in the most environmentally benign and
sustainable way versus designing a gasoline-powered
sport utility vehicle to be the most sustainable.
The 12 Principles of Green Engineering provide a
structure to create and assess the elements of design
relevant to maximizing sustainability. Engineers can
use these principles as guidelines to help ensure that
designs for products, processes, or systems have the
fundamental components, conditions, and circum-
stances necessary to be more sustainable.
The principles
More details about the application of the 12 princi-
ples across the four design scales are found in Tables
1–11 in Supporting Information at http://pubs.acs.
org/est.
Principle 1: Inherent rather than circumstantial.
Although the negative consequences of inherently
hazardous substances (whether toxicological, physi-
cal, or global) may be minimized, this is accomplished
only through a significant investment of time, capi-
tal, material, and energy resources. Generally, this is
not an economically or environmentally sustainable
approach. Designers should evaluate the inherent na-
ture of the selected material and energy inputs to en-
sure that they are as benign as possible as a first step
toward a sustainable product, process, or system.
Similarly, molecular designers are developing meth-
ods and technologies to create inherently benign ma-
terial and energy sources (15–18).
For cases in which inherently hazardous inputs
are selected, the hazard will either be removed in the
process, usually during purification or cleanup steps,
or incorporated into the final output. Hazards that
are eliminated in-process from the final product by
optimized operating conditions will require constant
monitoring and containment and may also require
eventual removal to a permanent off-site storage and
disposal facility. Each step requires engineered safe-
ty precautions that could fail. What if these hazards
are not removed but instead incorporated into the
96 A ■ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / MARCH 1, 2003
The 12 Principles of Green Engineering
Principle 1: Designers need to strive to ensure that all material and
energy inputs and outputs are as inherently nonhaz-
ardous as possible.
Principle 2: It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up
waste after it is formed.
Principle 3: Separation and purification operations should be
designed to minimize energy consumption and materials
use.
Principle 4: Products, processes, and systems should be designed to
maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency.
Principle 5: Products, processes, and systems should be “output
pulled” rather than “input pushed” through the use of
energy and materials.
Principle 6: Embedded entropy and complexity must be viewed as an
investment when making design choices on recycle,
reuse, or beneficial disposition.
Principle 7: Targeted durability, not immortality, should be a design
goal.
Principle 8: Design for unnecessary capacity or capability (e.g., “one
size fits all”) solutions should be considered a design
flaw.
Principle 9: Material diversity in multicomponent products should be
minimized to promote disassembly and value retention.
Principle 10: Design of products, processes, and systems must
include integration and interconnectivity with available
energy and materials flows.
Principle 11: Products, processes, and systems should be designed
for performance in a commercial “afterlife”.
Principle 12: Material and energy inputs should be renewable rather
than depleting.
4. MARCH 1, 2003 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ■ 97 A
final product? Strategies for incorporating hazards
into a product or process as long as the hazard is con-
tinually recycled and reused do exist, but this ap-
proach requires resource expenditure for monitoring
and control throughout the hazard’s lifetime. Further-
more, these methodologies depend on the transport
of these hazards to maintain “closed-loop” cycling,
thereby increasing the risk of release through acci-
dents, spills, and leaks. Ideally, inputs to the system
will be inherently less hazardous, which significant-
ly reduces the risks of failure and the resources ex-
pended on control, monitoring, and containment.
Principle 2: Prevention instead of treatment.
Proposals for manufacturing processes or service sys-
tems that are “zero-waste” are often criticized as ig-
noring the laws of thermodynamics and enthalpic
considerations. An important point, often overlooked,
is that the concept of waste is human. In other words,
there is nothing inherent about energy or a substance
that makes it a waste. Rather it results from a lack of
use that has yet to be imagined or implemented. As
such, waste is assigned to material or energy that cur-
rent processes or systems are unable to effectively ex-
ploit for beneficial use. Regardless of its nature, the
generation and handling of waste consumes time, ef-
fort, and money. Furthermore, hazardous waste de-
mands even greater additional investments for
monitoring and control.
Although it may seem obvious that waste genera-
tion should be prevented or avoided wherever possi-
ble, there are plentiful examples where it is not
inadvertently generated; rather, waste generation is
thoughtlessly designed into the process. Technologies
targeted toward waste-free design at any scale are
based on the same fundamental concept: inputs are
designed to be a part of the desired output. This con-
cept has been described at the molecular scale as
“atom economy” (18) and can be extended across de-
sign scales as the “material economy”.
This principle can be illustrated by the design of
current power generation systems based on fossil
fuels, which inherently produce waste at each life
cycle stage. Although waste is also generated during
mining and processing, most is produced during use.
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases and
particulate matter, which contribute to global climate
change and its subsequent impacts (19).
However, power generation systems do not have
to produce waste, as exemplified by fusion energy.
Although still unrealized, fusion energy could move
energy systems toward sustainability (20). Fusion will
eliminate the release of chemical combustion prod-
ucts because fossil fuels are not used. In addition, fu-
sion energy does not form dangerous fission products
that are associated with nuclear energy sources.
Applying this strategy to energy systems illustrates
that products, processes, and other systems can be
designed to prevent the production of waste through
elemental design considerations.
Principle 3: Design for separation. Product sepa-
ration and purification consume the most energy and
material in many manufacturing processes. Many tra-
ditional methods for separations require large
amounts of hazardous solvents, whereas others con-
sume large quantities of energy as heat or pressure.
Appropriate up-front designs permit the self-separa-
tion of products using intrinsic physical/chemical
properties, such as solubility and volatility rather than
induced conditions, decrease waste and reduce pro-
cessing times.
A similar design strategy can be applied across
scales such that the final product, process, or system
is shaped from components with desired properties.
This approach minimizes the energy and materials
necessary to isolate the desired output from a com-
plicated matrix of undesirable and valueless extra-
neous matter. Furthermore, the components of the
unwanted matrix are often classified as waste, which
requires time, money, and resources for handling,
transportation, disposal, and possible monitoring.
Additionally, design decisions at the earliest stage
can impact the ease of product separation and
purification for later reuse and recycling of compo-
nents. Economic and technical limitations in sepa-
rating materials and components are among the
greatest obstacles to recovery, recycle, and reuse (21).
These obstacles can be overcome by avoiding per-
manent bonds between two different materials wher-
ever possible. Fasteners that are designed for
disassembly should be incorporated into the
basic design strategy at all scales.
“Reversible fasteners”, in-
cluding threaded fasten-
ers, can significantly
improve the ease
of material recov-
ery, recycling,
and reuse in
cellular tele-
phones to
cars.
Up-front
considera-
tion for sep-
aration and
purification
avoids the
need to expend
materials and en-
ergy to harvest the
desired output across
all design scales and
throughout the life cycle. At
the molecular scale, for example,
separation and purification processes such
as column chromatography and distillation are often
inefficient. Column chromatography can require large
quantities of hazardous solvents (22), whereas distil-
An important point, often overlooked,
is that the concept of waste is human.
5. lation consumes significant amounts of energy, both
in terms of cooling and heating requirements.
However, if chemical reaction products can be de-
signed to self-separate from the reaction medium, it
would eliminate the need for these additional re-
sources. Polymers, for example, can be used to con-
trol the solubility of substrates, ligands, and catalysts
for separation and reuse. Up-front consideration for
separation and purification avoids the need to ex-
pend materials and energy to harvest the desired out-
put across all design scales and throughout the life
cycle (23).
Principle 4:Maximize mass,energy,space,and time
efficiency. Because processes and systems often use
more time, space, energy, and material than required,
the results could be categorized as“inefficiencies”, but
the consequences are often broadly distributed
throughout the product and process life cycles. If a
system is designed, used, or applied at less than max-
imum efficiency, resources are being wasted through-
out the life cycle. The same design tools traditionally
used by engineers to increase efficiency can be even
more broadly applied to increase intensity. That is,
space and time issues can be considered along with
the material and energy flow to eliminate waste.
Furthermore, in optimized systems there is a need for
real-time monitoring to ensure that the system con-
tinues to operate at the intended design conditions.
Historically, only a part of the available volume of
large batch reactors in chemical manufacturing has
been commonly used during the reaction period,
often at dilution levels far more than required.
Through process intensification techniques, such as
microreactors that operate continuously at very low
volume with efficient mixing, high productivity can
be obtained from small amounts of ma-
terial (24). Similar strategies de-
signed for maximum
efficiency and intensity
can be applied across
the molecular, pro-
duct and pro-
cess. Examples
of how this ap-
plies across
the hierarchy
of systems
scales in-
clude spin-
n i n g - d i s k
reactors re-
placing batch
reactors (24),
powder coatings
instead of paints,
digital information
rather than printed
media, and eco-industrial
plants to eliminate urban sprawl.
Principle 5: Output-pulled versus input-pushed.
Le Châtelier’s principle states that when a stress is
applied to a system at equilibrium, the system read-
justs to relieve or offset the applied stress. A stress is
any imposed factor, such as temperature, pressure, or
concentration gradient, which upsets the balance be-
tween the forward and reverse transformation rates.
For example, increasing the input to a system will
cause a stress that is relieved by an increase in out-
put generation. Often a reaction or transformation is
“driven” to completion based on this principle by
adding more energy or materials to shift the equilib-
rium and generate the desired output. However, this
same effect can be achieved by designing transfor-
mations in which outputs are continually minimized
or removed from the system, and the transformation
is instead “pulled” to completion without the need
for excess energy or material.
Approaching design through Le Châtelier’s prin-
ciple, therefore, minimizes the amount of resources
consumed to transform inputs into the desired out-
puts. This is well known at the molecular level in
chemical transformations such as condensation re-
actions in which water is eliminated from the prod-
uct stream to “pull” the reaction to completion. This
same technique, though not necessarily in the tradi-
tional context, can be applied across design scales.
For example, manufacturing systems can be based
on “just-in-time” manufacturing—goods produced
to meet end user demand exactly for timeliness, qual-
ity, and quantity. This can be more broadly defined
such that the end user can be the final purchaser of
the product or another process further along the pro-
duction line. Just-in-time manufacturing requires that
equipment, resources, and labor are only available in
the amount required and at the time required to do
the job. Only the necessary units are produced in the
necessary quantities at the necessary time by bring-
ing production rates exactly in line with demand (25).
Planning manufacturing systems for final output
eliminates the wastes associated with overproduc-
tion, waiting time, processing, inventory, and resource
inputs. For example, direct metal deposition produces
less final waste than metal casting (26).
Principle 6: Conserve complexity. The amount of
complexity that is built into a product, whether at the
macro, micro, or molecular scale, is usually a func-
tion of expenditures of materials, energy, and time. For
highly complex, high-entropy substances, it could be
counterproductive and sacrifice value (down-cycling)
to recycle the material. High complexity should cor-
respond to reuse, whereas substances of minimal
complexity are favored for value-conserving recycling,
where possible, or beneficial disposition, when nec-
essary. Natural systems should also be recognized as
having complexity benefits that should not be need-
lessly sacrificed in manufacturing transformation or
processing.
Silicon computer chips have a significant level of
complexity invested in them, and it may not be effi-
cient to recycle a silicon chip in order to recover the
value of the starting materials. The complexity of a
brown paper bag also may not, however, warrant the
time and energy for collection, sorting, processing,
remanufacturing, and redistribution as an intact
shopping bag. End-of-life design decisions for recy-
cle, reuse, or beneficial disposal should be based on
the invested material and energy and subsequent
complexity across all design scales.
98 A ■ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / MARCH 1, 2003
6. Principle 7: Durability rather than immortality.
Products that will last well beyond their useful com-
mercial life often result in environmental problems,
ranging from solid waste disposal to persistence and
bioaccumulation. It is therefore necessary to design
substances with a targeted lifetime to avoid immor-
tality of undesirable materials in the environment.
However, this strategy must be balanced with the
design of products that are durable enough to with-
stand anticipated operating conditions for the ex-
pected lifetime to avoid premature failure and
subsequent disposal. Effective and efficient mainte-
nance and repair must also be considered, so that the
intended lifetime can be achieved with minimal in-
troduction of additional material and energy
throughout the life cycle.
By targeting durability and not immortality as a de-
sign goal, the risk to human and environmental health
at end of life is significantly reduced. For example,
single-use disposable diapers consisting of several
materials, including nonbiodegradable polymers,
have represented the single largest nonrecyclable frac-
tion of municipal solid waste (27). Although this prod-
uct has a short useful lifetime, it remains a significant
environmental problem well beyond its targeted and
defined need. One solution is a new starch-based
packing material, Eco-fill, which consists of food-
grade inputs (starch and water) that can be readily dis-
solved in domestic/industrial water systems at the
product’s end of life, and is competitive with tradi-
tional polystyrene packing (28). By designing dura-
bility, but not immortality, into this product, Eco-fill
achieves its intended use without long-term envi-
ronmental burdens.
Another example on the molecular scale is using
biologically based polylactic acid to create plastics
and fibers instead of petroleum-based polyacrylic
acid, which is not biodegradable (29).
Principle 8: Meet need, minimize excess. Antici-
pating the necessary process agility and product flex-
ibility at the design stage is important. However, the
material and energy costs for overdesign and unus-
able capacity or capability can be high. There is also
a tendency to design for worst-case scenarios or op-
timize performance for extreme or unrealistic con-
ditions, which allow the same product or process to
be used regardless of local spatial, time, or physical
conditions. This requires incorporating and subse-
quently disposing and treating components whose
function will not be realized under most operating
conditions.
The tendency to design an eternal, global solution
(e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, PCBs) should be mini-
mized to reduce unnecessary resource expenditures.
Drinking water disinfection using chlorine is a good
example. Water distributed from a centralized loca-
tion is treated to ensure that the water remains dis-
infected to the furthest receiving point. However,
water at a shorter distance from the drinking water
treatment plant in the system will have higher-than-
necessary levels of disinfection byproducts because
some dissipate with time. An alternative and poten-
tially more sustainable strategy would be to install
actuator and control systems throughout the distri-
bution system that regulate the dose of chlorination
(30). This reduces the environmental and human
health burdens of chlorine production and the sub-
sequent release of chlorination byproducts, such as
trihalomethanes (31).
Although this example does not move toward a
nonchlorinated disinfection system, it provides an
example of a significant, if incremental, improvement
on the current system. This strategy can be applied
across design scales to limit the expenditure of un-
derused and unnecessary materials and energy. For
example, enzyme catalysts that operate at mild con-
ditions can replace more reactive reagents. Tech-
nologies that target the specific needs and demands
of end users also offer an alternative to “off the shelf”
solutions.
Principle 9: Minimize material diversity. Products
as diverse as cars, food packaging, computers, and
paint all have multiple components. In an automo-
bile, components are made from various plastics,
glasses, and metals. Within individual plastics there
are various chemical additives, including thermal sta-
bilizers, plasticizers, dyes, and flame-retardants. This
diversity becomes an issue when considering end-
of-useful-life decisions, which determines the ease of
disassembly for reuse and recycle. Options for final
disposition are increased through up-front designs
that minimize material diversity yet accomplish the
needed functions.
At the process level, this is being done by inte-
grating desired functionality into polymer backbones
and thereby avoiding additives at a later stage in the
manufacturing process (32). Tailoring polymer prop-
erties can have a positive environmental effect in
cases in which leaching of additives may be an issue
and in cases in which ease of recycling is important.
On the product scale, selected automobile design-
ers are reducing the number of plastics by developing
different forms of polymers to have new material char-
acteristics that improve ease of disassembly and re-
cyclability. This technology is currently applied to the
design of multilayer components, such as door and in-
strument panels. For example, components can be
produced using a single material, such as metallocene
polyolefins, that are engineered to have the various
and necessary design properties. Through the use of
this monomaterial design strategy, it is no longer nec-
essary to disassemble the door or instrument panel for
recovery and recycling (33).
On the molecular scale, this principle is illustrat-
MARCH 1, 2003 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ■ 99 A
By targeting durability and not immortality as a
design goal, the risk to human and environmental health
at end of life is significantly reduced.
7. ed with “one-pot” or cascading reactions, or self-as-
sembly processes that replace multistep reactions.
Principle 10: Integrate local material and energy
flows. Products, processes, and systems should be de-
signed to use the existing framework of energy and
material flows within a unit operation, production
line, manufacturing facility, industrial park, or local-
ity. By taking advantage of existing energy and mate-
rial flows, the need to generate energy and/or acquire
and process raw materials is minimized.
At the process scale, this strategy can be used to
take the heat generated by exothermic reactions to
drive other reactions with high activation energies.
Byproducts formed during chemical reactions or
through purification steps can become feedstocks in
subsequent reactions. Cogeneration energy systems
can be used to generate electricity and steam simul-
taneously to increase efficiency. In this manner,
“waste” material and energy can be captured
throughout the production line, facility, or industri-
al park and incorporated into system processes and
final products.
This principle is also illustrated by regenerative
braking systems in hybrid electric vehicles. In these
systems, heat generated by braking that is typically
wasted is captured, reversing the electric motor. This
turns the motor into an electric generator, creating
electricity that is fed back into a battery and stored
as energy to propel the vehicle. Integrating the drive
train with the regenerative braking system reduces
the vehicle’s fuel demands and significantly improves
fuel efficiency (34).
As this example demonstrates, it is important to
consider the availability of energy and material for a
product or process. Energy inputs from sources, such
as waste heat from adjacent processes or incorpora-
tion of already existing materials,
may significantly benefit
the life cycle, reducing
the need for raw
materials and en-
ergy acquisition
and requiring
less process-
ing and dis-
posal.
Principle
11: Design
for com-
m e r c i a l
“afterlife”.
In many
instances,
commercial
end of life
occurs as a result
of technological or
stylistic obsolescence,
rather than a fundamen-
tal performance or quality fail-
ure. To reduce waste, components that
remain functional and valuable can be recovered for
reuse and/or reconfiguration. This strategy encour-
ages up-front modular design, which reduces the
need for acquiring and processing raw materials by
allowing the next-generation designs of products,
processes, or systems to be based on recovered com-
ponents with known properties.
By incorporating commercial “afterlife” into the
initial design strategy, rather than as an afterthought
at end of life, the value added to molecules, process-
es, products, and systems could be recovered and
reused at their highest value level as functional com-
ponents. This case is most compelling when end of
life is premature and not a fundamental quality fail-
ure, as in the case of personal electronics. Cellular
telephones, personal digital assistants, and laptop
computers are often retired as styles change or tech-
nology advances (35); however, the physical compo-
nents are still fully functional and therefore valuable.
Designing products with components that can be re-
covered would significantly reduce end-of-life bur-
dens and manufacture of duplicate components in
the next-product generation. For example, approxi-
mately 90% of Xerox equipment is designed for re-
manufacture (36). Converting old industrial buildings
to housing is an example at the systems scale.
Principle 12: Renewable rather than depleting.
The nature of the origin of the materials and energy
inputs can be a major influence on the sustainabil-
ity of products, processes, and systems. Whether a
substance or energy source is renewable or deplet-
ing can have far-reaching effects. Every unit of finite
substance used in a consumptive manner incre-
mentally moves the supply of that substance toward
depletion. Certainly, from a definitional standpoint,
this is not sustainable. In addition, because virgin
substances require repetitive extractive processes,
using depleting resources causes ongoing environ-
mental damage.
Renewable resources, however, can be used in cy-
cles in which the damaging processes are not nec-
essary or at least not required as often. Biological
materials are often cited as renewables. However, if
a waste product from a process can be recovered and
used as an alternative feedstock or recyclable input
that retains its value, this would certainly be con-
sidered renewable from a sustainability standpoint.
Examples include recovering biomass feedstocks,
treating wastewater with natural ecosystems (37),
and biobased plastics.
Although it is certainly true that all human process-
es and actions will have some impact on the envi-
ronment, minimizing those actions that irreversibly,
significantly alter the sustainable supply of a resource
can lead to the design of more sustainable products,
processes, and systems.
Final points
Innovation in design engineering has resulted in feats
ranging from the microchip to space travel. Now, that
same innovative tradition must be used to design sus-
tainability into products, processes, and systems in a
way that is scalable. By using the 12 Principles of
Green Engineering as a framework, the conversation
that must take place between designers of molecules,
materials, components, products, and complex sys-
tems can occur using a common language and a uni-
100 A ■ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / MARCH 1, 2003
8. versal method of approach. The principles are not
simply a listing of goals, but rather a set of method-
ologies to accomplish the goals of green design and
sustainability.
Because of practical, logistical, economic, inertial,
and institutional reasons, it will be necessary in the
near term to optimize unsustainable products, pro-
cesses, and systems that are currently in place. This is
an important short-term measure, and the green en-
gineering principles provide a useful framework for
accomplishing this optimization. However, through
re-engineering of entire systems (e.g., personal trans-
portation systems), greater degrees of freedom with
potential benefits for sustainability are obtained, and
therefore, the principles become more essential.
Ultimately, a redefining of the problem, from the mol-
ecular to the systems level, is where fundamental and
even inherent sustainability can be achieved. This is
where the 12 principles are most powerful.
Although each principle can be demonstrated at
each scale, the 12 principles have neither been im-
plemented systematically nor across all scales.
Systematic integration of these principles is key to-
ward achieving genuine sustainability in the design
of molecules, products, processes, and systems, for
the simultaneous benefit of the environment, econ-
omy, and society, and the ultimate goal of
sustainability.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank numerous engineers and
designers around the world for their discussions and
contributions, especially Mary Kirchhoff for her in-
valuable assistance with this paper.
Paul Anastas is a special professor in the chemistry
department at the University of Nottingham in the
United Kingdom and an assistant director at the White
House Office of Science and Technology Policy in
Washington, D.C. Julie Zimmerman is an EPA STAR
Fellow and research assistant in the Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering and the School of
Natural Resources and Environment at the University
of Michigan. Address correspondence to Anastas at
panastas@ostp.eop.gov.
References
(1) The World Commission on Environment and Develop-
ment. Our Common Future; Oxford University Press: New
York, 1987.
(2) NRC Board on Sustainable Development Our Common
Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability; National
Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2000.
(3) Graedel, T. E.; Allenby, B. R. Design for Environment;
Prentice Hall: New York, 1997.
(4) Allen, D. T.; Shonnard, D. R. Green Engineering: Environ-
mentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes; Prentice
Hall: New York, 2001.
(5) Keoleian, G. A.; Menerey, D. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.
1994, 44, 645–668.
(6) Kates, W. K.; et al. Science 2001, 292, 641–642.
(7) Hawken, P.; Lovins, A.; Lovins, L. H. Natural Capitalism:
The Next Industrial Revolution; Earthscan: London, 1999.
(8) Anderson, R. Mid-Course Correction: Toward a Sustainable
Enterprise: The Interface Mode; Chelsea Green:White River
Junction, VT, 1999.
(9) McDonough, W.; Braungart, M. The Next Industrial
Revolution; Greenleaf Publishing: Sheffield, U.K., 1999.
(10) McDonough,W.; Braungart, M. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking
the Way We Make Things; North Point Press: New York,
2002.
(11) Green Engineering; Anastas, P. T., Heine, L., Williamson,
T. C., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC,
2000.
(12) Ehrenfeld, J. J. Cleaner Prod. 1997, 5, 87–95.
(13) Fiksel, J. Design for Environment: Creating Eco-Efficient
Products and Processes; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1998.
(14) Skerlos, S. J.; et al. Challenges to Achieving Sustainable
Aqueous Systems: A Case Study in Metalworking Fluids.
In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on
Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Japan, December 13–16,
2001; pp 146–153.
(15) Green Chemistry: Designing Chemistry for the Environ-
ment. Anastas, P. T., Williamson, T. C., Eds.; American
Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
(16) Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. Green Chemistry: Theory and
Practice; Oxford University Press: London, 1998.
(17) Devito, S. C.; Garrett, R. L. Designing Safer Chemicals:
Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention; American
Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
(18) Trost, B. Science 1991, 254, 1471–1477.
(19) Watson, R. T. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report;
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge,
U.K., 2001.
(20) Bromberg, J. L. Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention
of a New Energy Source; MIT Press: Boston, 1982.
(21) Knight, W.; Curtis, M. Manufact. Eng. 2002, 81, 64–69.
(22) Lesney, M. Today’s Chemist at Work 2001, 10, 25–28.
(23) Bergbreiter, D. E. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 2001, 39,
2352.
(24) Hendershot, D. Chem. Eng. Prog. 2000, 96, 35–40.
(25) Cheng, T. C.; Podolsky, S. Just-in-Time Manufacturing—
An Introduction; Chapman and Hall: London, 1993.
(26) Mazumder, J.; Schifferer, A.; Choi, J. Mater. Res. Innov.
1999, 3, 118–131.
(27) Office of SolidWaste and Emergency Response; Municipal
Solid Waste in The United States: 2000 Facts and Figures;
EPA: Washington, DC, 2002; www.epa.gov/garbage/
report-00/report-00.pdf.
(28) Green, C. AURI Agric. Innov. News 1999, 8, 4.
(29) Drumright, R. E.; Gruber, P. R.; Henton, D. E. Adv. Mater.
2000, 12, 1841–1846.
(30) Illman, D. L.; Callis, J. B.; Kowalski, B. R. Am. Lab. 1986,
12, 8–10.
(31) Tibbetts, J. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995, 103, 30–35.
(32) Matyjaszewski, K. Macromol. Symp. 2000, 152, 29–42.
(33) McAuley, J. Environmental Issues Impacting Future
Growth and Recovery of Polypropylene in Automotive
Design. In Proceedings from Society of Plastics Engineers,
Dearborn, MI, 1999, www.plasticsresource.com/recycling/
ARC99/Mcauley.htm.
(34) Lovins, A. Hypercars: The Next Industrial Revolution. In
Proceedings from IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference,
Snowmass, CO, 1996.
(35) Low, M. K.;Williams, D. J.; Dixon, C. IEEE Transactions on
Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology
Part C: Manufacturing, 21, 4–10.
(36) Smith, H. Ind. Environ. 1997, 20, 54–56.
(37) Riggle, D; Gray, K. BioCycle 1999, 40, 40–41.
The principles are a set of methodologies
to accomplish the goals of green design
and sustainability.
MARCH 1, 2003 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ■ 101 A