The document provides a detailed summary of progressive era reforms from the late 19th century to the early 20th century in the United States. Some key events and reforms mentioned include: - Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal" agenda which included trust busting, food and drug regulations, conservation of natural resources. - Passage of laws protecting working children and limiting working hours for women. - Reforms to elections including the secret ballot, initiative, referendum and recall. - The split of the Republican party in 1912 leading to the formation of the Progressive "Bull Moose" party by Theodore Roosevelt. - Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912 on a platform of "New Freedom" which advocated stronger antitrust

1. ✧･:*✧･:* chapter nine *:･✧*:･✧
— section one
one american’s story:
● Camella Teoli began working at 12 year old to help support her family
● she worked at a textile mill in Lawrence,Massachusetts
● 3 years later, when 20,000 workers went on strike for higher wages,she was asked to testify.
● after 9 weeks,they won 5-10% raises
four goals ofprogressivism:
progressive movement:
● during the new century, middle-class reformers addressed many social issues
○ this formed the progressive movement,which aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct
injustices in American life
● there were four goals of the progressive movement:
○ protecting social welfare
■ social welfare reformers worked to soften harsh conditions of industrialization
■ Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) opened libraries, sponsored classes,built
swimming pools, built handball courts
■ the Salvation Army fed poor people in soup kitchens, cared for children in nurseries, sent “slum
brigades” to instruct poor immigrants
■ Florence Kelley was the daughter of an antislavery Republican congressman from Pennsylvania
and a social reformer
● she worked with children and women and pushed the government to solve America’s
social problems
● she became general secretary of the National Consumer’s League where she worked to
improve factory conditions
○ protecting moral improvement
■ other reformers felt that morality was the key to improving lines of poor people
■ prohibition is the banning of alcoholic beverages. it was one of the programs believed that would
uplift people.
● groups feared that alcohol was undermining American morals.
● the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was at the forefront of the crusade.
○ they entered saloons where they sang, prayed, and encouraged saloonkeepers to
stop selling alcohol.
■ Carry Nation did the same but also scolded customers and used her
hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor
○ Frances Willard transformed this group into a national organization
■ with her help, the WCTU began visiting kindergartens, jails, asylums,
and also began to work for suffrage
● sometimes prohibition led to trouble with immigrant groups
○ Anti-Saloon League in 1895 brought tensions between themselves and immigrant
groups, whose customs often included the consumption of alcohol. immigrants
also found jobs and food here.
○ creating economic reform
■ a severe economic panic in 1893 led to questioning of the capitalist economic system
■ as a result, many Americans embraced socialism
● Eugene V. Debs helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901.

2. ○ he commented on the uneven balance among big business, government, and
ordinary people under the free-market system of capitalism
● many progressives distanced themselves from socialism, but they saw the truth in the
criticism
■ journalists who #EXPOSED the corrupt side of business became known as muckrakers
● Ida M. Tarbell
○ “The History of the Standard Oil Company” #EXPOSED Rockefeller
● Lincoln Steffens
○ usually named as a leading figure of the muckraking movement
○ he published exposes of business and government corruption
● Upton Sinclair
○ wrote The Jungle originally to expose the shocking conditions that immigrant
workers endured
○ the public reacted more strongly to the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking
industry
○ The Jungle prompted a federalinvestigation which lead to the Meat Inspection
Act of 1906
○ fostering efficiency
■ many progressive leaders put their faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and
the workplace more efficient
■ Louis D. Brandeis, when fighting for the Oregon law that limited hours of work for female
factory and laundry workers,focused on social scientific data rather than legal arguments
● this is called the “Brandels belief”
■ Frederick Winslow Taylor used time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking
manufacturing tasks into simpler parts
● this became known as “Taylorism” and as a scientific management study
■ to keep automobile workers happy and to prevent strikes, Henry Ford reduced the workday to 8
hours and paid $5 a day.
cleaning up local government:
reforming local government:
● in 1900, a hurricane and tidal wave hit Galveston, Texas. because politicians on the city council did a horrible job
of helping rebuild the country, a five-member commission of experts was appointed.
○ they were very successful,and the commission idea became a form of government.
○ 500 cities followed by example.
● in 1913, a flood in Dayton, Ohio led to the widespread adoption of the council-manager system. basically a city
council to make laws
○ Staunton, Virginia pioneered this system
reform mayors:
● mayors like Hazen Pingree of Detroit and Tom Johnson introduced progressive reforms without changing how
government was organized
○ Pingree instituted a fairer tax structure, lower fares for public transportation, rooted out corruption, and
set up a system of work relief for the unemployed. Detroit city workers built schools, parks, and a
municipal lighting plant.
○ Johnson was only one of 19 socialist mayors. He focused on dismissing corruption and greedy private
owners. He held meetings in a large circus tent.
reform at the state level:

3. reform governors
● Robert M. La Follette wasa progressive Republican governor in Wisconsin.
○ nicknamed “Fighting Bob.”
○ served 3 terms as governor before he entered the United States Senate in 1906.
○ he did not mean to “smash corporations, merely drive them out of politics.”
■ his major target was the railroad industry. he taxed them the same as other businesses, set up a
commission to regulate rates,and forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials.
protecting working children
● as the number of child workers rose, reformers worked to protect workers and end child labor.
● businesses hired child workers because they performed unskilled jobs for lower wages. their small hands made
them more adept at handling small parts and tools.
● children in industrial settings were prone to accidents caused by fatigue. they developed serious health problems
and suffered from stunted growth.
● in 1904, the National Child Committee set investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh
conditions
○ Lewis Hine was one of these guys. he took photos of these kids and did it secretly. they became
widespread and opened people’s eyes.
○ they were joined by labor union members who argued that child labor lowered wages for all workers
● Keating-Owen Act of 1916 prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor.
efforts to limit working hours
● in 1908, Muller v. Oregon argued that poor working women were much more economically insecure than large
corporations
○ women required the state’s protection against powerful corporations
○ as a result, Louis D. Brandeis convinced the court to create a law limiting women to a ten-hour workday.
■ this convinced other states to enact or strengthen laws
○ something similar happened in Bunting v. Oregon in 1917, where men had the same achievement
● progressives also succeeded in winning workers’ compensation to aid the families of workers killed or injured on
the job
reforming elections
● William S. U’ren prompted the state of Oregon to adopt:
○ secret ballot
○ initiative: a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
○ referendum: the acceptance or rejection of a initiative as voted on by the citizens
○ recall: enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another
election
● in 1899, minnesota passed the first mandatory statewide primary system
○ this way, voters, instead of political machines, chose candidates for public office
direct election of senators
● the success of the direct primary paved the way for the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution
○ this made direct election of Senators possible -- they were voted into office by popular vote

4. — section two: women in public life
one american’s story:
● Susette La Flesche was a young Omaha woman who served as a translator.
● she testified before congressional committees and helped win passage of the Dawes Act of 1887
○ this act allowed individual Native Americans to claim reservation land and citizenship rights
women in the work force:
farm women:
● in addition to household tasks, they handled many other tasks like: plowing, planting, raising livestock, and
harvesting.
women in industry:
● women were excluded from many unions.
● a boom in better-paying opportunities led to more jobs and new options
○ at the turn of the century, 1 out of 5 American women had jobs. 25% worked in manufacturing
● garment trade claimed about half of female industrial workers.
○ the positions were less skilled and they were paid less than male counterparts
● women also began to fill jobs in offices, stores, and classrooms
○ all of these jobs required a high school education.
○ by 1890, women high school graduates outnumbered men
domestic workers:
● women without educational/industrial skills cleaned for other families and did other domestic work
● african-american women
○ worked on farms and as domestic workers
○ migrated to cities for jobs as cooks, laundresses, scrub-women, maids
● 70% of all employed women were servants
women lead reform:
women in higher education:
● colleges:
○ vassar,smith, wellesley accepted women.
○ columbia, brown, harvard refused to admit women but made separate colleges for them.
● almost half of all college-educated women never married
women and reform:
● uneducated laborers started efforts to reform workplace health and safety. when educated women participated,
these reform groups were strengthened.
● “social housekeeping” targeted workplace and housing reform, educational improvement, and food and drug laws.
● in 1896, african-american women founded the National Association ofColored Women (NACW)
○ Josephine Ruffin said the mission was “the moral education of the race with which we are identified.”
● Susan B. Anthony was a leading proponent of woman suffrage.
○ she was born into a strict Quaker family. at an early age, she developed a positive view of womanhood.
○ she voted illegally in the presidential race of 1872 and was charged $100, which she never paid.
○ she founded, alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the National Women Suffrage Association (NSWA).
■ in 1890, they united with another group to become the National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA).
● other leaders included Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe,author of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.”
a 3-part strategy for suffrage:
● suffragist leaders tried 3 approaches to achieve the objective:

5. ○ 1. tried to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote
■ victories in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho
○ 2. women pursued court cases to test the 14th amendment
■ denying the right for a male citizen to vote = denying the right for a woman to vote b/c they are
both citizens
■ they tried this at least 150 times. supreme court said they were citizens, but couldn’t vote.
○ 3. push for national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote.
■ Stanton succeeded in California, but it was killed off.
— section three: teddy roosevelt’s square deal
one american’s story:
● Upton Sinclair wanted to reveal“the breaking of human hearts by a system [that] exploits the labor of men and
women for profits.”
● he wrote The Jungle which primarily shocked readers because of the details of the meatpacking industry
a rough-riding president:
● Theodore Roosevelt was originally McKinley’s VP. after McKinley was assassinated,he became president.
roosevelt’s rise:
● born into a wealthy New York family in 1858. went to Harvard. had asthma.
● he became a leader in New York politics and assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy
the modern presidency:
● he was the youngest president ever at 42 years old
● was progressive through the Square Deal which gave the common people what they wanted since they were
victimized by workers
using federal power:
● Roosevelt was convinced that America required a powerful federalgovernment
trustbusting:
● trusts controlled industries. they were monopolistic.
● Roosevelt did not think they were harmful, but sought to curb the actions of those that hurt the public interest
○ this led to the Sherman Antitrust Act
○ this also lead to the suing of the Northern Securities Company, which created a monopoly
1902 coal strike:
● 140,000 coal miners went on strike to demand:
○ 20% raise
○ 9-hour workday
○ right to organize a union
● roosevelt settled this after inviting both sides over and talking it out with them
○ the miners won 9-hour work day and a 10% raise
○ the miners had to give up the union part and their right to strike for the next 3 years
railroad regulation:
● in 1887, congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act which prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding
to fix high prices by dividing the business in a given area
● the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was set up to enforce the new law but had little power.
● in 1903, the Elkins Act was passed which made it illegal for railroad officials to give rebates for using particular
railroads
● the Hepburn Act of 1906 strictly limited distribution of free railroad passes and gave the ICC the power to set
maximum prices.

6. health and environment:
regulating foods and drugs:
● after reading The Jungle, Roosevelt responded to public’s clamor for action
● in 1906, he pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act
○ this dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federalmeat
inspection
pure food and drug act:
● Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 led to the halted sale of contaminated foods and medicine and called for truth
in labeling
● before this, children’s medicine contained opium, cocaine, alcohol. there were also wild claims that the medicine
made.
conservation and natural resources
● before Roosevelt, the government paid very little attention to the nation’s national resources
● there was a shit load of pollution everywhere and a lot of exploitation of the natural environment
conservation and natural resources
● John Muir persuaded the president to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves
● Roosevelt established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks
● Roosevelt named Gifford Pinchot the head of the U.S. Forest Service
○ Muir went for complete preservation while Roosevelt and Pinchot liked conservation,which meant that
only some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good
● under the National Reclamation Act of 1902 (a.k.a. the Newland Act),money from the sale of public lands in the
West funded large-scale irrigation projects, such as dams.
roosevelt and civil rights:
● Roosevelt failed to support civil rights as well as he did everything else.
● He did appoint some black people to high positions but all in all was not the greatest towards them
● W.E.B. Du Bois
○ helped establish the NAACP
■ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
■ aimed for nothing less than full equality
○ wanted a separate economy for African Americans
○ his work was largely ignored until he died
— section four: progressivism under taft
one american’s story:
● Gifford Pinchot was the head of the U.S. Forest Service
● he believed that wilderness areas could be scientifically managed to yield public enjoyment while allowing
private development
taft becomes president:
● William Howard Taft ran against William Jennings Bryan and won.
● He never really wanted to be president. He thought the White House was so lonely.
● After Presidency,he became chief justice of the Supreme Court
taft stumbles:
● Taft cautiously pursued a progressive agenda.
● he never really felt like president.
the payne-aldrich tariff:

7. ● the Payne Bill lowered rates on imported manufactured goods. the Aldrich Bill made fewer cuts and raised rates.
● Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which was a compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich
Bill
disputing public lands:
● Richard A. Ballinger was appointed as Secretary of the Interior and he didn’t conserve like he should have.
● Pinchot was fired after he came for Ballinger alongside a muckraker.
the republican party splits:
problems within the party:
● Republican progressives and conservatives split over Taft’s support of the political boss Joseph Cannon. he
weakened or ignored progressive bills.
● a whole bunch of shit happened and the Republican party fell apart. by the time the House had their midterm
elections, the Democrats were in charge for the first time in 18 years.
the bull moose party:
● Bull Moose Party was the name for the Progressive Party. It was the name of the new third party formed by the
Republican Progressives.
● they advocated for woman suffrage, workmen’s compensation, an 8-hour workday, laws against child labor, and a
federaltrade commission.
democrats win in 1912:
● democratic presidential nominee Woodrow Wilson (former NJ governor) endorsed a progressive platform called
New Freedom.
○ it demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs
● during this race there were 4 parties running:
○ Democratic -- Woodrow Wilson
○ Progressive -- Theodore Roosevelt
○ Republican -- William H. Taft
○ Socialist -- Eugene V. Debs
— section five: wilson’s new freedom
one american’s story:
● Carrie Chapman Catt was the president for NAWSA
● invited President Wilson to an emergency suffrage convention, basically getting them suffrage
wilson wins financial reforms:
● Wilson claimed progressive ideals but had a different idea for the federal government
● he believed in attacking large concentrations of power to give greater freedom to average citizens
wilson’s background:
● he grew up in the South -- meaning he was a racist
● he worked as a lawyer, professor,and President of Princeton before being governor of NJ and president
two key antitrust measures:
● Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 wasone of 2 key antitrust measures enacted by Congress
○ strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
○ prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly
○ specified that labor unions and farm organizations had the right to exist and would no longer be subject to
antitrust laws
■ therefore strikes, boycotts, peaceful picketing is all legal

8. ■ injunctions against strikers were prohibited unless strikers threatened damage that could not be
remedied
○ this act was known as the Magna Carta for labor by Samuel Gompers
● another antitrust measure was the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, which set up the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC).
○ this was a “watchdog” agency that was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory
statutes
a new tax system:
● Underwood Act would substantially reduce tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War
federal income tax:
● with lower tariff rates,the federal government had to replace the revenue that tariffs had previously supplied
● in 1913, the 16th Amendment legalized a federal income tax
federal reserve system:
● Wilson turned his attention to financial reform
○ the nation needed a way to strengthen the ways in which banks were run and to quickly adjust the amount
of money in circulation
● the FederalReserve Act of 1913 divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each
district
○ these banks could issue new paper currency in emergency situations and could use new currency to make
loans to their customers
● by 1923, roughly 70% of the nation’s banking resources were part of the Federal Reserve System
women win suffrage:
● in 1910, women only had federal voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Washington, and Idaho
local suffrage battles:
● the suffrage movement was given new strength by growing numbers of college-educated women
● 2 organizations (Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government) (College Equal Suffrage League)
used door-to-door campaigns to reach potential supporters
catt and the national movement:
● in 1919, congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment,granting women the right to vote.
○ it was ratified in August 1920, 72 years after women had the first suffrage convention in 1848-- the
Seneca Falls convention
the limits ofprogressivism:
wilson and civil rights:
● Wilson really did not support civil rights
○ he placed segregationists in charge of federalagencies, thereby expanding racial segregation
● during the campaign of 1912, he promised to treat black people equally and to speak against lynching
● as president, he didn’t do any of this.
○ he said lynching fell under state jurisdiction
○ he appointed people who extended segregation
● NAACP was extremely disappointed in him as a result of him. they were let down.
● William Monroe Trotter came for him! he complained that black people from 38 states asked him to reverse
segregation of government employees, but since then, segregation has increased