This document provides an overview of English grammar concepts including parts of speech, clauses, phrases and sentence structures. It defines nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and other word classes. It also explains the different types of clauses such as independent and dependent clauses. Additionally, it describes phrases like noun phrases and prepositional phrases. Finally, it outlines the four basic sentence structures: simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.
This document defines clauses and describes the two main types: independent and dependent clauses. It provides examples of each. Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. There are three types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. Examples of each type are given. The document also lists related topics and provides links to free online grammar lessons.
Transitive. intransitive verbs by javier burgosBIZ University
Verbs can express actions or states of being. There are two main types of verbs - action verbs and linking verbs. Action verbs take direct objects, while linking verbs link subjects to nouns or adjectives and do not take direct objects. Verbs have principal parts including the root form, past tense form, present participle form, and past participle form. Helping verbs are used with verb forms to create different tenses. Verbs can also vary by voice, mood, and whether they are transitive or intransitive.
This document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in English sentences. It explains that in active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action. The document provides instructions for changing active sentences to passive, including changing the subject and object positions and adding a form of "be" plus the past participle verb. It discusses when to use passive voice, such as when the action is more important than the actor, and common mistakes to avoid, like using passive forms with verbs that cannot be passive.
This document is about Verb. What is verb? Types of Verb? Main verb and auxiliary verbs, helping verbs, primary auxiliary verbs, also it has transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. It also gives you definition and examples of all kinds of verbs. Examples of verbs
This document provides an overview of verbs in English. It begins by introducing the group members and topic of verbs. It then defines a verb as a word that expresses action or state of being. The document outlines the main types of verbs as action, state, and being. It provides examples for each type and explains how to identify the verb in a sentence. Additionally, it discusses transitive and intransitive verbs, direct and indirect objects, and reflexive verbs. In under 3 sentences, the document defines verbs, identifies the main verb types, and discusses how to identify verbs and their objects in sentences.
The document defines and provides examples of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It distinguishes phrases from clauses and sentences by noting that phrases cannot express a complete thought on their own as they lack a subject and predicate. Clauses contain both a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. The document also categorizes the different types of phrases, clauses, and sentences based on their structure and function.
The document provides an overview of key grammar concepts to review for an upcoming exam, including:
1) Sentence diagramming, verb types and phrases, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, and clauses will be covered on the exam.
2) Key details are provided on verbs, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, and clauses. Examples are given to illustrate each concept.
3) Students should study and understand the different types of verbs, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, clauses, and subordinate conjunctions in preparation for the
This document provides an overview of phrases and clauses, distinguishing between independent and dependent clauses. It defines a clause as a group of words containing a subject and verb, and an independent clause as one that forms a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as they are missing essential pieces and need to be attached to another clause. Phrases are also defined as groups of words that do not contain subjects or verbs.
This document defines clauses and describes the two main types: independent and dependent clauses. It provides examples of each. Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. There are three types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. Examples of each type are given. The document also lists related topics and provides links to free online grammar lessons.
Transitive. intransitive verbs by javier burgosBIZ University
Verbs can express actions or states of being. There are two main types of verbs - action verbs and linking verbs. Action verbs take direct objects, while linking verbs link subjects to nouns or adjectives and do not take direct objects. Verbs have principal parts including the root form, past tense form, present participle form, and past participle form. Helping verbs are used with verb forms to create different tenses. Verbs can also vary by voice, mood, and whether they are transitive or intransitive.
This document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in English sentences. It explains that in active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action. The document provides instructions for changing active sentences to passive, including changing the subject and object positions and adding a form of "be" plus the past participle verb. It discusses when to use passive voice, such as when the action is more important than the actor, and common mistakes to avoid, like using passive forms with verbs that cannot be passive.
This document is about Verb. What is verb? Types of Verb? Main verb and auxiliary verbs, helping verbs, primary auxiliary verbs, also it has transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. It also gives you definition and examples of all kinds of verbs. Examples of verbs
This document provides an overview of verbs in English. It begins by introducing the group members and topic of verbs. It then defines a verb as a word that expresses action or state of being. The document outlines the main types of verbs as action, state, and being. It provides examples for each type and explains how to identify the verb in a sentence. Additionally, it discusses transitive and intransitive verbs, direct and indirect objects, and reflexive verbs. In under 3 sentences, the document defines verbs, identifies the main verb types, and discusses how to identify verbs and their objects in sentences.
The document defines and provides examples of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It distinguishes phrases from clauses and sentences by noting that phrases cannot express a complete thought on their own as they lack a subject and predicate. Clauses contain both a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. The document also categorizes the different types of phrases, clauses, and sentences based on their structure and function.
The document provides an overview of key grammar concepts to review for an upcoming exam, including:
1) Sentence diagramming, verb types and phrases, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, and clauses will be covered on the exam.
2) Key details are provided on verbs, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, and clauses. Examples are given to illustrate each concept.
3) Students should study and understand the different types of verbs, complements, pronouns, objects, prepositions, gerunds, participles, clauses, and subordinate conjunctions in preparation for the
This document provides an overview of phrases and clauses, distinguishing between independent and dependent clauses. It defines a clause as a group of words containing a subject and verb, and an independent clause as one that forms a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as they are missing essential pieces and need to be attached to another clause. Phrases are also defined as groups of words that do not contain subjects or verbs.
This document discusses different types of clauses, including main/independent clauses and sub-ordinate clauses. It defines clauses and explains that main clauses can convey meaning independently, while sub-ordinate clauses depend on a main clause for meaning. The document further breaks down sub-ordinate clauses into adjective clauses, noun clauses, and adverb clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each type of clause and how they function within sentences.
This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech in English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. It states that nouns name people, places or things. Pronouns replace nouns. Verbs express actions or states of being. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adjectives describe nouns. Prepositions show how a noun relates to something else. Conjunctions join words or sentences. Interjections express emotions. Examples are provided for each part of speech.
This document discusses linguistic concepts including transformational grammar, Noam Chomsky, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. It provides information on Chomsky's background and defines linguistic terms like nouns, verbs, prepositions, and pronouns. It also describes the structure and components of phrases, such as noun phrases and verb phrases. Finally, it examines clause types and sentence structures including simple, compound, and complex sentences.
This document discusses gerunds and infinitives. It explains that gerunds end in "-ing" but function as nouns, taking object or complement roles. Infinitives use "to" before the base verb form and can serve as subjects, objects, complements, adjectives or adverbs. Certain verbs like "want" are typically followed by an infinitive, while others like "dislike" require a gerund. Both gerunds and infinitives can be modified within phrases.
English Language Terminology - Phrases, Clauses and SentencesCool
This clear and concise presentation explains phrases, clauses and sentences as well as covering word structure and words and meanings.
The topics covered are: phrases, noun phrases, adjectival phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, clauses, adverbials, clause types, simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, sentence moods, morphemes, inflection, derivational affixes, denotations, connotations, lexical fields, hyponyms, hypernyms, synonyms and antonyms.
The simple explanations will clarify any misunderstandings, with the help of clear bullet points, concise definitions, and examples.
The presentation is perfect for English Language A Level at both AS and A2.
The document discusses various topics related to prepositions in English including their basic characteristics, lexical compounding, co-occurrences with verbs and adjectives, deletion of prepositions under certain conditions, meanings of spatial and non-spatial prepositions, meaning extensions of spatial prepositions, semantic case functions, variation in use, use in discourse, phrasal verbs including their syntactic analysis and features, distinguishing phrasal verbs from verb+preposition combinations, productivity and idiomaticity of phrasal verbs, semantic categories of phrasal verbs, use of nonreferential it and there as subjects including their meanings and uses, and use of there in oral and written discourse.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of pronouns in English. It discusses personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, and distributive pronouns. For each type of pronoun, it identifies what category they fall into and provides examples to illustrate proper usage. The document is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference for understanding English pronouns.
This document introduces the main word classes in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It provides a brief definition and examples of each part of speech. It also notes that there are some other word categories that do not neatly fit into the seven main classes, such as particles, articles, determiners, gerunds, and interjections.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses in English grammar. It discusses independent clauses, dependent clauses, relative clauses, and noun clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete sentences, while dependent clauses are incomplete and must be attached to independent clauses. Relative clauses add information about a noun and are introduced with relative pronouns. Noun clauses function as nouns and can be subjects, objects, or predicates.
Reference:
Francis, Nelson (n.d). The Structure of American English
Other grammarians may have other insights in the structure of the English language. Further readings is suggested.
This document discusses common writing errors including sentence fragments, comma splices, fused sentences, and subject-verb agreement issues. It provides examples and explanations of each error type as well as recommendations on how to correct them such as using conjunctions, semicolons, or separating clauses into individual sentences. Subject-verb agreement errors may occur with compound subjects, collective nouns, or when intervening phrases create confusion around the true subject.
The document discusses word order in English sentences. It explains that proper word order is important to make sentences clear and understandable. The standard word order in English is subject-verb-object (SVO). Questions follow an auxiliary verb/subject/verb (ASV) order. Other parts of word order include indirect objects, prepositional phrases, and adverbs. The document provides examples to illustrate correct and incorrect word orders and explains how to avoid mistakes by following patterns like SVO, SVIO, and ASV.
Word classes are divided into open classes and closed classes. Open classes include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which can have new elements added through processes like coinage or loan words. They are defined by their lexical meaning. Closed classes contain prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns and exclamations, which cannot easily have new elements added. They serve a grammatical function in language.
The document discusses sentence fragments and how to identify and repair them. It defines a complete sentence as having a subject, verb, and expressing a complete thought. Fragments are incomplete sentences that are missing one or more of these elements. They can be repaired by either attaching the fragment to a nearby complete sentence, or by adding missing words to make the fragment standalone. The document provides examples of fragments and how to identify them based on whether they contain a verb or subject. It also gives examples of how to repair fragments using attachment or addition.
This document provides information about clauses in the English language. It discusses the different types of clauses, including adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. It explains that clauses can play the role of adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. The document also describes the different types of sentences, such as simple, compound, and complex sentences. It provides examples and properties of each type of clause and sentence.
There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete thought with a subject and verb, while dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be used with an independent clause. Some specific types of dependent clauses are adverbial clauses, which modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs; noun clauses, which act as nouns; and relative clauses, which provide extra information about a noun.
This document defines and describes different types of clauses and sentences. It explains that clauses contain a subject and verb and can be independent or subordinate. Sentences are classified based on their clauses as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. It provides examples and details of each sentence type as well as adjective and adverb clauses.
This document discusses different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. It provides examples for each part of speech and explains their types and usage. The work is distributed among group members where each member discusses a particular part of speech in detail including their definition, examples and types.
This document discusses syntax, which is the study of the structure of phrases and sentences. It addresses two key principles of sentence organization: linear order and hierarchical structure. Linear order refers to the specific sequence of words that determine a sentence's grammaticality and meaning. Hierarchical structure refers to the way words are organized into nested constituent groupings within a sentence, with the smallest constituents being individual words and the largest being the sentence itself. Tree diagrams can be used to represent a sentence's syntactic structure and constituent relationships.
Unit one grammar crash course latin i ncvps 1 (1)Jennifer Kunka
This document provides an overview of grammar concepts including parts of speech, verbs, sentences structures, and composition. It covers the eight parts of speech with a focus on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, and interjections. Verbs are discussed in terms of person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Sentences can be independent or dependent clauses. Grammar rules are applied through composition exercises.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
This document discusses different types of clauses, including main/independent clauses and sub-ordinate clauses. It defines clauses and explains that main clauses can convey meaning independently, while sub-ordinate clauses depend on a main clause for meaning. The document further breaks down sub-ordinate clauses into adjective clauses, noun clauses, and adverb clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each type of clause and how they function within sentences.
This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech in English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. It states that nouns name people, places or things. Pronouns replace nouns. Verbs express actions or states of being. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adjectives describe nouns. Prepositions show how a noun relates to something else. Conjunctions join words or sentences. Interjections express emotions. Examples are provided for each part of speech.
This document discusses linguistic concepts including transformational grammar, Noam Chomsky, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. It provides information on Chomsky's background and defines linguistic terms like nouns, verbs, prepositions, and pronouns. It also describes the structure and components of phrases, such as noun phrases and verb phrases. Finally, it examines clause types and sentence structures including simple, compound, and complex sentences.
This document discusses gerunds and infinitives. It explains that gerunds end in "-ing" but function as nouns, taking object or complement roles. Infinitives use "to" before the base verb form and can serve as subjects, objects, complements, adjectives or adverbs. Certain verbs like "want" are typically followed by an infinitive, while others like "dislike" require a gerund. Both gerunds and infinitives can be modified within phrases.
English Language Terminology - Phrases, Clauses and SentencesCool
This clear and concise presentation explains phrases, clauses and sentences as well as covering word structure and words and meanings.
The topics covered are: phrases, noun phrases, adjectival phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, clauses, adverbials, clause types, simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, sentence moods, morphemes, inflection, derivational affixes, denotations, connotations, lexical fields, hyponyms, hypernyms, synonyms and antonyms.
The simple explanations will clarify any misunderstandings, with the help of clear bullet points, concise definitions, and examples.
The presentation is perfect for English Language A Level at both AS and A2.
The document discusses various topics related to prepositions in English including their basic characteristics, lexical compounding, co-occurrences with verbs and adjectives, deletion of prepositions under certain conditions, meanings of spatial and non-spatial prepositions, meaning extensions of spatial prepositions, semantic case functions, variation in use, use in discourse, phrasal verbs including their syntactic analysis and features, distinguishing phrasal verbs from verb+preposition combinations, productivity and idiomaticity of phrasal verbs, semantic categories of phrasal verbs, use of nonreferential it and there as subjects including their meanings and uses, and use of there in oral and written discourse.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of pronouns in English. It discusses personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, and distributive pronouns. For each type of pronoun, it identifies what category they fall into and provides examples to illustrate proper usage. The document is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference for understanding English pronouns.
This document introduces the main word classes in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It provides a brief definition and examples of each part of speech. It also notes that there are some other word categories that do not neatly fit into the seven main classes, such as particles, articles, determiners, gerunds, and interjections.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses in English grammar. It discusses independent clauses, dependent clauses, relative clauses, and noun clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete sentences, while dependent clauses are incomplete and must be attached to independent clauses. Relative clauses add information about a noun and are introduced with relative pronouns. Noun clauses function as nouns and can be subjects, objects, or predicates.
Reference:
Francis, Nelson (n.d). The Structure of American English
Other grammarians may have other insights in the structure of the English language. Further readings is suggested.
This document discusses common writing errors including sentence fragments, comma splices, fused sentences, and subject-verb agreement issues. It provides examples and explanations of each error type as well as recommendations on how to correct them such as using conjunctions, semicolons, or separating clauses into individual sentences. Subject-verb agreement errors may occur with compound subjects, collective nouns, or when intervening phrases create confusion around the true subject.
The document discusses word order in English sentences. It explains that proper word order is important to make sentences clear and understandable. The standard word order in English is subject-verb-object (SVO). Questions follow an auxiliary verb/subject/verb (ASV) order. Other parts of word order include indirect objects, prepositional phrases, and adverbs. The document provides examples to illustrate correct and incorrect word orders and explains how to avoid mistakes by following patterns like SVO, SVIO, and ASV.
Word classes are divided into open classes and closed classes. Open classes include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which can have new elements added through processes like coinage or loan words. They are defined by their lexical meaning. Closed classes contain prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns and exclamations, which cannot easily have new elements added. They serve a grammatical function in language.
The document discusses sentence fragments and how to identify and repair them. It defines a complete sentence as having a subject, verb, and expressing a complete thought. Fragments are incomplete sentences that are missing one or more of these elements. They can be repaired by either attaching the fragment to a nearby complete sentence, or by adding missing words to make the fragment standalone. The document provides examples of fragments and how to identify them based on whether they contain a verb or subject. It also gives examples of how to repair fragments using attachment or addition.
This document provides information about clauses in the English language. It discusses the different types of clauses, including adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. It explains that clauses can play the role of adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. The document also describes the different types of sentences, such as simple, compound, and complex sentences. It provides examples and properties of each type of clause and sentence.
There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete thought with a subject and verb, while dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be used with an independent clause. Some specific types of dependent clauses are adverbial clauses, which modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs; noun clauses, which act as nouns; and relative clauses, which provide extra information about a noun.
This document defines and describes different types of clauses and sentences. It explains that clauses contain a subject and verb and can be independent or subordinate. Sentences are classified based on their clauses as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. It provides examples and details of each sentence type as well as adjective and adverb clauses.
This document discusses different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. It provides examples for each part of speech and explains their types and usage. The work is distributed among group members where each member discusses a particular part of speech in detail including their definition, examples and types.
This document discusses syntax, which is the study of the structure of phrases and sentences. It addresses two key principles of sentence organization: linear order and hierarchical structure. Linear order refers to the specific sequence of words that determine a sentence's grammaticality and meaning. Hierarchical structure refers to the way words are organized into nested constituent groupings within a sentence, with the smallest constituents being individual words and the largest being the sentence itself. Tree diagrams can be used to represent a sentence's syntactic structure and constituent relationships.
Unit one grammar crash course latin i ncvps 1 (1)Jennifer Kunka
This document provides an overview of grammar concepts including parts of speech, verbs, sentences structures, and composition. It covers the eight parts of speech with a focus on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, and interjections. Verbs are discussed in terms of person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Sentences can be independent or dependent clauses. Grammar rules are applied through composition exercises.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
The document discusses syntax and its key aspects:
1. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in sentences and the rules governing their combinations to form grammatically correct sentences.
2. It involves analyzing the hierarchical structure of sentences by breaking them down into constituent parts such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3. Phrase structure rules are used to represent sentences as trees to show the constituent structure and linear order of words.
The document discusses the different parts of speech in English language. It explains that there are eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides examples and classifications. It discusses the different types of nouns like proper vs. common nouns. It also explains the different types of pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and other parts of speech.
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English language. It discusses the eight main parts of speech - nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it describes their definition and classification with examples. It particularly focuses on nouns and their types including proper/common, countable/uncountable, abstract/concrete nouns. It also explains the different types of pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs and other parts of speech.
This document discusses different types of adverbials, which modify verb phrases and other structures. It defines adverbials as adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, noun phrases, or clauses. Adverb phrases contain an adverb as the head. Typical adverbs end in -ly or convey time/manner without -ly. Prepositional phrase adverbials use a preposition and noun phrase. Noun phrase adverbials answer the question "when." Adverbials help clarify the tense/aspect when used with modal verbs, which are otherwise ambiguous about time frames.
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech and provides examples. It discusses the different types of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It also covers topics like singular and plural nouns, compound nouns, common and proper nouns, possessive nouns, and more. Practice questions are included throughout for readers to test their understanding of the parts of speech.
1. Verbs can be classified into several categories including action verbs, stative verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, linking verbs, helping/auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, regular verbs, irregular verbs, and phrasal verbs.
2. Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern of adding "-ed" in the past tense, while irregular verbs do not follow a predictable pattern.
3. Verbs have different forms including simple, perfect, and progressive that can be combined together.
The document discusses various aspects of vocabulary, including parts of speech (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), synonyms and antonyms, prefixes and suffixes, compound words, homophones, and connotation. It provides definitions and examples for each concept to help the reader better understand vocabulary and how to learn new words.
This document provides an overview and review of grammar concepts including definitions of grammar, approaches to teaching grammar, and parts of speech. It defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also defines phrases, clauses, and sentences. Finally, it assigns homework for students to review parts of speech in their book and workbook and complete an extra exercise.
This document provides an overview and review of grammar concepts including definitions of grammar, approaches to teaching grammar, and parts of speech. It defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also defines phrases, clauses, and sentences. The homework assigned is to study parts of speech in the textbook and workbook and complete an extra exercise on parts of speech. Additional Moodle activities are also provided for further study.
This document provides an overview of adverbs in the English language. It defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by expressing manner, place, time, or degree. The document then discusses the main types of adverbs in more detail, including adverbs of time, place, manner, and reason or purpose. For each type, it provides examples to illustrate how adverbs are used in sentences.
This document provides an overview of a pedagogical grammar class. It reviews definitions of grammar, approaches to teaching grammar, and parts of speech. Sections define and provide examples of the eight parts of speech - nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The document also covers phrases, clauses, and sentences, and assigns related homework and Moodle activities for the week.
This document provides an overview of syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the rules for forming sentences stored in our brains. These rules specify word order and grammatical relations. Sentences have hierarchical structure that can be represented in phrase structure trees. Syntactic categories include noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases. Well-formed sentences obey phrase structure rules and selectional requirements of heads. Recursive rules allow generation of an infinite number of sentences. Structural ambiguities arise when one string has more than one possible parse tree.
Verbs show action or state of being and are essential parts of sentences. There are different types of verbs including intransitive verbs that are not followed by nouns, linking verbs that link subjects to adjectives or nouns, transitive verbs that are followed by direct objects, and two-place transitive verbs like "give" and "consider" that are followed by two nouns or a noun and another element. To-be verbs like "be", "is", and "was" link subjects to predicates. Verbs can also be active, showing the subject performing the action, or passive, showing the action being performed on the subject.
The document discusses various grammatical concepts including phrases, clauses, and sentence structure. It defines phrases as groups of words without a subject and verb, and identifies 8 types of phrases including noun, verb, adjective, and prepositional phrases. Clauses are defined as having a subject and verb and can be independent or dependent. Sentences are composed of clauses and their structure involves subjects, verbs, and 6 patterns including noun-verb and noun-verb-noun patterns. The document also contrasts simple versus complex sentences.
The document discusses various grammatical concepts including phrases, clauses, and sentence structure. It defines phrases as groups of words without a subject and verb, and identifies 8 types of phrases including noun, verb, adjective, and prepositional phrases. Clauses are defined as having a subject and verb and can be either independent or dependent. Sentences are composed of clauses and there are 6 basic sentence patterns involving nouns, verbs, adjectives, and objects. The document also contrasts simple versus complex sentences.
This document provides an overview of different types of nouns and pronouns. It discusses common and proper nouns, singular and plural nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, collective nouns, appositives, possessive nouns, subject and object pronouns, indefinite pronouns, possessive pronouns, contractions, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive and intensive pronouns, and the differences between there, they're, and their. The document is intended to teach 7th grade students about nouns and pronouns.
3. Nouns
• Often considered to be a “person, place, or
thing”
• Can be more abstract
• Nouns can be pluralized and can be preceded
by a determiner.
4. Adjectives
• A word that modifies or describes a noun
• Sometimes (but not always) can be made
comparative (-er) or s superlative (-est).
5. Adverbs
• A word that modifies or describes a verb.
• Often end in the suffix –ly (but not always).
• There are different types of adverbs:
– Adverbs of time answer the question “when”
– Adverbs of place answer the question “when”
– Adverbs of manner answer the question “how”
• Any modifier that is not an adjective or an
article is an adverb.
6. Prepositions and Particles
• Prepositions are small words that introduce a
prepositional phrase.
• A prepositional phrase consists of a
preposition and its object.
• Particles look like prepositions but are
associated with a verb.
7. Conjunctions
• Small words that connect other words.
– Coordinating conjunctions introduce an
independent clause
– Subordinating conjunctions introduce a
dependent clause
– Correlative conjunctions occur as pairs or groups
of words within the same independent clause
• Both ____ and ____
• Either ____ or _____
• Not only____, but also ______
8. Determiners
• Article
– Small word that immediately proceeds a noun or
adjective; may be definite or indefinite.
• Possessive pronoun
– A word used in place of a noun that implies
ownership
• Demonstrative pronoun
– Singles out what it refers to
9. Pronouns
• Personal pronouns
– refer to people or animals, and can substitute for specific names
of people or animals (I, you, he, we, etc.)
• Demonstrative pronouns
– Can refer to people or objects; singles out what it refers to (this,
that, these, those)
• Reflexive pronouns
– Refers back to the subject of the sentence (himself, ourselves)
• Indefinite pronouns
– Pronoun that doesn’t specify the person or thing it refers to
(anyone, some, everything, who, which)
• Interrogative pronouns
– A pronoun that initiates a question (who, what, when, where,
why)
10. Verbs
• Words that express action, such as run, jump,
or fall
• Represent a state of being, such as think, feel,
know, or believe
• Verbs tell you about the subject of the
sentence.
11. Main Verbs
• Past regular (-ed) or past irregular (ran, wrote)
• Transitive (takes a direct object) or intransitive
(indirect object preceded by a preposition)
• Different types
– Uninflected (also called infinitives)
– Present progressive (-ing)
– Past progressive (was/were)
– Copula (verb “to be” in various forms)
12. Copula vs. Auxiliary verbs
• Copula verb
– The copula is a linking verb because it links or
joins the subject of the sentence to the predicate.
• Auxiliary verb
– Combine with other verbs and are part of the
main verb.
– When the auxiliary verb is “is” or a variation of
“is”, then the main verb end with–ing.
13. Modal Verbs
• A special type of auxiliary verb
• Help express the mood or attitude of the
speaker, or special conditions (might, should,
may, shall, or must)
14. Secondary Verbs
• Infinitive
– The verb in its unmarked form
– Often preceded by “to” (though not always)
• Gerund
– A verb with –ing that acts like a noun
• Participle
– A verb with –ing that acts like an adjective
17. Dependent Clauses
• Cannot stand alone
• Must be linked to an independent clause
• Are initiated by subordinate conjunctions
(e.g., because, since, although, before, until,
after, while, whenever, when, etc.)
• Relative clause modifies the noun that
precedes it.
• Adverb clause modifies a verb that precedes
it.
19. Phrases
• A group of words that does not express a
subject-predicate relationship.
• Phrases are contained within clauses
• Usually shorter than clauses.
• All sentences must contain a noun phrase (NP)
and a verb phrase (VP).
20. Many types of phrases!
• Noun phrases
– “the old man,” “a long story,” “the publisher of this
book”
• Verb phrases
– “saw the sunset,” “was told by grandfather” “is the
best deal”
– VP’s can include noun phrases
• Prepositional phrases
– Always contains a preposition and its object along
with any modifiers
– “Mary went to the new school”
21. Other phrases
• Participal phrases
– “Reaching the sharp turn, the Dutch cyclist took the lead.”
– “Reading the evening paper, a dog started barking,” (Note
that this is grammatically unacceptable—who is the
subject?)
• Gerund phrases
– Consists of a gerund and its object, along with any
modifiers
– “Sending Jenny away was a big mistake.”
• Infinitive phrases
– Consists of an infinitive and its object, along with any
modifiers
– “To win the Olympic Marathon was the highlight of her
running career.”
23. Sentences
• Simple
– Contains one independent clause and no subordinate
clause.
• Compound
– Consists of two independent clauses joined by a
coordination conjunction.
• Complex
– Contains one independent clause and at least one
subordinate clause
• Compound-complex
– Two independent clauses and at least one subordinate
clause
Editor's Notes
In this presentation we have a review of grammar that will be helpful to you as you conduct a language analysis. Before we get started, I would be remiss if I didn’t acknowledge that the content in this presentation is directly from a packet provided by Marilyn Nippold of the University of Oregon, who was my undergraduate language professor.
Let’s begin by talking about the major parts of speech, which are often called word categories or word classes. These word classes consist of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, articles, direct objects, and indirect objects. We’ll talk about the classes of words listed here in more detail.
The traditional definition of a noun is “a person, place, or thing,” such as dog, cat, car, or book. We know, of course, that nouns can be more abstract, representing concepts that are not so tangible, such as love or transcendentalism. Proper nouns are also very common, such as University of Toledo or Dr. Hughes. Many nouns can be pluralized by adding –s or –es. They can also be preceded by a determiner such as a (a dog), the (the cat) or some (some books).
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun, such as old, red, big, or happy. Some adjectives are words that can be made comparative or superlative, such as “the bigger cake” or “the biggest cake.”
An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, such as “He drove slowly.” “The rain fell quietly.” or “She ran quickly.” Adverbs often end in the suffix –ly (such as nicely, quickly, hastily, or slowly) but not always. For example, in the sentence “I will work now,” now is an adverb. There are different types of adverbs such as adverbs of time, place, and manner. Adverbs of time answer the question when. For example, “when did she run?” “She ran early” in which “early” is an adverb. Adverbs of place answer the question where. For example, “where did she run?” “She ran everywhere” in which “everywhere” is an adverb. Finally, adverbs of place answer the question how. For example, “how did she run?” “She ran cautiously” in which “cautiously” is an adverb. Adverbs can modify other types of words besides verbs. For example, they can modify adjectives. In the sentence “the very pretty coat,” the word very is an adverb. Adverbs can also modify other adverbs, such as “early yesterday morning” (in which early is the adverb) or “she ran very quickly” (in which “very” is the adverb). In fact, any modifier that is not an adjective or an article is an adverb.
A preposition is a small word such as to, in, under, over, into, on, above, etc. These are words that introduce a prepositional phrase, such as “I went to the store.” “I put it on the shelf” and “The ball rolled under the bed.” A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object.A particle, on the other hand, looks like a preposition but doesn’t act like one. Particles are small words such as up, down, off, in, and out that are associated with a verb, such as “He rolled up the window.” Particles, unlike prepositions, can shift their position in the sentence. A particle can shift to the right of the object noun. For example, you can say “he turned off the TV” or you can say “he turned the TV off.” Similarly “she threw out the trash” or “she threw the trash out.”
Conjunctions are small words that connect or conjoin other words. Coordinating conjunctions are words like and, but, for, or, so, and yet. Coordinating conjunctions introduce an independent clause, such as “I like strawberry but Bill likes chocolate.” Subordinating conjunctions are words like after, although, and unless. They introduce a dependent clause such as “Although it was raining, we went for a walk.” Finally, correlative conjunctions occur as pairs or groups of words within the same independent clause. They consist of words like both and and, either and or, and not only and but also. For example, “I would like both purple slippers and purple glasses.”
Determiners precede nouns. They include articles, possessive pronouns, and demonstratives. An article is a small word like a, the, or an that immediately precedes a noun or adjective. The article identifies, or “points out” the noun; it doesn’t describe it. For example, “The dog was old,” or “I want a big cookie.” The word “the” is a definite article and “a” and “an” are indefinite articles. A definite article identifies a particular object, like the dog or the girl. An indefinite article doesn’t specify any particular object. For example, you might say “I’ll take an apple.” In this case, you mean that any apple in general will do.
There are many types of pronouns. One type, possessive pronouns, was described on the last slide. Possessive pronouns are a type of determiner. Other types of pronouns include personal, demonstrative, reflexive, relative, indefinite, and interrogative.Personal pronouns refer to people or animals, and can substitute for specific names of people or animals. Examples of personal pronouns are I, you, me, he, she, we, they, them, us, it, him, her, etc.Demonstrative pronouns can refer to people or objects. This type of pronoun singles out what it refers to, such as this, that, these, and those.Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence, and include words like himself, herself, themselves, itself, ourselves, and yourself. For example, “Mary helped herself” or “The kids taught themselves.”Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that don’t specify the person or thing they refer to. Indefinite pronouns can include words like anybody, anyone, one, each, any, everything, everyone, some, all, something, somebody, etc. Other indefinite pronouns include what, which, who and those when they are not introducing a relative clause, such as “She knows what to do,” “I know who will win,” and “I know which cat is mine.”Interrogative pronouns initiate a question and consist of words like who, what, when, how, whose, which, etc. For example, “What time is it?” “How are you?” or “Whose dog is this?”
Verbs are words that express action, such as run, jump, or fall, or a state of being, such as think, feel, know, or believe. Verbs tell you about the subject of the sentence, and there are many types of verbs.
Let’s talk about main verbs first. Every sentence must have a main verb. The main verb is most directly related to the subject of the sentence, e.g., “Jill wants an apple” or “Bob runs fast”. Main verbs can express different tenses—that is, past, present, and future tense. There are two types of past tense verbs: past regular and past irregular. Past regular tenses add –ed to the verb. For example, “Yesterday, the boy walked”, “the boy talked”, “the boy jumped”, etc. Past irregular verbs take an unpredictable form in that you don’t add –ed, such as the verbs ran, wrote, drove, fell, ate, etc.Main verbs may be transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb such as give, take, push, or hit, take a direct object. The direct object directly receives the action of the verb. In the sentence, “She threw the ball,” threw is the transitive verb and ball is the direct object. By the way, there are also indirect objects that indirectly receive the action of the verb. Indirect objects tell you what or who receives the direct object. For example, in the sentence “She threw the ball to Bill,” threw is still the transitive verb, the ball is the direct object, and Bill is the indirect object.So on to intransitive verbs. These verbs, like fall, cope, or complain, do not take a direct object. They could instead take an indirect object preceded by a preposition. Examples are “she fell to the ground,” and “He coped with his problem.”There are also different types of main verbs. Let’s talk about uninflected verbs first. Uninflected verbs have no marking for person, place, or tense. This is how you would find the verb listed in the dictionary in its simplest form, such as like, see, or believe. Uninflected verbs are also called infinitives.Present progressive verbs indicate an ongoing action or activity that includes an auxiliary verb such as is or are. For example, “He is running,” or “they are swimming.”Past progressive verbs are the same as present progressive verbs, but they tell what happened in the past, such as “He was running, They were swimming.”Another type of verb with which you should be very familiar is the copula. This is the verb “to be” in all of its various forms, such as is, are, am, was, were, and will be.) Let’s take a closer look at the copula.
Remember from middle and high school that sentences have subjects and predicates. The copula is a linking verb because it links or joins the subject of the sentence to the predicate. The following sentences all contain the copula verb: “The boy is late,” “the children are pretty,” “the house is brown.” The copula verb is the main verb of the clause.Auxiliary verbs seem like copulas at first. They both contain the word “is” or variations of is, such as am, are, was, were, or will be. However, auxiliary verbs are “helping” verbs. They combine with other verbs and are actually part of the main verb. When the auxiliary verb is “is” or a variation of “is,” then the main verb ends with –ing. Some examples are “the girl is running,” “The dogs are eating”, and “the birds were flying.”Note that both copulas and auxiliary verbs may be uncontracted, contracted, or uncontractible . In the sentence “I am happy,” am is the copula, and it is uncontracted. You can make it contracted by saying, “I’m happy.” On the other hand, if you say “I was there,” the copula “were” is uncontratible. The same goes for auxiliary verbs. In the sentence, “I am helping,” am is the uncontracted auxiliary verb and “I’m helping” becomes the contracted version. But some auxiliary verbs cannot be contracted, such as in the sentence “He was asking”.
A modal verb is a special type of auxiliary verb. Modal verbs help express the mood or attitude of the speaker, or special conditions, such as might, should, may, shall, or must. For example, “I might like the new book” or “You should do your work.” In this case, might and should are the modal verbs. Modals can express a mood of uncertainty (such as “You might like the movie”) or of certainty (such as “You must see the movie.”)
Secondary verbs are not auxiliary verbs. They are a special type of verb found in some sentences. Not all sentences contain secondary verbs. There are three different types of secondary verbs: infinitives, gerunds, and participles.Infinitives are verbs in their unmarked form, often preceded by the word “to,” such as to go, to run, to dance, to play. In the sentence I wanted to go home,” “wanted” is the main verb, and “ to go” is the secondary verb.A gerund is a verb with –ing that acts like a noun. Examples are “swimming is good exercise” and “smoking is bad for your health.”A participle is a verb with –ing that acts like an adjective. Examples are “The swimming boy got to shore” and “the smoking car blew up.”
Let’s move on now to clauses. A clause is a group of words that expresses a subject-predicate relationship. In case you need a review, the subject is the topic of the sentence—that is, the actor, agent, or main event. The predicate is what is said about the subject, and always includes the verb and perhaps some other words as well. In the sentence “Bill caught the ball,” Bill is the subject, and “caught the ball.” Likewise, in the sentence “The party was fun,” “the party” is the subject and “was fun” is the predicate.
Clauses can be independent or dependent. An independent clause contains a main verb; it makes a complete statement and can stand alone, such as “Mary was studying,” “It was six o’clock,” or “Bill likes chess.” Every sentence must contain at least one independent clause. Two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction, such as “Bill likes chess and Mary likes bridge.”
Dependent clauses are also known as subordinate clauses. A dependent clause cannot stand alone; it must be linked to an independent clause. For example, in the sentence “Mary was studying when the bell rang,” “when the bell rang” is the dependent clause. Another example is, “Although it was late, Mary kept studying.” The words “although it was late” represent a dependent clause, because they cannot stand alone. Dependent clauses are initiated by subordinate conjunctions (e.g., because, since, although, before, until, after, while, whenever, when, etc.) There are different types of dependent clauses. A relative clause, also called an adjective clause, modifies the noun that precedes it. For example, in the sentence, “The dog who has spots caught the rabbit”, “who has spots” is the relative clause. An adverb clause, on the other hand, modifies a verb. In the sentence, “The dog bit the girl when she got too close,” when she got too close is the adverb clause. Note that in this sentence, the wordwhen is a subordinate conjunction, not a pronoun.
Now that we’ve covered word classes and clauses, we can discuss phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not express a subject-predicate relationship. Phrases are contained within clauses and are usually shorter than clauses.
A phrase is a group of words that does not express a subject-predicate relationship. Phrases are contained within clauses and are usually shorter than clauses. There are different types of phrases, but all sentences must contain a noun phrase and a verb phrase. The noun phrase is the subject of the sentence; the verb phrase is the predicate.
A noun phrase must contain a noun; it may also contain some other words, such as “the old man” “a long story” and “the publisher of this book”.A verb phrase must contain a verb; it may also contain some other words, such as “saw the sunset,” “was told by grandfather,” “is the best deal.” A verb phrase can contain a noun phrase, such as “the boy saw the dog.”A prepositional phrase always contains a preposition and its object along with any modifiers, such as “Mary went to the new school.”
A participal phrase consists of a participle and its object and/or modifiers. The participal phrase modifies the nearest noun. Sometimes, ungrammatical sentences are created in which the participal phrase has no clear subject, as in the case of this sentence: “Reading the evening paper, a dog started barking.” These sentences are unacceptable because they leave the listener or reader guessing about who preformed the main action of the sentence.A gerund phase consists of a gerund and its object, along with any modifiers, where as an infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its object, as well as any modifiers.
Finally, let’s talk about sentences.
A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no subordinate clause. An example is “the cup is red.” or “The boy was running.”A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordination conjunction. An example is “Jim plays tennis and Mark plays golf.”A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. An example is “We’ll go the picnic as soon as our cousins, who live in Astoria, arrive.”A compound-complex sentence contains two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. An example is “It was snowing when we drove into the parking lot, but it soon stopped.”