relative clause and relative pronoun

2. Relative clause and
Relative pronoun
Presented by:
A/C Inayat ullah
A/C
A/C
A/C

3. Relative Clause
• Relative clauses give us more information about someone or
something. - Cambridge Dictionary
• A relative clause gives information about which person or thing we are
talking about. -BBC Learning English
• Sometimes referred to as “Adjective clauses”
• Work similar to adjectives
• Used to avoid repetition, to help identify the person or thing, and/or to
give focus to it

4. Examples
• Interpretative dance, which I find a bit disconcerting, is all the rage.
• The woman who came to the door left flowers for you.
• The artist, whose abstract paintings blend vivid colors and intricate
patterns, is gaining recognition in the art world.
• The club, where we first met, has great music.
• The students whom the teacher mentioned have all failed.
• The man whose car this is used to be a contract killer.

5. Types of Relative Clause
• Restrictive relative clauses
• Non Restrictive clauses

6. Restrictive Relative Clauses
o Also known as defining relative clauses
o These clauses provide essential information about the noun they modify.
o They "restrict" or define the noun by specifying which one is being referred to.
o They are not closed in commas.

7. Examples of Restrictive (Defining) Relative Clauses
• Our flight, which was one of several going to Rome that day, was
cancelled.
• The girl who was hit by the bike wasn't seriously hurt.
• The restaurant where we had your birthday party closed down.
• My brother whose phone just rang is a geology doctor.
• The moment when the lights went out was eerie.
• I discovered a trail that leads to a hidden waterfall in the mountains.

8. Non Restrictive Clauses
o Also known as Non defining clause.
o These clauses provide additional, but not essential, information about the noun.
o The noun is already clear without the clause.
o They are closed off by commas, parentheses, or dashes.

9. Examples of Non restrictive (Non defining) clauses
• Ms. Shelby, who is very beautiful, is the sister of the renowned
architect Thomas Shelby.
• I have found the article, which I have been looking for.
• His dad, who is 78, still teaches at our school.
• Our team, whose members come from different backgrounds,
collaborates effectively.
• Spring, when the world is colorful again, is soon to come.
• The city, where I spent my childhood, has changed a lot over the years.

10. Exercise
Find relative clauses in the following sentences.
• The cat that is sitting on the windowsill belongs to my neighbor.
That is sitting on the windowsill.
• I have a friend who loves to read books.
Who loves to read books.
• We went to a restaurant where the food was delicious.
Where the food was delicious.
• The owner of Prius, who is a LUMS graduate can’t even perform a single experiment.
Who is a LUMS graduate.
• The doctor whom I consulted recommended a second opinion.
Whom I consulted recommended.

11. Relative Pronoun

12. Relative Pronoun
Pronoun
• A word that is used to replace or substitute a noun.
Types
1) Personal pronouns
2) Reflexive pronouns
3) Relative pronouns
4) Indefinite pronouns

13. Relative pronouns
• A word that connects a clause to a noun.
• Provides more information about that noun.
• Common relative pronouns include “who,” “whom,” “whose,”
“which,” and “that”.
• Example
• The woman who is singing has a beautiful voice.
• “who” is the relative pronoun.
• Main clause “The woman has a beautiful voice”.
Relative clause "who is singing".

14. Types of Relative Pronoun
Who
Used for people
The boy who scored the goal is substituted.
Which
Used for things & animals
Where is the cup which was on the table.
That
Informally used instead of who & which
The boy that scored the goal is substituted.
Where is the cup that was on the table.

15. Types of relative pronouns
Whom
• used to refer to people (especially in formal or traditional contexts)
• The student whom the teacher praised received a scholarship.
Whose
• used for people, animals, and things (Indicates possession)
• The company whose CEO just resigned is facing financial challenges.

16. Examples
• The person who called you is waiting outside
• The team that won the championship celebrated all night. The person
who called you left a message.
• The movie which won an Oscar is a must-watch
• The child whose drawing won first place was awarded a prize
• The person whom I invited to the event cannot make it.

17. Exercise
• The person _____ called you left a message.
who
• The man ______ car broke down called for assistance.
whose
The event ______ took place yesterday was a success.
That
• The artist ______ I met at the gallery is very talented.
whom
• The laptop, ______ I bought last month, is already outdated.
which