rade9_STE_Con. Chem._Q4_Module 1_Wk1_ADM.pdf

1. Consumer
Chemistry
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Properties of Medicine and Its
Major Classification
9
DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

2. Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Properties of Medicine and Its Major Classification
First Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Published by the Department of Education
Regional Director : May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
OIC Asst. Regional Director : Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City
Office Address: Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City
Telephone: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702 888-0582; 887-6099
E-mail Address: angeles.city@deped.gov.ph
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Kristine Joy L. Parungao
Editors: Lorna B. De Jose,Leigh Anne Alvarado,Zenaida D. Calma,
Raymond E. Mangilit, Sandy Fatima C. Miclat
Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD, Hermes Vargas, Adrian Tamayo,
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD, Noel S. Reganit, Krislene Ida N. Mercado
Conrado Domingo, Billy Ray B. Manuel, Marvin R. Leano,
Gemmarie G. Rivas
Illustrator: Larry Mar B. Bautista
Layout Artist: Ma. Remalyne G. Cruz EdD
Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Ma. Irelyn P. Tamayo PhD, CESE
Fernandina P. Otchengco PhD, CESE
Librada M. Rubio PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD
Rochella C. David
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD
Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD

3. 9
Consumer
Chemistry
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Properties of Medicine and Its
Major Classification

4. Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

5. 1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module contains:
● Lesson 1 – Properties of Medicine and Its Major Classification
This learning module is aligned on the learning competency:
- Describe the properties of medicine and its major classification.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate the properties of medicine
2. classify medicine based on their characteristics
3. enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of medicine

6. 2
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following refers to the principle of curing a disease by
administering substances that produce the opposite effect of the disease when
given to a healthy human?
a. Allopathic drugs
b. Antiseptics
c. Over-the-counter drugs
d. Topical antibiotics
2. Which of the following is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?
a. Acetaminophen
b. Aspirin
c. Celecoxib
d. Ibuprofen
3. Which of the following cures the common cold?
a. Antibiotics
b. Antihistamines
c. Vitamin C
d. There is no cure
4. What will happen to the person with stomach virus taking an antibiotic?
a. His illness will be cured.
b. The symptoms of his illness will be lessened.
c. The duration of his illness will be shortened.
d. He will develop some drug-resistant bacteria.
5. What do you call the use of antibiotics to treat cold?
a. Appropriate therapy c. Drug misuse
b. Drug abuse d. Placebo effect
6. Which of the following is the best treatment for viral diseases such as
diphtheria, mumps and smallpox?
a. Antibacterial drugs c. Tetracyclines
b. Antiviral drugs d. Vaccinations
7. Which of the following base units of measurement is NOT used in medication?
a. g c. l
b. kl d. m
8. Which of the following is NOT a common use of an OTC medicine?
a. Anxiety c. Fever
b. Constipation d. Inflammation

7. 3
9. What is the substance that acts as an activator?
a. Agonist c. Receptor
b. Antagonist d. Toxins
10. Which of the following represents the appropriate way to use a prescription drug?
(short to long)
a. Taking it without a prescription
b. Snorting it to get relief faster
c. Taking the proper dosage as intended
d. Taking it to get high

8. 4
Lesson
1
PROPERTIES OF MEDICINE
AND ITS MAJOR
CLASSIFICATION
What’s In
In Grade 8, you learned about the different digestive systems and disorders.
You explored how the body obtains the nutrients and learned how to treat some
disorders. Digestive disorders encompass a variety of diseases ranging from mild to
severe. Common digestive disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease, cancer,
irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance and hiatal hernia. The most common
symptoms of digestive disorders include bleeding, bloating, constipation, diarrhea,
heartburn, pain, nausea and vomiting. Accurately diagnosing digestive disorders
involves collecting a thorough medical history and conducting a physical
examination. Some patients with digestive disorders may need more extensive
diagnostic evaluations, including endoscopic procedures, lab tests and imaging.
Photo Source: https://www.niddk.nih.gov

9. 5
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which is known as the inflammation of the appendix?
a. Appendectomy (itis) Gastroenteritis
b. Appendicitis
c. Colitis
d. Pancreatitis
2. Which of the following is NOT a digestive disorder?
a. Constipation
b. Diarrhea
c. Goiter
d. Hepatitis
3. What is the best way to treat constipation?
a. Take antibiotics.
b. Eat more bananas.
c. Do not eat anything.
d. Increase intake on the amount of fiber and water.
4. Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with dyspepsia?
a. Black tarry stools
b. Mild to severe epigastric pain
c. Epigastric burning sensations
d. Feeling overly full after a normal meal
5. Peptic ulcers may be caused by all of the following except:
a. Emotional stress and eating spicy foods
b. Bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori
c. Malignant tumors in the stomach or pancreas
d. Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS)

10. 6
What’s New
Pharmacy shelves are filled with medicines that come directly or indirectly
from nature, but nearly all need some processing to yield safe and effective drugs.
Doctors prescribe medicine to people to help them feel better or to make illnesses go
away. Grown-ups can buy some medicines in a store without a doctor’s permission.
These kinds of medicines usually make people feel better when they are sick or hurt.
Another word for medicine is “drug.” When taken the right way, these kinds of drugs
help people. But some drugs are illegal. This means that it's against the law to use
them because they're very bad for your mind and body.
Activity 1.
Direction: List down five types of medicines found in your medicine cabinet and give
their functions.
Medicine Function/Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

11. 7
What is It
We can define a drug as any
chemical that brings about a change in
biologic function through its chemical
actions.
Any substance or drug can act
either as an agonist or
an antagonist. An agonist is a substance
that acts as an activator, or promotes
activity of a specific regulatory system or
body process. An antagonist is a
substance that acts as an inhibitor,
having the opposite effect to the agonist.
But wait, what do these drugs act on? Drugs act on a regulator molecule,
known as a receptor, which literally receives the agonist or antagonist molecule, and
sends the signal to the body system it regulates, changing it to the liking of the
agonist (activate) or antagonist (inhibit).
A drug must have certain characteristics that make it appropriate for
interacting with a receptor, and each receptor is very specific, only responding to a
very specific drug. Furthermore, in pharmacology, a drug must also be easily
delivered to a patient.
Thus, drugs that are artificially delivered to patients must have the
following characteristics in order to be an effective pharmacological drug:
1. The drug must have a very specific size, shape, atomic configuration and
electrical charge to be able to interact with the receptor.
2. A drug must have the necessary properties to travel to its site of action or
receptor from its site of administration.
3. It must be easily inactivated or excreted from the body once it has been used
for its purpose.

12. 8
These drugs can either be synthesized
within the body, in which case they are
called hormones, or chemically
synthesized outside the body.
Of these drugs, poisons are drugs with
harmful effects; HOWEVER, any drug or
hormone in extremely high amounts
can have harmful effects and thus,
function as a poison. Of these
poisons, toxins are poisons that are
biologically synthesized.
Characteristics of Drugs:
Physical and Chemical Nature of Drugs
Any drug given to the body can either be a solid (eg. aspirin), liquid (eg.
ethanol) or gas (nitrous oxide). What is the importance of this physical nature? The
physical nature of the drug determines how the drug is administered to the body.
Drug Size
The drug size must high enough to be unique to a receptor (this determines
the lower limit of drug size, 100 Molecular Weight (MW) – a drug ideally should not
be lower than this), All drugs must be able to carry out diffusion to move to the
compartments in which they are needed. If the drug size is too large, then there is
no way for the drug to diffuse into compartments, and the ability to diffuse decreases.
Small drugs are able to fit through the small pores and into compartments where
they can be used. Larger drugs just can’t fit.
Three base units are commonly used for metric measurement of medications
to indicate weight (or mass), volume, and length: gram (g), liter (L), and meter (m)
Drug Reactivity and Drug Bonds
Drug-receptor bonds are of 3 major types:
▪ Covalent
Covalent bonds, as you know, are very strong bonds that are not readily broken.
An example of a drug that uses a covalent mechanism of action is aspirin, which
forms a covalent bond with its target enzyme, cyclooxygenase.
Aspirin works in two ways: An anti-inflammatory drug for pain relief and anti-
inflammation, by preventing production of the cyclooxygenase produced substance,
prostaglandins.

13. 9
▪ Electrostatic
▪ This is a much more common type of bond in drug-receptor
interactions, and is weaker than the covalent bonds.
▪ They can either be:
▪ Relatively strong ionic linkages between permanently charged
molecules (eg. electrostatic interaction between Na+ and Cl-).
▪ Weaker hydrogen bonds that occur in highly polar molecules.
▪ Very weak induced dipole interactions such as Van Der Waals
forces.
▪ Hydrophobic
▪ These bonds are quite weak.
▪ Usually found in the interactions between highly lipid-soluble drugs
and lipids in the cell membranes.
The strength of the drug-receptor bond determines the specificity of the drug.
Drugs that bond via weak interactions usually are more specific, simply because only
one particular type of receptor can be able to bind it and thus induce its effect.
Another side effect of using a weakly reactive drug is that the drug cannot remain
bound for very long, and thus has only short acting effects.
Thus, to summarize, if we wish to have a specific, short-acting effect, a drug
with low reactivity is ideal. If we wish to have a broad acting, powerful and long-
lasting effect (think aspirin, as discussed above), we use drugs with higher reactivity.
Classifications of medicines
● Prescription-Only Medicine (POM) - has to be prescribed by a doctor or other
authorized health professional and it has to be dispensed from a pharmacy or
from another specifically licensed place; Examples of prescription-only
medicines include virtually all antibiotics and medicines for treating high
blood pressure.
● Pharmacy (P) - an intermediate level of control, can be bought only from
pharmacies and under a pharmacist’s supervision; examples of pharmacy
medicines include tablets for emergency contraception and medicines
containing codeine for treating pain that is not relieved by aspirin, ibuprofen
or paracetamol alone.
● Over-the-counter medicines
‘Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines’ covers all general sale medicines and
pharmacy medicines. The description conveniently distinguishes medicines
that can be bought from those that must be prescribed. General sale
medicines are taken for common, easily recognized ailments which usually
last around 2–3 days. These medicines cause few troublesome side effects in
normal use. Examples of general sale medicines include small packs of
painkillers and of antihistamines for allergies.

14. 10
● Therapeutic classification
This type of classification describes the clinical purpose, or the physiological
change induced by the drug, and does not describe anything about the way
the drug achieves this change. A large percentage of these categories begin
with the prefix “anti”, because anti means “against”, and these categories
describe the condition that the drug is working against. There are
antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antinauseants, and so
forth. Some of their functions are immediately apparent from the name, while
others require a little more background information. Of course there are other
classes that don’t begin with this prefix. Decongestants, hallucinogens,
sedatives, stimulants.
● Pharmacological classification
Describes the specific thing that the drug does on the molecular level in order
to elicit the desired physiological effect. Again focusing on the heart and blood
vessels, calcium channel blockers quite literally block calcium channels in the
heart, which are protein channels in the membranes of cells that regulate the
passage of calcium ions in and out of the cell.
Therapeutic medicines Pharmacological medicines
Bisacodyl Diazepam
Losartan Ondansetron
Celecoxib Rosuvastatin
Ibuprofen Rituximab
Aspirin Benazepril
Naproxen Captopril
Diclofenac Enalapril

15. 11
What’s More
Activity 1
Direction: Match the word with the proper definition.
Definitions:
1. chemical that brings about a change in biologic function through its
chemical actions
2. promotes activity of a specific regulatory system or body process.
3. a substance that acts as an inhibitor
4. chemically synthesized outside the body
5. any drug or hormone in extremely high amounts can have harmful effects
6. poisons that are biologically synthesized
7. prescribed by a doctor or other authorized health professional and it has to
be dispensed from a pharmacy or from another specifically licensed place
8. can be bought only from pharmacies and under a pharmacist’s supervision
9. general sale medicines and pharmacy medicines
10.receives the agonist or antagonist molecule, and sends the signal to the body
system it regulates
Assessment 1
Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between therapeutic and pharmacological classification
of drugs?
2. What are the three characteristics of an effective pharmacological drug?
3. Enumerate at least three examples each classification and give their uses.
Pharmacy (P) OTC medicines Toxins Antagonist
Drug Hormones Receptor
Agonist Poison Prescription only medicine

16. 12
Activity 2
Direction: Read the following items carefully. Determine if the statement is TRUE or
FALSE.
1. The upper limit for drug size is 1000MW.
2. Drugs with high MW need to be administered directly into the
compartment where they will be used.
4. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the effects of the drugs on the body.
5. The strongest type of drug-receptor interaction is the covalent bond.
6. Smaller drugs with lower MWs are worse able to diffuse across to
areas where they are used.
7. Ionic bonds are weaker than hydrophobic bonds.
8. A short acting, specific drug would be a drug with hydrophobic bonds.
9. Aspirin has broadly affecting, long lasting effects that are anti-
inflammatory only.
10. The strength of the drug-receptor bond determines the specificity of the
drug.
11. The drug must have a very specific size, shape, atomic configuration
and electrical charge to be able to interact with the receptor.
Assessment 2
Guide Questions:
1. What are the three (3) major types of drug receptor bonds?
2. How are drugs administered?
3. Differentiate agonist from antagonist drug.

17. 13
Activity 3 (dagdagan)
Direction: Classify the following medicines as Prescription-Only Medicine (POM),
Pharmacy (P) or Over-the-counter medicines.
Generic Name Brand Name
● Ibuprofen (advil)
● Loratadine (claritine, cetirizine)
● Multivitamins (Enervon C)
● Chloramphenicol –eye drops (tobrex)
● Amoxicillin (amoxil)
● Magnesium hydroxide (kremil s)
● Loperamide (imodium)
● Clotrimazole (canesten, candiben)
● Losartan potassium (HBP) (cozaar)
● Ketoconazole (nizoral)
● Paracetamol (biogesic)
● Metformin (diabetes) (glumet)
Prescription-Only
Medicine (POM)
Pharmacy medicine
(P)
Over-the-counter
medicines
Find one (1) sample product for POM, one (1) sample product for P and one (1) sample product for
OTC medicine present in your household. Paste the package below.

18. 14
Assessment 3 (20 items) but choose only 10
Direction: Classify the given medicine. Write TC for therapeutic classification and
PC for pharmacological classification.
1. Diclofenac
2. Aspirin
3. Diazepam
4. Ibuprofen
5. Rosuvastatin
6. Losartan
7. Captopril
8. Loperamide
9. Bisacodyl
10.Benazepril
What I Have Learned
List the differences and similarities between prescription and over-the-counter
(OTC) medicines. Next, list what both types of medicines have in common. Below is
a Venn diagram where you can list
VENN DIAGRAM

19. 15
What I Can Do
Select two drugs that you want to learn more about. Then answer the
questions on this worksheet:
Questions Drug 1 Drug 2
1. How is this drug
consumed?
2. What category of
drug is this? How
do you know?
3. What parts of the
body does this drug
affect?
4. How can this drug
affect one's
behavior and long-
term health?
5. What are the short-
term risks
associated while
taking this drug?
6. What factors could
change the way this
drug interacts with
the body?
7. What is the
addiction risk of the
drug you are
researching (Low,
moderate, high)

20. 16
Assessment
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. How are prescription medicines different from OTC ones?
a. They can be toxic.
b. They don't contain dyes or preservatives.
c. They're unsafe for use without medical supervision.
d. They contain much smaller amounts of active ingredients.
2. What you shouldn’t do when treating oneself with OTCs?
a. Do not take medicine.
b. Follow any label warnings.
c. Diagnose your health problem carefully.
d. Read the label carefully and follow dosage instructions.
3. What should you look for when you select an OTC medicine?
a. One that doesn't have red dye.
b. One that helps your main symptom.
c. One that's a time-release formula.
d. One that helps a wide range of symptoms.
4. If you follow the directions on an OTC label, what could happen?
a. It could have a bad side effect.
b. It could cause long-term damage.
c. It could have problems that may require a healthcare provider’s care.
d. It could control the chronic condition and relieve annoying symptoms.
5. Which of the following is NOT a common use of an OTC medicine?
a. Anxiety
b. Constipation
c. Fever
d. Inflammation
6. Which of the following represents the appropriate way to use a prescription drug?
a. Taking it to get high
b. Snorting it to get relief faster
c. Taking it without a prescription
d. Taking the proper dosage as intended

21. 17
7. What is the substance that acts as an activator?
a. Agonist c. Receptor
b. Antagonist d. Toxins
8. How are prescription medicines different from over-the-counter medicines?
a. They can be bought anywhere.
b. They have more inactive ingredients.
c. They do not need medical supervision.
d. They may have a higher risk for abuse and dependence.
9. What should you do if you have adverse side effects while taking a prescription
medicine?
a. Stop taking the medicine.
b. Call your healthcare provider.
c. Take a smaller dose.
d. Go to a hospital emergency room.
10. What should you do if you miss a dose of a prescription medicine?
a. Take the missed dose right away.
b. Skip the dose and get back on schedule.
c. Take 2 doses the next time.
d. Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist what to do.
Additional Activities
Imagine that you are a doctor, physician assistant or nurse practitioner. Your
patient has a condition that requires her to keep constant levels of a medication in
her body, but she is unable to swallow. She needs to take her medication at least
twice a day for the rest of her life. What other method(s) can you use to administer
her medication? To ensure patient compliance and safety, the drug delivery method
must be as simple as possible.

22. 18
Answer Key
Activity
2
True
True
False
True
True
True
False
True
True
true
Assessment
2
1.
Covalent,
Hydrophobic
and
Electrostatic
2.
Many
drugs
can
be
administered
orally
as
liquids,
capsules,
tablets,
or
chewable
tablets.
3.
Answer
may
vary.
Assessment
1
1.
Pharmacological
classification
is
based
on
how
the
drug
works
while
therapeutic
classification
is
based
on
their
actual
usefulness.
Drug
books
usually
give
you
both.
2.
1.The
drug
must
have
a
very
specific
size,
shape,
atomic
configuration
and
electrical
charge
to
be
able
to
interact
with
the
receptor.
2.
A
drug
must
have
the
necessary
properties
to
travel
to
its
site
of
action
or
receptor
from
its
site
of
administration.
3.
Answer
may
vary.
What
I
Know
A
A
C
D
C
D
B
A
A
C
What’s
In
B
C
D
A
A
Activity
1
Answer
may
vary.
What’s
New
Answer
may
vary.
Assessment
What’s
More
Drug
Agonist
Antagonist
Hormones
Poison
Toxins
Prescription-
Only
medicine
Pharmacy
(P)
Over-the-counter
medicine
Receptors
Additional
Activities
Answer
may
vary
What
I
Can
Do
Answer
may
vary
Activity
3
Assessment
3
TC
TC
PC
TC
PC
TC
PC
TC
TC
PC
What
I
have
learned
Answer
may
vary.
Assessment
C
8.
D
A
9.
B
B
10.
D
D
A
D
A

23. 19
References
Abhinav Karan (2015). Basics of Pharmacology I – Characteristics of Drugs.
Accessed February 1, 2021 The Art of Medicine
https://theartofmed.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/introduction-to-
pharmacology-i-characteristics-of-drugs/
Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS): The Centre for Addiction
and Mental Health regularly release information about student drug use in
Ontario, Accessed February 2, 2021
http://www.camh.ca/en/research/news_and_publications/ontario-student-
drug-use-and-health-survey/Pages/default.aspx
John W. Hill, Doris K. Kolb, Terry W. McCreary “Chemistry for Changing Times.
Accessed February 3, 2021

24. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Region III Schools Division of Angeles City
Office Address: Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City
Telephone: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702 888-0582; 887-6099
E-mail Address: angeles.city@deped.gov.ph
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph