The document discusses international integration and the European Union. It provides background on why states cooperate through supranational organizations like the UN and EU to address transnational issues. It then summarizes theories of integration, particularly functionalism and neofunctionalism. A large portion discusses the history and evolution of the European Union, from its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to treaties establishing the European Economic Community and introducing the euro. It outlines the structure of EU institutions like the European Commission and Council and notes efforts to further economic and political integration through agreements like the Single European Act and Maastricht Treaty.

1. International IntegrationCHAPTER TENInternational Relations 9/eGoldstein and PevehousePearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

2. Globalization and IntegrationWhy do states cooperate in order to create international organizations that are supranational?Supranational: subsuming a number of states and their functions within a larger wholeUnited Nations - limited supranational aspectsEuropean Union Conflict with nationalismTransnational actors – MNCs and NGOsTransnational issuesIssues that force states to work together because they cannot be solved by a single state on its ownPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

3. Integration TheoryRefers to the process by which supranational institutions replace national ones The gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional or global structuresUltimate expression of integration: merger of several (or many) states into a single state, or ultimately into a single world governmentIn practice: integration has never gone beyond a partial and uneasy sharing of power between state and supranational levels.Sovereignty issuesMost successful example: European UnionPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

4. Integration TheoryFunctionalismTheory that discusses growth of specialized technical organizations that cross national borders.Supranational structures’ response to the need to find practical means to fulfill necessary functions, such as delivering mail from one country to another.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

5. Integration TheoryNeofunctionalismModification of functional theory by IR scholars that argues that economic integration generates a political dynamic that drives integration further.Process of spilloverSense of communitySecurity community in Western EuropeCost of integrationOpen bordersCentralizationDisintegrationPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

6. Group Quiz (EU) 11-10-101. What was the first step towards the creation of the European Union. What was the primary reason this was done?2. What did the Treaty of Rome do in 1957? The Common Agricultural Policy?3. The European Commission consists of what? Whose interests do they represent?4. The Maastricht Treaty sought change in three areas of a United Europe. What were the three areas?5. How many members are there currently in the European Union?

7. The European Union (EU)Created after WWIIEU has gone through several waves of expansion in its scope, membership, and mission over the past 50 years.EU has nearly 500 million citizens.EU nearly equals the U.S. economy in GDP.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

8. The Vision of a United EuropeEurope in 1945 – decimated by warFunctionalism in Europe1950 merger of French and German steel and coal industriesEuropean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)Six ECSC states signed treaty in 1952 to create a European Defense CommunityFrench parliament failed to ratify the treaty.Britain refused to join.Economic cooperation, but not in political and military affairsPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

9. The Treaty of RomeSix states of the ECSC created two new organizations with the Treaty of Rome (1957)Euratom: the European Atomic Energy community – to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management.European Economic Community (EEC), renamed the European Community (EC)Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

10. The Treaty of RomeFree-trade areasLifting tariffs and restrictions on the movement of goods across (EEC) borders Today the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is an extended free-trade area associated with the EUCustoms UnionParticipating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in from outside the free-trade area.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

11. The Treaty of RomeCommon MarketMeans that in addition to the customs union, member states allow labor and capital (as well as goods) to flow freely across borders.Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)Economic and monetary union (EMU)Overall economic policies of the member states would be coordinated for greatest efficiency and stability.Single currency would replace the separate national currencies now in use.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

12. The Treaty of RomeInclusion of poorer countries (Greece, Portugal and Spain) created difficulties in effectively integrating Europe’s economies.With Ireland these considered the “poor four”, but have grown more prosperous.New “poor” members have joined from Eastern EuropePearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

13. Structure of the European UnionRoots in technical and economic cooperationEurocrats (technical problem solving) balanced by provisions that uphold the power of states and state leaders.Leaders have qualms about losing power to Eurocrats; citizens worry about accountability.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

14. Structure of the European UnionEuropean CommissionStaff of 24,000HQ in Brussels, BelgiumCommission has 27 individual members – one from each member stateChosen for 4-year renewable termsLacks formal autonomous power except for day-to-day EU operationsReports to, and implements policies of, the Council of MinistersPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

15. Figure 10.1Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

16. Structure of the European UnionCouncil of the European Union (formerly Council of Ministers)Meeting of the relevant ministers of each member state – politicians who control the bureaucratsReflects states’ resistance to yielding sovereigntyVoting system is based on each state’s population, but in practice it operates by consensus on major policy issues.Has a rotating presidency (with limited power)European Council (1970s)Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

17. Structure of the European UnionEuropean ParliamentFalls somewhat short of a true legislature passing laws for all of EuropeAt present, it operates partly as a watchdog over the Commission, but with some power to legislate.Must approve the Commission’s budget but no item by item control.Shares power with the Council under a “co-decision procedure.”Economic and Social CommitteeEuropean Court of Justice (Luxembourg)Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

18. The Single European ActFirst major revision of the Treaty of Rome1985 act began a new phase of accelerated integration Europe 1992 due to target date setCentered on 300 directives from the European CommissionPush for European Central BankMoved economic integration into more political and controversial areasHollowing out/eroding the state from below and abovePearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

19. The Maastricht TreatyRenamed the EC as the EU and committed it to further progress in three main areas:Monetary unionJustice and home affairsPolitical and military integrationControversialPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

20. The Maastricht TreatyRatification - complicated and slowHas begun to reshape political economy at a global levelPolitical and military integration more problematicStruggle between nationalism and supranationalismPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

21. Monetary UnionA European currency, the euro, has replaced national currencies in 16 EU members, as mandated in the Maastricht process.Came into full circulation in 2002; national currencies ceased to existDifficulties: equalization among state economiesMain solution adopted was to restrict membership in the monetary union, at least in the first round, to only those countries with enough economic stability not to jeopardize the union.Hard choices by states; Britain, Denmark, and Sweden opted to retain their national currenciesPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

22. Monetary UnionBreaking the rulesGermany and France’s budget deficits over those allowed by the rulesGreece falsified economic data needed to be admittedLatvia’s government lost power within six months of joining the EU due to unpopular budget cutsDifficult birth, given it was the largest financial overhaul ever attempted in history, and in its first five years was deemed very successful.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

23. Expanding the European UnionSuccess has attracted neighboring states who wish to join.EU has expanded from 15 members to 27 since 2004Spain and Portugal, 1986 (11th and 12th members)Austria, Sweden, and Finland (1995)Norway applied to join and was accepted, but its citizens voted down the idea in 1994.Switzerland’s plans to join were halted by a popular referendum in the early 1990s.Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

24. Expanding the European UnionCurrent expansion guided by the 2000 Treaty of Nice10 new members joined in 2004Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and CyprusExpanded to 25 membersWithout the five largest having two seatsNew voting rules that move away from a requirement for consensus2007, Romania and Bulgaria entered the EU, bringing the total to 27Unlike previous members, Britain and Ireland imposed work restrictions on citizens of new 2007 members Turkey continues to seek membershipWould be the only Muslim country in the EUWould bring workers, growth, bridge to the Middle EastSome fear immigrationWould be the poorest member; worry about costs of social programs, etc.Cyprus- removal of Turkism military forcesInner and outer layersPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

25. Figure 10.2Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010

26. Expanding the European UnionEU Constitution (late 2004 signed by 25 leaders)To establish a stronger president of the EU and a foreign minister, to represent Europe as a global superpower in world affairs, majority vote rather than consensus in more casesFrance and Netherlands rejectedLisbon Treaty – new proposed constitutionRejected by Ireland in 2008, but will hold another voteOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE0)Operates by consensusPearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2010