Presentation at the University of Cape Town, Aug. 5, 2011. This talk was part of the OpenUCT initiative and the Scholarly Communication in Africa Programme. It provides an overview of the changing research landscape and the particular importance of open access and other forms of open collaboration for solving some of the pressing problems of development research. The presentation argues for the importance of policy development in support of research collaboration and the development of enriched metrics for evaluating the development impact of research.

1. Global Perspective on Open Research A bird’s eye view Leslie Chan International Development Studies Bioline International University of Toronto Scarborough Presentation at the Scholarly Communication in Africa Programme and OpenUCT, University of Cape Town August 5, 2011

2. What is research and why What is openness and why The values of Open Research How to enable Open Research

3. Arguments Quality filtering based on journal name is disappearing, to be replaced by new forms of “metrics” and reputation proxies Innovations are emerging from the “periphery” Networks and the return to the Invisible College Grass root actions are driving change, but policy framework is key to acceptance and sustainability

4. Why research?

8. The World of Journal Publishing According to Thomson’s ISI Science Citation Index Data from 2002 http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205

9. http://thomsonreuters.com/

10. $$$ http://ke.thomsonreuters.com/#/index.html

12. “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good.” Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml

13. Human Development and Access to Knowledge-embedded goods Access to learning resources Access to journals Access to research and outcome data Access to health care Access to Medicine PUBLICGOODS

14. From “Big” science to Networked science Knowledge for local problem solving

15. Openness as the building block for the New Invisible College

16. "Like many parts of the knowledge system, the organization of scientific research is changing in fundamental ways. Self-organizing networks that span the globe are the most notable feature of science today. These networks constitute an invisible college of researchers: scientists who collaborate not because they are told to but because they want to, not because they work in the same laboratory or even in the same field but because they have complementary insight, data, or skills. Networks can take on the role of institutions in some parts of the world that do not have a long history of building scientific infrastructure." Caroline Wagner (2008), The New Invisible College: Science for Development. The Brookings Institution Press.

17. arXiv began its operations before the World Wide Web, search engines, online commerce and all the rest, but nonetheless anticipated many components of current 'Web 2.0' methodology… It continues to play a leading role at the forefront of new models for scientific communication."

20. http://www.scielo.org/

22. http://www.bioline.org.br

23. 23 Active Bioline Journals graphed with Google Maps. Retrieved April 26, 2010 from: http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=117328677437228595850.00044ec490b69019e64a3&z=2

26. Institutional mandatory policies 112 Departmental mandatory policies 28 Funder mandatory policies 47 Total mandatory policies 187 http://www.openscholarship.org/jcms/c_6226/open-access-policies-for-universities-and-research-institutions

27. But Open Access is only the Substrate of theResearch Life Cycle

28. Scholarly Primitives “…basic functions common to scholarly activity across disciplines, over time, and independent of theoretical orientation.” John Unsworth. "Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?" "Humanities Computing, Formal Methods, Experimental Practice" Symposium, Kings College, London, May 13, 2000.http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html

29. “Is the scientific paper a fraud?” “I mean the scientific paper may be a fraud because it misrepresents the processes of thought that accompanied or give rise to the work that is described in the paper. That is the question and I will say right away that my answer to it is ‘yes’. The scientific paper in its orthodox form does embody a totally mistaken conception, even a travesty, of the nature of scientific though”. Sir Peter Medawar (From a BBC talk, 1964) http://contanatura-hemeroteca.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/medawar_paper_fraud.pdf

30. Boyer’s Scholarship of PUBLIC Engagement

32. Traditional Business Models Subscription Licensing Pay-per-view Libraries Price $$ Permission Closed Content Publishers Value-added Services BRANDING Capital Development

33. New Business Models Authority Trust Findability Personalization Immediacy Coherent and structured Generative layer Overlay services Open Source Open Access Fragmented and scattered Content layer Research Capital Development

34. “We are slowly, as I’ve written many times before, moving to post-publication peer review where the scientific community judges what matters—not bewigged and gathered in one elegant room as in the 18th century but connected globally through the internet. It’s back to our roots.” Richard Smith was the editor of the BMJ until 2004 and is director of the United Health Group’s chronic disease initiative. Competing interest: RS is on the board of the Public Library of Science but is not paid.

35. The JIF is appallingly open to manipulation; mature alt-metrics systems could be more robust, leveraging the diversity of of alt-metrics and statistical power of big data to algorithmically detect and correct for fraudulent activity. This approach already works for online advertisers, social news sites, Wikipedia, and search engines. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/

36. Scholarly Primitives and Reputation? “…basic functions common to scholarly activity across disciplines, over time, and independent of theoretical orientation.” John Unsworth. "Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?" "Humanities Computing, Formal Methods, Experimental Practice" Symposium, Kings College, London, May 13, 2000.http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html

37. http://kenya.ushahidi.com/

38. http://www.ushahidi.com/

39. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569081

40. http://appsfordevelopment.challengepost.com/

41. Conclusions Should not take Openness for granted, be vigilant Align the values of research with appropriate incentives and recognition Also need to align policies that are emerging from the top with initiatives are rising from the bottom