Globalisation has accelerated due to improvements in transportation and technology that have increased global flows and networks. While some places and people have benefited economically from greater integration, globalisation has also contributed to social, economic, and environmental challenges. Rising inequality, cultural tensions, and environmental degradation are issues that governments and organizations have sought to address through policies around trade, investment, migration, and sustainable development. Managing both the opportunities and risks of an increasingly interconnected world remains an ongoing challenge.

1. Globalisation - Revision
1. The acceleration of globalisation
2. Geographical impacts of globalisation
3. The development challenges of
globalisation
Key words in purple
Examples/case
studies in red

3. Revision – Chapter 12
• The acceleration of globalisation
• Globalisation
• Trans-National Corporation
• What is globalisation?
• Global flows and global networks
• Different lengths and depths of
globalisation
• Gross Domestic Product
• Emerging Economies
• Remittances
• Interdependency
• Transport and trade in the 19th and
20th centuries
• ICT and mobile phone use in the 21st
century
• Spatial division of labour
• Intermodal containers
• Shrinking world
• Mobile phone use and banking in
developing countries
*The flow of capital – in 2013 the volume of
foreign exchange transactions reached US$5
trillion a day
* There are approx one-quarter of a billion
refugees/economic migrants globally
* By 2014 EasyJet own 200 airplanes carrying
65million people to their destinations
* There is uneven distribution of undersea data
cables – the largest bandwidth usage between
America and Europe
* Africa’s M-Pesa system launched in 2007

4. Revision – Chapter 12
• The politics and economics of
globalisation
• Digital divide
• Political barriers
• The work of international
organisations
• Foreign Direct Investment
• BRICS Groups
• IMF
• World Bank
• WTO
• How F.D.I works
• Different types of F.D.I
• Players
• The attitudes and actions of national
governments
• Trickle-Down
• Sovereign wealth funds
• Trade Blocs
• Tariffs
• The growth of free trade blocs
• The actions of governments in new
global regions
• Special Economic Zones
* The global financial crisis of 2008 undermined
entire world economy
* In 2014 a US$470 million loan was granted to the
Philippines by the world bank to reduce poverty
* In 1986 the City of London was deregulated and
red tape removed
* FDI by China in UK (£800million investment in
Manchester Airport)
* The European Union and ASEAN
* China and its open door policy

5. Revision – Chapter 12
• Uneven Globalisation
• Measuring globalisation
• Measuring globalisation using the
KOF index
• The uneven geography of TNCs
and their global production
network
• Offshoring
• Outsourcing
• Global production network
• Risks of outsourcing
• Developing new markets
• Switched off places
• Glocalisation
• Least developed countries
*Food giant KRAFT have 30,000 suppliers providing
the ingredients they need.
* Production of the MINI by BMW
* Indian Spiderman by Marvel comics
* Switched off places - North Korea
* Switched off places – Sahel region

6. Issues for analysis – Chapter 12
• How has transport and trade accelerated
globalisation?
• How do different countries use different
measures and strategies to attract FDI?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of
being part of a trade bloc?
• How do TNCs and the Bretton woods institutions
link the economies of different countries
together?
• Why have some places become more globalised
than others?

7. Revision – Chapter 13
• Winners and losers of the
global shift in economic
activity
• Costs and benefits for
emerging Asia
• Environmental challenges
for communities in
developing countries
• Social and environmental
problems for
deindustrialised regions
• Deindustrialisation
• Inner-city spiral of
deindustrialisation
*Asian ‘Tiger’ economies from the 1950s
onwards
* Global outsourcing to India
* Global outsourcing of manufacturing to China
* Environmental challenge in Ivory coast
* Deindustrialization in Baltimore

8. Revision – Chapter 13
• The increasing scale and pace of
economic migration in an inter-
connected world
• Internal migrants
• Urbanisation
• Economic Migrants
• Refugees
• Rural-Urban migration – causes
and impacts
• Intervening obstacles
• Megacity growth
• Natural increase
• Centripetal migration
• Social and environmental
challenges of megacity growth
• Brownfield site
* Sao Paulo has 500,000 new migrants a year
* Rural – Urban push factors in the Darfur region
of Sudan (scarcity of resources)
Mumbai and Karachi as rapid megacity growth
* Examples of low-wage international migration
(India to the UAE)
* The ‘golden arch’ theory by Thomas Freidman
• Global hubs
• International migration to global
hubs
• The costs and benefits of migration
• Interdependence

9. Revision – Chapter 13
• The emergence of a global
culture
• Cultural traits
• Cultural diffusion and its
causes
• Cultural imperialism
• Soft power
• The growth of a global culture
– influence and evaluation
• Global brand analysis
• The costs of cultural erosion
• Resisting and reacting to
cultural and environmental
change
* Changing diets in Asia
* 4billion speak globish
* Indigenous people of Amazonia
* Global Paralympics
• Cultural landscapes
• Reactions against globalisation
• The cultural continuum

10. Issues for analysis – Chapter 13
• How has the global shift had an impact on the
economies of different countries?
• How has the global shift had an impact on the
environments of different countries?
• What are the social, economic and environmental
impacts of migration?
• What is meant by a global culture?
• What are the arguments of an optimistic and a
pessimistic hyperglobaliser?
• Are countries right to react against a global
culture?

11. Revision – Chapter 14
• Globalisation, development and
the environment
• Absolute poverty
• Millennium development goals
• Relative poverty
• Development cable
• Development linkages
• Economic and social development
measures
• GDP
• Economic sector balance
• Informal sector
• Human Development Index
• Gender Inequality Index
• A multi-speed world at varying
speeds
• Environmental winners and losers
• Development and environmental
trends for global regions
• Gini co-efficeient
* Global poverty has halved since M.D.G
* World bank estimated global nominal
GDP at US$78trillion
* Nigeria re-balancing its economic sector
* Norway is 1st in HDI index, Niger is last
* Average incomes in all continents has
risen since 1950
* Asia has jumped past the absolute
poverty line. Since 2010 Asia’s GDP is
US$7000 per capita

12. Revision – Chapter 14
• Social, environmental and
political tensions caused by
globalisation
• Post-accession migration
• Diaspora
• Crude birth rate
• Varying attitudes towards
migration and cultural mixing
• Tensions in London surrounding
foreign investment and migration
• Nationalist
• Post-colonial migration
• Legislating against global flows
• Prohibited flows
• Resource nationalism and
protecting cultures
* 1million migrants from Eastern Europe
to UK in the mid 2000s increased the UK
population by 5million by 2015
* Extremism in Europe
* Around 40 governments limit their
citizen’s freedom
* Internet censorship in China and North
Korea
* Migration controls in the UK
* First nations in Canada
* Prohibited flow where Australian
honey was banned in New Zealand due
to fear of bee disease
* Illegal flow of opium from Afghanistan
to the UK is estimated to contribute to
60% of Afghanistan's GDP

13. Revision – Chapter 14
• Globalisation, sustainability and
localism
• Links between globalisation and rising
environmental insecurity
• Natural resources
• Consumer society
• Ecological footprint
• Water footprint
• Carbon footprint
• The local sourcing solution
• Food miles
• Transition town
• Ethical consumption and fair trade
• Evaluation of consumption schemes
• Recycling and resource consumption
• Beyond recycling
* Almost 1million people in emerging
economies have attained new ‘global
middle class’ status; 2 billion are on the
cusp of it
* The average US citizen has an
ecological footprint twenty times larger
than a subsistence farmer in Sub-
Saharan Africa
* Todmorden as a transition town
* Eden project serving 600,000 annual
customers 90% locally sourced material
* The Rana Plaza collapse
* UK government actions

14. Issues for analysis – Chapter 14
• How does economic development support social
development?
• How does globalisation assist the development
process?
• What economic disparities exist within and
between African states?
• Evaluate the benefits of local sourcing
• What tensions can arise out of global flows?
• How do different ethical consumption schemes
aid sustainability?