The document discusses the contribution of international law to global health governance based on the experience of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Historically, health was neglected in international law but interest has grown since the FCTC's adoption in 2003. The FCTC negotiations showed how international law can promote global cooperation on cross-border health issues and help address the globalization of public health problems. Key lessons from the FCTC process include assessing political support for health treaties and considering alternative legal designs and the value of negotiation processes themselves in addition to final legal instruments.
Opioid dependence syndrome management legal and policy aspectsTashi Dr
This document discusses the laws and policies around opioid use and treatment in India. It provides an overview of:
1. International drug conventions and India's key drug laws like the NDPS Act which regulate opioids.
2. Government agencies involved in drug control, and national policies focused on both supply reduction and demand reduction.
3. Specific medications allowed for opioid dependence treatment under the conventions and Indian law, and regulations around medications like buprenorphine.
4. How branding substance use as illegal and users as criminals affects opioid disorder management, and how legal issues impact assessment and treatment in different settings. Questions are raised about whether current laws and policies encourage evidence-based treatment.
A presentation by Hemant Goswami on How tobacco industry have managed to manipulate the public health agenda over the years. Quoting from the tobacco industry documents itself, Hemant demonstrated the tactics the industry uses to plant tobacco control legislations themselves to prevent any effective and powerful legislation from coming into effect.
Example of how Indian Tobacco Control law has been weakened by the industry influence has also been given by Hemant in the presentation.
The Roles of the European Union in Promoting Sustainable DevelopmentKan Yuenyong
The presentation has discussed two major trends which are (1) the formation of regional inter-state organization such as EU, and (2) a holistic-convergence view of socio-envioronmental- health- framework in developmental policy
The document discusses the legislative process and its relation to health policy in the United States. It covers the branches of government involved in legislation, including the House, Senate and President. It explains how a bill becomes law, from recognizing a problem through drafting, building support, committee reviews, votes, reconciling differences and presidential approval. It also covers the roles of federal, state and local governments in developing health policy and issues around access, cost and quality of care.
The CDC leads US efforts in comprehensive tobacco prevention and control through the Office of Smoking and Health. Tobacco use causes over 5 million premature deaths worldwide each year, a number expected to rise to over 8 million by 2030, making it a major global health issue. Effective surveillance is essential for comprehensive tobacco control programs to monitor the epidemic.
The document discusses Malaysia's initiatives on creating smoke-free environments including a timeline of tobacco control policies from 1973 banning smoking in cinemas to plans in 2009 to further expand smoke-free areas. It outlines the country's involvement in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control including signing and ratifying the treaty and participating in related meetings and guidelines development. Key requirements and recommendations of the WHO FCTC guidelines on protection from tobacco smoke exposure are summarized.
Opioid dependence syndrome management legal and policy aspectsTashi Dr
This document discusses the laws and policies around opioid use and treatment in India. It provides an overview of:
1. International drug conventions and India's key drug laws like the NDPS Act which regulate opioids.
2. Government agencies involved in drug control, and national policies focused on both supply reduction and demand reduction.
3. Specific medications allowed for opioid dependence treatment under the conventions and Indian law, and regulations around medications like buprenorphine.
4. How branding substance use as illegal and users as criminals affects opioid disorder management, and how legal issues impact assessment and treatment in different settings. Questions are raised about whether current laws and policies encourage evidence-based treatment.
A presentation by Hemant Goswami on How tobacco industry have managed to manipulate the public health agenda over the years. Quoting from the tobacco industry documents itself, Hemant demonstrated the tactics the industry uses to plant tobacco control legislations themselves to prevent any effective and powerful legislation from coming into effect.
Example of how Indian Tobacco Control law has been weakened by the industry influence has also been given by Hemant in the presentation.
The Roles of the European Union in Promoting Sustainable DevelopmentKan Yuenyong
The presentation has discussed two major trends which are (1) the formation of regional inter-state organization such as EU, and (2) a holistic-convergence view of socio-envioronmental- health- framework in developmental policy
The document discusses the legislative process and its relation to health policy in the United States. It covers the branches of government involved in legislation, including the House, Senate and President. It explains how a bill becomes law, from recognizing a problem through drafting, building support, committee reviews, votes, reconciling differences and presidential approval. It also covers the roles of federal, state and local governments in developing health policy and issues around access, cost and quality of care.
The CDC leads US efforts in comprehensive tobacco prevention and control through the Office of Smoking and Health. Tobacco use causes over 5 million premature deaths worldwide each year, a number expected to rise to over 8 million by 2030, making it a major global health issue. Effective surveillance is essential for comprehensive tobacco control programs to monitor the epidemic.
The document discusses Malaysia's initiatives on creating smoke-free environments including a timeline of tobacco control policies from 1973 banning smoking in cinemas to plans in 2009 to further expand smoke-free areas. It outlines the country's involvement in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control including signing and ratifying the treaty and participating in related meetings and guidelines development. Key requirements and recommendations of the WHO FCTC guidelines on protection from tobacco smoke exposure are summarized.
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting on Interdepartmental Plan for Public Health of Catalonia (PINSAP) Strategy and Programme, held in Barcelona, Spain on 14 February 2014.
This administrative order from the Philippine Department of Health requires graphic health warnings on tobacco product packages that cover at least 50% of the principal display area. It aims to inform the public of the health risks of tobacco use and protect consumers from deceptive tobacco marketing practices, in compliance with the country's obligations under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The order cites evidence that pictorial warnings effectively communicate health risks and motivate tobacco users to quit. It affirms the state's commitment to promote the right to health and instill health consciousness in the population.
Greece's health crisis: from austerity to denialism - The Lancet - 02/2014FactaMedia
Through austerity measures imposed in response to its economic crisis, Greece made deep cuts to its public health system and spending. This led to reduced access to care, especially for vulnerable groups. Unmet medical needs increased significantly from 2007 to 2011, with financial barriers and transportation difficulties preventing many from receiving needed care. Indirectly, the austerity measures negatively impacted health by worsening economic conditions and increasing unemployment, mental health issues, child poverty, and suicides.
This document is a judgment from the High Court of South Africa regarding a case between the Fair-Trade Independent Tobacco Association (FITA) and the President and Minister of Cooperative Governance regarding regulations prohibiting the sale of tobacco products during COVID-19 lockdown levels. FITA argues the prohibition is irrational and not rationally related to curbing the spread of COVID-19. The court discusses the rule of law and rationality requirements for the exercise of public power by the executive. The judgment examines whether the tobacco sales prohibition is rationally related to the purpose of the regulations.
Judgment: Fita vs the president of RSA and othersSABC News
South Africa, like the rest of the world, faces an unprecedented crisis following the
invasion of the COVID-19 virus, which poses a clear and present danger to human life.
Through the Disaster Management Act1
(“the Act”), the Government has imposed various
measures in an effort to combat the virus and contain its escalation. In particular, the
second respondent, the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (“the
Minister”) promulgated regulations pursuant to section 27(2) of the Act, which, amongst
others, prohibit the sale of tobacco products, e-cigarettes and related products as part of
the measures introduced to curb the escalation of the COVID-19 virus.
This document discusses tobacco and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Egypt. It notes that over 170,000 Egyptians die each year from tobacco-related illnesses. Tobacco use also results in significant economic costs for healthcare and lost productivity. The four main NCDs - cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease - all share four main modifiable risk factors, one of which is tobacco use. The document outlines Egypt's ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and implementation of Law 157/2007 to increase tobacco taxes, expand health warnings on packaging, ban indoor smoking and restrict youth access.
The Threat of the covid‑19 pandemic to human rightsRula alsawalqa
The document discusses how Jordan responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects on human rights. While Jordan largely contained the spread of the virus, the government's response faced criticism for undermining rights like freedom of expression. Labor rights were also threatened as weaknesses in Jordan's labor market and social protections were exposed. The pandemic exacerbated issues like unemployment, reduced wages, and lack of coverage for many workers. Going forward, Jordan needs to ensure its emergency measures do not infringe on basic rights and adopt a human rights-based approach for future crises.
This document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which guarantees various economic, social, and cultural rights. It discusses the Philippines' commitment to these rights in its constitution and laws promoting issues like non-discrimination, workers' rights, social security, education, health, housing, and more. It identifies gaps and formulates thematic objectives for the ICESCR chapter of the Philippines' Second Human Rights Plan, such as mainstreaming human rights approaches, reviewing relevant laws, improving healthcare access, ensuring workers' safety and benefits, increasing education budgets, and assisting poverty-stricken and conflict-affected areas.
A Review of FDRE Civil Society Proclamation No.621/2009Markos Mulat G
This document provides an overview of the Civil Societies Proclamation No. 621/2009 in Ethiopia. It discusses the history of civil society organizations in Ethiopia, the rationale for developing the new law, the law development process, the objectives of the law, key components of the law including different designations for civil society organizations, and implementation strategies. It also notes some of the criticisms of the law from civil society actors who argue it places too many restrictions on their work.
Igor Munteanu, Executive Director, IDIS "Viitorul": Regulation of political p...IDIS Viitorul
The document discusses regulations governing political parties in Moldova, including constitutional provisions, the 2007 Law on Political Parties, and criticisms of the legislation. It analyzes advantages like public funding rules but also disadvantages such as restrictive territorial representation requirements and penalties for parties that do not meet electoral thresholds. The document argues some provisions conflict with European human rights standards regarding freedom of association.
1) The document discusses the differences between the legal systems and financial reporting standards of France and the United States, including an overview of key aspects of French private law, criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law, and European Union law.
2) It then provides background on two major tire companies - Goodyear Tires, based in the US, and Michelin, based in France - including their product lines, operations, and risks discussed in annual reports.
3) The companies apply different accounting standards - Goodyear uses US GAAP while Michelin uses French GAAP.
This document evaluates the social and environmental accountability of the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry from 2009 to 2018. It analyzes social and environmental disclosures in the annual reports of sampled pharmaceutical companies using a modified word count content analysis. The results indicate low levels of social accountability addressing issues important to primary stakeholders, and an absence of environmental accountability. Stakeholder theory is used to explain the results, suggesting continued risks to human lives and the environment without policy changes. The study aims to contribute new insights on the social and environmental disclosure practices of the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry over a 10-year period.
The document summarizes key points from a speech given by the WHO Regional Director for Europe on health challenges in the European region and strategies to address them. The main points are:
1) There are significant health inequities within and between countries in the European region in terms of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Nordic countries have some of the highest rates.
2) Investing in public health, disease prevention, and addressing social determinants of health through intersectoral policies can help reduce inequities and improve population health outcomes.
3) The Health 2020 policy framework and examples from countries like Norway that have strengthened public health infrastructure and implemented intersectoral governance approaches provide guidance for addressing challenges and closing
Public Affairs 2008 / 3rd Place / Free Trade Union Confederation vs. Governme...Baltic PR Awards
The Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia organized a public campaign against the Latvian government's 2008 budget, which did not fulfill promises to increase salaries for police and medical workers. Through stakeholder analysis, media monitoring, and historical research, the Confederation developed a strategy to pressure the government through demonstrations, collecting signatures for a potential referendum on amending the constitution, and engaging with politicians and media. While the government only partially met the Confederation's demands around medical salaries, the campaign succeeded in getting some wage increases, collecting signatures, resigning the Prime Minister, and increasing the Confederation's influence.
National tobacco control legislation in many countries has gaps and is not fully compatible with WHO guidelines. Amendments are needed to close loopholes, incorporate new evidence and public support, and strengthen measures. Key areas for amendment include smoke-free policies, product regulations, packaging and labeling, advertising bans, illicit trade, and sales to minors.
The amendment process involves forming an inter-ministerial committee to review the need for changes. Stakeholders like health organizations and NGOs provide input. Amendments are drafted with legal expertise and approved in Parliament. Adoption requires advocacy, outreach, and communication strategies to build consensus. Amendments should align legislation with WHO guidelines and the country's tobacco
This document provides an overview of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). It discusses the historical background leading to the creation of the FCTC in 2003. The objectives of the FCTC are to protect people from the health impacts of tobacco and reduce tobacco use globally. It requires parties to implement measures like advertising bans, health warnings, and protecting people from secondhand smoke. The document outlines the provisions and guidelines of the FCTC and discusses its implementation in Nepal, including the challenges faced in enforcing tobacco control policies.
The document is an invitation and program for the 16th World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH) being held from March 17-21, 2015 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The conference will focus on the theme of "Tobacco and Non-Communicable Diseases" and examine tobacco use as a major risk factor for diseases causing millions of deaths each year. The program will include panel discussions, symposia, workshops and poster sessions covering various aspects of the global tobacco epidemic and efforts to control it through implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and MPOWER strategies. Participants are invited to discuss current tobacco control strategies and ways to accelerate tobacco control worldwide.
Moving the WHO FCTC Forward in its Second Decade: The Role of Evidence in St...UCT ICO
The document summarizes evidence from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) on the impact of health warnings on tobacco packaging. The ITC Project finds that large pictorial health warnings are more effective than text-only warnings at increasing awareness of health risks, motivating smoking cessation, and preventing smoking initiation. Studies from Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, and other countries show that implementing large graphic warnings significantly increases noticing of warnings and discourages cigarette consumption. Transitioning China from small text warnings to larger graphic warnings based on evidence from Malaysia could potentially impact the smoking behaviors of tens of millions of Chinese smokers.
Advancing, Evaluating, and Defending Tobacco Control Policies Through Researc...UCT ICO
This document summarizes a presentation given by Geoffrey T. Fong on advancing, evaluating, and defending tobacco control policies through research using examples from the ITC Project. It discusses the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and its goal of reducing the global tobacco epidemic. It then highlights research from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) evaluating the impact of various FCTC policies like graphic health warnings, smoke-free laws, and tax increases on tobacco use using data from over 20 countries. The research has found policies to be effective in reducing tobacco use when implemented at the highest level and has directly informed tobacco control policies globally.
This document summarizes the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and its decisions around e-cigarettes. It discusses how the FCTC works, including its Conference of Parties meetings where decisions are made by consensus. At COP6 in 2012, a report on e-cigarettes was presented outlining regulatory objectives and options. The decision welcomed the report and invited parties to consider regulations, while also requesting another report on e-cigarettes for COP7 to further examine the issues. The UK's regulation of e-cigarettes is guided by decisions at the EU level.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
This document summarizes Jorge Bermudez's presentation highlighting the political relevance of the Marrakesh summit on access to medicines. It discusses:
1) The establishment of the WTO and TRIPS agreement in 1994 and subsequent issues like TRIPS-plus agreements and difficulties implementing flexibilities.
2) Developments at WHO from 1998-2018 including resolutions and expert working groups on intellectual property, innovation, and public health.
3) Key findings and recommendations of the 2016 UN Secretary General's High-Level Panel on access to medicines regarding barriers to access, intellectual property laws, incentives for R&D, and a proposed binding R&D treaty.
4) The vision for what was missing
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting on Interdepartmental Plan for Public Health of Catalonia (PINSAP) Strategy and Programme, held in Barcelona, Spain on 14 February 2014.
This administrative order from the Philippine Department of Health requires graphic health warnings on tobacco product packages that cover at least 50% of the principal display area. It aims to inform the public of the health risks of tobacco use and protect consumers from deceptive tobacco marketing practices, in compliance with the country's obligations under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The order cites evidence that pictorial warnings effectively communicate health risks and motivate tobacco users to quit. It affirms the state's commitment to promote the right to health and instill health consciousness in the population.
Greece's health crisis: from austerity to denialism - The Lancet - 02/2014FactaMedia
Through austerity measures imposed in response to its economic crisis, Greece made deep cuts to its public health system and spending. This led to reduced access to care, especially for vulnerable groups. Unmet medical needs increased significantly from 2007 to 2011, with financial barriers and transportation difficulties preventing many from receiving needed care. Indirectly, the austerity measures negatively impacted health by worsening economic conditions and increasing unemployment, mental health issues, child poverty, and suicides.
This document is a judgment from the High Court of South Africa regarding a case between the Fair-Trade Independent Tobacco Association (FITA) and the President and Minister of Cooperative Governance regarding regulations prohibiting the sale of tobacco products during COVID-19 lockdown levels. FITA argues the prohibition is irrational and not rationally related to curbing the spread of COVID-19. The court discusses the rule of law and rationality requirements for the exercise of public power by the executive. The judgment examines whether the tobacco sales prohibition is rationally related to the purpose of the regulations.
Judgment: Fita vs the president of RSA and othersSABC News
South Africa, like the rest of the world, faces an unprecedented crisis following the
invasion of the COVID-19 virus, which poses a clear and present danger to human life.
Through the Disaster Management Act1
(“the Act”), the Government has imposed various
measures in an effort to combat the virus and contain its escalation. In particular, the
second respondent, the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (“the
Minister”) promulgated regulations pursuant to section 27(2) of the Act, which, amongst
others, prohibit the sale of tobacco products, e-cigarettes and related products as part of
the measures introduced to curb the escalation of the COVID-19 virus.
This document discusses tobacco and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Egypt. It notes that over 170,000 Egyptians die each year from tobacco-related illnesses. Tobacco use also results in significant economic costs for healthcare and lost productivity. The four main NCDs - cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease - all share four main modifiable risk factors, one of which is tobacco use. The document outlines Egypt's ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and implementation of Law 157/2007 to increase tobacco taxes, expand health warnings on packaging, ban indoor smoking and restrict youth access.
The Threat of the covid‑19 pandemic to human rightsRula alsawalqa
The document discusses how Jordan responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects on human rights. While Jordan largely contained the spread of the virus, the government's response faced criticism for undermining rights like freedom of expression. Labor rights were also threatened as weaknesses in Jordan's labor market and social protections were exposed. The pandemic exacerbated issues like unemployment, reduced wages, and lack of coverage for many workers. Going forward, Jordan needs to ensure its emergency measures do not infringe on basic rights and adopt a human rights-based approach for future crises.
This document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which guarantees various economic, social, and cultural rights. It discusses the Philippines' commitment to these rights in its constitution and laws promoting issues like non-discrimination, workers' rights, social security, education, health, housing, and more. It identifies gaps and formulates thematic objectives for the ICESCR chapter of the Philippines' Second Human Rights Plan, such as mainstreaming human rights approaches, reviewing relevant laws, improving healthcare access, ensuring workers' safety and benefits, increasing education budgets, and assisting poverty-stricken and conflict-affected areas.
A Review of FDRE Civil Society Proclamation No.621/2009Markos Mulat G
This document provides an overview of the Civil Societies Proclamation No. 621/2009 in Ethiopia. It discusses the history of civil society organizations in Ethiopia, the rationale for developing the new law, the law development process, the objectives of the law, key components of the law including different designations for civil society organizations, and implementation strategies. It also notes some of the criticisms of the law from civil society actors who argue it places too many restrictions on their work.
Igor Munteanu, Executive Director, IDIS "Viitorul": Regulation of political p...IDIS Viitorul
The document discusses regulations governing political parties in Moldova, including constitutional provisions, the 2007 Law on Political Parties, and criticisms of the legislation. It analyzes advantages like public funding rules but also disadvantages such as restrictive territorial representation requirements and penalties for parties that do not meet electoral thresholds. The document argues some provisions conflict with European human rights standards regarding freedom of association.
1) The document discusses the differences between the legal systems and financial reporting standards of France and the United States, including an overview of key aspects of French private law, criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law, and European Union law.
2) It then provides background on two major tire companies - Goodyear Tires, based in the US, and Michelin, based in France - including their product lines, operations, and risks discussed in annual reports.
3) The companies apply different accounting standards - Goodyear uses US GAAP while Michelin uses French GAAP.
This document evaluates the social and environmental accountability of the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry from 2009 to 2018. It analyzes social and environmental disclosures in the annual reports of sampled pharmaceutical companies using a modified word count content analysis. The results indicate low levels of social accountability addressing issues important to primary stakeholders, and an absence of environmental accountability. Stakeholder theory is used to explain the results, suggesting continued risks to human lives and the environment without policy changes. The study aims to contribute new insights on the social and environmental disclosure practices of the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry over a 10-year period.
The document summarizes key points from a speech given by the WHO Regional Director for Europe on health challenges in the European region and strategies to address them. The main points are:
1) There are significant health inequities within and between countries in the European region in terms of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Nordic countries have some of the highest rates.
2) Investing in public health, disease prevention, and addressing social determinants of health through intersectoral policies can help reduce inequities and improve population health outcomes.
3) The Health 2020 policy framework and examples from countries like Norway that have strengthened public health infrastructure and implemented intersectoral governance approaches provide guidance for addressing challenges and closing
Public Affairs 2008 / 3rd Place / Free Trade Union Confederation vs. Governme...Baltic PR Awards
The Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia organized a public campaign against the Latvian government's 2008 budget, which did not fulfill promises to increase salaries for police and medical workers. Through stakeholder analysis, media monitoring, and historical research, the Confederation developed a strategy to pressure the government through demonstrations, collecting signatures for a potential referendum on amending the constitution, and engaging with politicians and media. While the government only partially met the Confederation's demands around medical salaries, the campaign succeeded in getting some wage increases, collecting signatures, resigning the Prime Minister, and increasing the Confederation's influence.
National tobacco control legislation in many countries has gaps and is not fully compatible with WHO guidelines. Amendments are needed to close loopholes, incorporate new evidence and public support, and strengthen measures. Key areas for amendment include smoke-free policies, product regulations, packaging and labeling, advertising bans, illicit trade, and sales to minors.
The amendment process involves forming an inter-ministerial committee to review the need for changes. Stakeholders like health organizations and NGOs provide input. Amendments are drafted with legal expertise and approved in Parliament. Adoption requires advocacy, outreach, and communication strategies to build consensus. Amendments should align legislation with WHO guidelines and the country's tobacco
This document provides an overview of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). It discusses the historical background leading to the creation of the FCTC in 2003. The objectives of the FCTC are to protect people from the health impacts of tobacco and reduce tobacco use globally. It requires parties to implement measures like advertising bans, health warnings, and protecting people from secondhand smoke. The document outlines the provisions and guidelines of the FCTC and discusses its implementation in Nepal, including the challenges faced in enforcing tobacco control policies.
The document is an invitation and program for the 16th World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH) being held from March 17-21, 2015 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The conference will focus on the theme of "Tobacco and Non-Communicable Diseases" and examine tobacco use as a major risk factor for diseases causing millions of deaths each year. The program will include panel discussions, symposia, workshops and poster sessions covering various aspects of the global tobacco epidemic and efforts to control it through implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and MPOWER strategies. Participants are invited to discuss current tobacco control strategies and ways to accelerate tobacco control worldwide.
Moving the WHO FCTC Forward in its Second Decade: The Role of Evidence in St...UCT ICO
The document summarizes evidence from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) on the impact of health warnings on tobacco packaging. The ITC Project finds that large pictorial health warnings are more effective than text-only warnings at increasing awareness of health risks, motivating smoking cessation, and preventing smoking initiation. Studies from Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, and other countries show that implementing large graphic warnings significantly increases noticing of warnings and discourages cigarette consumption. Transitioning China from small text warnings to larger graphic warnings based on evidence from Malaysia could potentially impact the smoking behaviors of tens of millions of Chinese smokers.
Advancing, Evaluating, and Defending Tobacco Control Policies Through Researc...UCT ICO
This document summarizes a presentation given by Geoffrey T. Fong on advancing, evaluating, and defending tobacco control policies through research using examples from the ITC Project. It discusses the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and its goal of reducing the global tobacco epidemic. It then highlights research from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) evaluating the impact of various FCTC policies like graphic health warnings, smoke-free laws, and tax increases on tobacco use using data from over 20 countries. The research has found policies to be effective in reducing tobacco use when implemented at the highest level and has directly informed tobacco control policies globally.
This document summarizes the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and its decisions around e-cigarettes. It discusses how the FCTC works, including its Conference of Parties meetings where decisions are made by consensus. At COP6 in 2012, a report on e-cigarettes was presented outlining regulatory objectives and options. The decision welcomed the report and invited parties to consider regulations, while also requesting another report on e-cigarettes for COP7 to further examine the issues. The UK's regulation of e-cigarettes is guided by decisions at the EU level.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
This document summarizes Jorge Bermudez's presentation highlighting the political relevance of the Marrakesh summit on access to medicines. It discusses:
1) The establishment of the WTO and TRIPS agreement in 1994 and subsequent issues like TRIPS-plus agreements and difficulties implementing flexibilities.
2) Developments at WHO from 1998-2018 including resolutions and expert working groups on intellectual property, innovation, and public health.
3) Key findings and recommendations of the 2016 UN Secretary General's High-Level Panel on access to medicines regarding barriers to access, intellectual property laws, incentives for R&D, and a proposed binding R&D treaty.
4) The vision for what was missing
This document discusses progress toward ending the tobacco epidemic in the United States. It outlines key challenges like the health burden of tobacco use and industry marketing. It also highlights recent legislative actions that provide tools to reduce tobacco use, like increasing cigarette taxes, granting FDA regulatory authority, and expanding insurance coverage for cessation services. The document presents an HHS strategic plan to achieve Healthy People 2020 tobacco control objectives through actions like coordinating federal efforts, supporting state programs, changing social norms, and advancing research.
Overall programme review of the global strategy and plan of action on public ...Luis Nassif
This document provides background information on the review of the global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property (GSPA-PHI). It outlines the terms of reference, methods of work, and acknowledges contributions from various stakeholders through interviews, surveys and open sessions. The 18 member review panel was selected to assess the continued relevance of the GSPA-PHI, consider its implementation and key barriers, and recommend a way forward until 2022. The panel held closed meetings to evaluate evidence and form consensus on priority actions to improve implementation of the ambitious but lacking GSPA-PHI framework.
Technical resource for country implementation of the who framework convention...Trinity Care Foundation
All the tobacco industry’s tactics and interference with public policy-making are aimed at increasing tobacco consumption and are detrimental to public health. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and its Parties acknowledge that the tobacco industry represents a serious threat to the achievement of the Convention’s goals and objectives. Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC calls on Parties to protect public health policies from the commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry. All governmental sectors - including direct administration, with the executive, legislative and judicial branches, as well as indirect and autonomous administration - are bound to comply with Article 5.3.
The document summarizes the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008. It outlines that tobacco use kills over 5 million people per year and could kill over 1 billion people this century if urgent action is not taken. It presents MPOWER, a package of 6 policies recommended by the WHO to help countries implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Monitor tobacco use; Protect from secondhand smoke; Offer help to quit; Warn about dangers; Enforce advertising bans; and Raise taxes. However, implementation of these policies remains limited, with only 5% of the global population currently protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws and advertising bans. Increased efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic.
Tobacco advertising in china compared to thailand australia usaAlexander Li
1) The study compared awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion among smokers in China, Thailand, Australia, and the US - countries with different tobacco control policies.
2) In China, over a third of smokers reported noticing tobacco advertisements on television, billboards, and in stores - the highest levels of any country. A quarter noticed tobacco sponsorships.
3) Overall awareness of tobacco marketing was significantly higher in China than in Thailand and Australia, but lower than in the US, indicating a gap between China and countries with stronger tobacco control policies.
4) China needs to do more to restrict tobacco promotion, including enhancing policies and enforcement, to reduce high levels of marketing awareness among smokers.
Impact of the 2009 Tobacco Act on the access and consumption of itMalikPinckney86
Impact of the 2009 Tobacco Act on the access and consumption of it by young adults in Miami-Dade County of the State of FLORIDA.
Chapter One Introduction
Despite a substantial decline in the number of people who smoke, tobacco use remains the leading cause of chronic illness and death in the United States today, as it has been for decades. The Tobacco Control Law; It is the law in the United States that was passed to provide some regulations and restrictions on the use and consumption of tobacco. It was signed and approved by President Barack Obama on June 22, 2009. The main objective of the law was to make various modifications and regulations on the consumption and sale of tobacco. The law has achieved several achievements and implementations in the maintenance and regulation of the consumption and use of tobacco in the United States. Since the implementation period, it has created tobacco awareness through the packaging of tobacco products. Thanks to awareness, tobacco use has been minimized, this law regulates the manufacture, distribution and marketing of tobacco products in order to protect the public and create a healthier future. After voters passed a constitutional amendment that bans smoking in workplaces and restaurants, but not in bars, the state of Florida became one of the first to adopt smoke-free policies in the United States (Grattan, Schmitt and Porter, 2020). Local efforts to protect people from secondhand smoke continued after the law was passed in other areas. For example, are there smoke-free policies or tobacco in 28 Florida colleges and universities. In addition, the state's 16 public housing authorities have adopted a smoke-free policy (Nonnemaker et.al, 2021). Tobacco prevention and control activities are a public health problem in the state of Florida, as evidence-based state tobacco control programs have led to fewer smokers, fewer illnesses and fewer deaths tobacco related.
1.1 Research problem
In the state of Florida, most adults are addicted to cigarettes and become daily smokers before the age of 18. The sooner a person becomes addicted to tobacco products, the longer they will be exposed to hundreds of harmful chemicals (Martinasek et. Al, 2015). While it is certainly beneficial, concentrating most of the preventive effort through the Tobacco Law, as has been done in the last decade, proper implementation is necessary since its designed intention is to protect young adults with high consumption of tobacco. tobacco.
1.2 Justification and relevance of the study
Youth and adult smoking behavior has increased due to access and exposure to tobacco products in shops in their daily lives. The tobacco law provides us with information on particular conditions that affect public health, referring to the Florida Statutes of 2011 Part II that addresses indoor air and tobacco smoke (Florida Senate, 2021). The law has gained momentum throughout Florida as a statewide campaign that seeks to raise awareness with the ...
The document discusses integrating tobacco control plans into national development plans and UN development assistance frameworks. It finds that while most countries have tobacco control strategies, few mention tobacco or the WHO FCTC in their national development plans or UNDAFs. Case studies found enabling factors include government leadership, civil society advocacy, and WHO/UNDP support. Challenges include lack of priority, resources, and data. It recommends continued advocacy, capacity building, learning from other health issues, focusing on taxation, protecting policy discussions, and monitoring integration efforts.
The document discusses the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project). The ITC Project conducts international cohort surveys to evaluate the impact of tobacco control policies outlined in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). It surveys over 50% of the world's population, 60% of smokers, and 70% of tobacco users in 20 countries. The ITC Project aims to provide evidence to guide strong implementation of FCTC policies and disseminates its findings to support the global fight against the tobacco epidemic.
This document summarizes the results of the Wave 3 survey of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in Mauritius. Some key findings include:
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- Support for smoke-free laws is high but compliance still needs improvement, especially in restaurants and bars.
- Tobacco prices decreased in affordability only slightly between 2010-2011, less than other countries with strong tobacco control policies.
- Most Mauritians were exposed to an anti-smoking media campaign in 2011 and it had a positive impact, but taxation and prices still need to increase further to reduce smoking.
The document provides information on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It discusses that ISO is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies that develops international standards to ensure compatibility and interoperability across countries and sectors. Some key points:
- ISO is a non-governmental organization with 163 member countries that works to develop voluntary consensus-based standards.
- ISO standards aim to be globally relevant and useful everywhere. They are developed through expertise and consensus from industry and technical sectors.
- ISO has over 18,000 standards covering various industries from mechanical engineering to information technology to quality and environmental management.
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State of tobacco control in Nebraska 04 20-11 2Cindy Jeffrey
This document provides an overview of tobacco control efforts in Nebraska from the perspective of an economist. It discusses trends in tobacco use, policies to reduce tobacco use such as smoke-free laws and tobacco taxes, and tobacco industry marketing practices. The document summarizes that while tobacco use has declined, more can still be done through increased funding for tobacco prevention and cessation programs, stronger restrictions on tobacco marketing, and increasing tobacco taxes. Raising cigarette taxes in particular could generate over $90 million in additional tax revenues and reduce youth smoking initiation and adult smoking rates.
Dr.mary assuntakolandai good governance in the 21st centuryHasan Shabbir
This document discusses principles of good governance in relation to tobacco control policies. It outlines six principles of good corporate governance: ethical approach, balanced objectives for stakeholders, effective strategy considering stakeholders, decision-making processes that incorporate stakeholders, equal concern for all stakeholders, and accountability and transparency. It notes that over 6 million people die from tobacco use each year globally. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was created as a global response and requires protecting public health policies from the commercial interests of the tobacco industry. The document argues that due to the tobacco industry's history of interfering with tobacco control policies and their fundamental conflict of interest with public health goals, interactions with governments must be isolated, transparent and in accordance with the FCTC.
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Loneliness is an important public health issue, especially for older adults. Thomas Prohaska from Ulster University presented on interventions that can help reduce loneliness in later life from December 5-7, 2018. The presentation discussed what types of programs and activities have been shown to effectively help older adults feel less lonely and socially isolated.
This 3 sentence document provides information about a presentation given at an international loneliness symposium in Belfast from December 5-7, 2018. Theo van Tilburg from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam presented on the topic of older adult's loneliness in the Netherlands. The symposium was hosted by the Institute of Public Health in Ireland and Ulster University's Bamford Centre for Health and Well Being.
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The document summarizes the role of a physiotherapist in promoting physical activity and falls prevention for older adults. It discusses:
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Globalisation of the Tobacco Epidemic - Allyn Taylor
1. The Contribution of International Law
to Global Health Governance
Lessons from the Experience of the WHO
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Allyn Taylor
Georgetown University Law Center
O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law
2. Potential Role of International Law in Global
Health Governance
Historically, health has been neglected as a matter of international
legal concern.
WHO adopted its first convention, the FCTC, in 2003. Since the
adoption of the FCTC, interest in international health law making has
grown significantly.
International law can be understood, in part, as one policy tool that
can be used by the international community to promote global action,
cooperation and coordination on public health matters.
The tool of international law may become increasingly important as a
consequence of the globalization of public health as more issues
transcend national boundaries and demand global cooperation.
3. 2003 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
2005 International Health Regulations
2006 United Nations Convention on Disabilities
United Nations (failed) negotiations on a proposed
convention on reproductive cloning
2010 WHO Global Code of Practice on the International
Recruitment of Health Personnel
2011 WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness
Framework
2012 Protocol on Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
Recent Developments in Global Health Law
4. Over 30 proposals for new global health treaties in last few years, including:
Framework convention on infectious diseases
Framework convention on alcohol control
Framework convention on obesity
Framework convention on biomedical technology
Framework convention on global health
Framework convention on nanotechnology
Framework convention on R & D
Framework convention on occupational safety and health
Framework convention on health worker migration for the Caribbean
Binding instrument on marketing unhealthy foods and beverages to children
Treaty on global health
Protocol on polio
Treaty to reduce child deaths by 2025
Essential health and biomedical R & D treaty
Treaty on health technology cost-effectiveness evaluation and competitive tender
Treaty on R & D for neglected diseases
The proliferation of global health treaty proposals in the last few years reflects the pervasive
influence of the perceived success of the FCTC. However, widespread enthusiasm for new
lawmaking has not always been accompanied by sound legal and political analysis of the
context and circumstances.
Recent Developments in Global Health Law
5. Under what circumstances is international law an effective tool for
global health policymaking? What are the trade-offs involved in
pursuing alternative legal and non-legal strategies?
When is a global health issue ‘ripe’ for the negotiation of an
international legal instrument?
How can we design international legal instruments to make them
potent tools of health policy?
What are the critical legal, political and other factors that can
contribute to the success or failure of global health lawmaking
efforts?
.
Questions for Consideration for Future Global
Health Law Negotiations
6. [A]analysis of power and process can add value to those
attempting to influence policy change (Buse. et. al., “How Can
Analysis of Power and Process in Policy-Making Improve Health Outcomes?”).
A close and systematic analysis of the factors (context,
process, content and actors) that affected the negotiations of
the FCTC can provide important guidance for future global
health lawmaking endeavors.
Lessons from the FCTC for Future Global Health
Lawmaking Efforts: Process and Power in Global Health
Law Negotiations
7. WHO’s Constitution vests the Organization with broad legal authority
to serve as a platform for treaty negotiations among Member States:
The Health Assembly shall have authority to adopt conventions or
agreements with respect to any matter within the competence of
the Organization. (Art. 19).
The objective of the World Health Organization shall be the
attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.
(Art. 1).
Health has been historically neglected as a field of international legal
concern.
Context: WHO Legal Authority for Global
Health Lawmaking and Historical Neglect
8. The Health Assembly Resolution 49.17 called upon the Director
General of WHO to initiate development of a framework convention in
accordance with Article 19 of the WHO Constitution to:
deal with aspects of tobacco control that transcend national
boundaries.
include a strategy to encourage member nations to move
progressively towards adoption of comprehensive tobacco control
policies.
Resolution 49.17 was a critical first step in formal FCTC negotiation
process:
defined parameters of legal scope of FCTC.
established negotiation of FCTC as a legal mandate of the Health
Assembly.
WHA Resolution 49.17 (1996): A Critical First
Step in the Formal FCTC Process
9. The problem: globalization of the tobacco epidemic
Increasing recognition of need for innovative strategies, including
mechanisms to enhance multilateral cooperation, to protect
population health.
The politics: Evolution of WHO’s traditional organizational culture
Election of Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland as WHO DG and creation of
TFI to advance the FCTC.
The politics: Evolution of global political environment
Tobacco litigation in the United States, release of internal industry
documents and transformation of public image of industry.
World Bank report on the economics of tobacco.
Damage awards.
The politics: tobacco industry “failing to take the FCTC seriously”
State and industry interests opposed to regulation didn't’t take
international legislative efforts seriously until legal process was too
late to reverse without legal action from the Health Assembly.
Global Tobacco Control: Factors Contributing
to “Ripeness” for International Lawmaking
10. Tobacco use kills 5.4 million people
a year.
Based on current trends, tobacco
will cause 8 million annual deaths
by 2030, with 80% of those deaths
occurring in low-income countries.
By 2020, it is estimated that only
15% of the world’s smokers will live
in high-income countries.
WHO
The Problem: Global Burden of Disease and
Globalization of Epidemic
11. The tobacco epidemic is
being spread and reinforced
through complex mix of
factors that transcend
national borders.
Globalization of the epidemic
restricts the capacity of
countries to regulate tobacco
through domestic legislation
alone.
Google Images & John’s Hopkins SPH
Globalization of the Tobacco Epidemic: The Contribution
of International Lawmaking to Global Tobacco Control
12. Taxes and prices
Smuggling
Advertising and
sponsorship
Tobacco package
design and labeling
International trade
Tobacco and
agricultural policy
Testing, reporting and
regulation of toxic and
other constituents
International
cooperation and
information sharing
Duty free tobacco
products
Transnational Dimensions of Tobacco
Control
13. Cable and satellite
television
Movies and films
Foreign newspapers and
magazines
Internet
Product promotion
(SWAG)
Transnational Dimensions of Tobacco
Advertising and Promotion: Spillover
14. The problem: globalization of the tobacco epidemic
Increasing recognition of need for innovative strategies, including
mechanisms to enhance multilateral cooperation, to protect
population health.
The politics: Evolution of WHO’s traditional organizational culture
Election of Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland as WHO DG and creation of
TFI to advance the FCTC.
The politics: Evolution of global political environment
Tobacco litigation in the United States, release of internal industry
documents and transformation of public image of industry.
Damage awards.
World Bank report and economics of tobacco control.
The politics: tobacco industry “failing to take the FCTC seriously”
State and industry interests opposed to regulation didn't’t take
international legislative efforts seriously until legal process was too
late to reverse without legal action from the Health Assembly.
Global Tobacco Control: Factors Contributing
to Ripeness for International Lawmaking
15. No technical legal meaning
Step 1: Framework Convention
International cooperation in achieving broadly stated
goals and institutions for global governance.
Future Steps: Protocols
Specific measures designed to implement goals of the
parent framework convention or add further institutional
commitments.
Framework Convention-Protocol Approach: A
Dynamic Model of Global Lawmaking
16. Treatment of
tobacco
dependence
Agricultural
policies
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Health Education & Research
Testing and reporting of
ingredients
Product regulation
Advertising and sponsorship
Protecting children and
adolescents
Illicit Trade
Duty-free sales
Tobacco
taxes/price
Possible Protocols to the FCTC
17. FCTC Timeline
•First Session of the INB (October 2000)
Chair’s Text: January 2001
•First Session of the INB (October 2000)
Chair’s Text: January 2001
• Second Session (April 2001)
•Third Session (November 2001)
•Fourth Session (March 2002)
•Fifth Session (October 2002) (New Chair’s Text)
•Sixth Session (February 2003)
• Second Session (April 2001)
•Third Session (November 2001)
•Fourth Session (March 2002)
•Fifth Session (October 2002) (New Chair’s Text)
•Sixth Session (February 2003)
•Adoption (May 2003)
•Entry into Force (February 2005)
•Adoption (May 2003)
•Entry into Force (February 2005)
18. “It was in fact developing countries
which saved the FCTC from being
gutted by a handful of developed
countries which have no intention of
ever implementing most of its
provisions.” (Hammond and Assunta).
“I tried to kill the FCTC. I succeeded in
giving it cerebral palsy.” ( FCTC
Negotiator).
Content: The Final Text of the FCTC
19. National measures to combat the
problem
Education, training, public awareness
Cooperation in scientific research
Financial and technical assistance
Framework Conventions: General
Obligations
20. General Obligations (Art. 5).
Measures Relating to Reduction of Demand (Arts. 6-14).
Price and tax measures; environmental tobacco smoke; regulation
of tobacco product contents; tobacco product disclosures;
packaging; advertising, and; cessation.
Measures Relating to Reduction of Supply (Arts.15-17).
Protection of Environment (Article 18).
Scientific and Technical Cooperation and Communication of Information
(Articles 20-22).
The FCTC Final Text: A Catalog of
Substantive Obligations
22. Powerful industry opposition to
FCTC.
Inexperienced NGO community.
Inexperienced secretariat.
Failure of Member States to
“take FCTC process seriously.”
Challenges to Lawmaking During FCTC
Negotiations
23. As a general rule, there is a trade-off in treaty
design between scope of participation and depth of
coverage. The more concrete and detailed a treaty
is, the few countries that are likely to join. (Barrett).
A lack of realistic assessment about the potential
scope of participation and depth of coverage
haunted the FCTC negotiations as developing
countries sought to incorporate highly detailed
substantive obligations in text.
While attention was focused on FCTC substantive
obligations, decisions on strategic legal and
institutional mechanisms were held in negotiation
sessions open to all Member States in which no
developing countries participated.
Limitations of the Final FCTC Text: Strategic
Miscalculations
24. Meanings of ‘Effective’:
Legal Effectiveness: do outcomes conform with rule
requirements?
Behavioral Effectiveness: Has the FCTC encouraged
states to modify their behavior in the ‘right’ direction?
Problem Solving Effectiveness: Has the FCTC solved
the global tobacco problem it addresses?
Difficulties in Measuring Effectiveness of FCTC:
Most of the substantive obligations are broad and
general.
FCTC implementation procedures remain
underdeveloped.
If the FCTC has been effective, is this due to endogenous
factors related to treaty elements or exogenous political
factors?
Has the FCTC Been Effective?
25. The sheer process of negotiating an international instrument can
stimulate national action and international cooperation long before
instrument is adopted.
Negotiation process can bring an issue to the global stage.
Negotiation process can bring together different ministries within
national governments to forge national solutions.
Negotiation process can encourage the development of national
coalitions and international partnerships.
Negotiation process can promote the development and
coordination of civil society, nationally and internationally.
The Impact of the FCTC and FCTC Negotiation Process
on Global Tobacco Control: the ‘power of process’
26. Protocol is designed to prevent and counteract the illicit trade of tobacco products
through national measures and international cooperation.
Illicit trade in cigarettes to evade tobacco taxes is the biggest area of concern.
National Measures include:
licenses for the manufacture, import, and export of tobacco products and
equipment;
establishment of national or regional tracking and tracing systems for tobacco
products manufactured in, or imported into, the state;
and the creation of sanctions for the illicit manufacture or smuggling of tobacco
products and the destruction of confiscated materials.
International Cooperation
Global tracking and tracing regime.
International cooperation between parties for investigations, legal assistance,
and extradition.
2013 FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade
in Tobacco Products
27. States are primarily regulating e-cigarettes under two different product
categories:
E-Cigarette Regulation
Regulated as a Tobacco
Product
Regulated as a Product with
Health/Therapeutic Claims
Belgium
Bhutan
Brazil
Republic of Korea
Norway
The Seychelles
Singapore
Uruguay
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Germany
Hungary
Japan*
New Zealand
Norway
Turkey
United Kingdom*
Uruguay*
(WHO 2012)*Regulated as a product with health/therapeutic claims w/ or w/o nicotine
28. Lesson 1: Context matters - policymakers
should assess whether or not there is political
will for global health lawmaking.
Lesson 2: Legal design matters - instruments
can be structured to encourage participation
and compliance. To the extent we can
improve effectiveness of legal instruments
‘endogenously’ through better legal design,
then this could help us negotiate more
effective treaties.
Lesson 3: In order to achieve an optimal
outcome, participants need to start
negotiations with a realistic assessment of
likely outcome and consider what legal
incentives should be included in an instrument
to promote commitment and compliance.
Lessons from the FCTC for Future
Negotiations
29. Lesson 4: Policymakers should consider
alternative legal designs. The value of a
legal instrument does not lie exclusively
in its legal structure, but also in the
political process that it generates.
Lesson 5: Above all, global health
lawmaking is not a panacea.
Lessons from the FCTC for Future
Negotiations