This document discusses colonialism and slavery in Ivory Coast. It provides context on colonialism in West Africa, including how European powers established control over the global trading network and used slavery and forced labor. After independence, Ivory Coast continued to rely on exporting key cash crops like cocoa and cotton. While this model achieved growth initially, it left the country vulnerable to declines in commodity prices. Structural adjustment programs in the 1980s imposed austerity measures, leading to economic crisis. The legacy of this colonial and post-colonial exploitation provides important context for understanding modern slavery issues like child labor trafficking in Ivory Coast's cocoa industry.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on the debate over an integrated world system. It discusses arguments for and against world integration from economic and moral perspectives. Supporters of free trade argue nations should specialize in what they produce best and trade freely. Others argue weaker economies need protection initially and prefer regulated cooperation between developed and developing regions. Critically, some argue European domination and imposed economic systems historically disadvantaged developing areas due to exploitation and failure to respect local laws and peoples. Overall, the lecture frames the debate between full integration versus regulated independence in international political economy.
ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror DominationRBG Communiversity
Colonialism refers to the establishment of control by one power over dependent areas or peoples. It involved European powers establishing colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas between the 16th-20th centuries. Colonialism had both settler and exploitation forms and gave rise to culturally hybrid populations. While some decolonization occurred after independence movements in the late 18th century, the height of European colonialism was in the late 19th century Scramble for Africa. By 1914, European powers had established extensive colonial empires across multiple continents, though decolonization accelerated following World War II.
This document discusses the role of slavery and the slave trade in the emergence and development of capitalism. It argues that slavery was the foundation of colonial expansion in Africa and the Americas, and generated enormous profits that fueled the growth of European and American economies in the 18th-19th centuries. While Karl Marx recognized slavery's importance, he failed to adequately analyze its role and impact. The slave trade and plantation slavery displaced indigenous populations and forcibly integrated millions into the global market economy controlled by Western colonial powers. This laid the foundations for unequal development and dependence that continue to impact the global South. The document examines historical examples like the Amistad case and Haitian revolution to illustrate the hypocrisy of democratic nations that exploited slavery while
The Haitian Revolution began as a slave rebellion in 1791 and resulted in Haiti gaining independence from France in 1804. It overthrew the plantation system and slavery, making Haiti the first black republic. The revolution was led by figures like Toussaint Louverture, who organized the rebel forces and established the foundations of an independent Haitian state. However, Napoleon sent an expedition to restore French control and slavery, leading to a renewed rebellion and war that finally led to independence under Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the establishment of the sovereign nation of Haiti.
A pattern for global policy excursion into the causes and implications of mig...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the causes and implications of migration from African and European perspectives. Some key findings:
1) Violence and poverty in Africa are major push factors for migration to Europe, while restrictive European policies and anti-immigrant sentiment marginalize African migrants.
2) African governments should promote development while controlling illegal emigration, and Europe should reform trade policies and establish international agreements with Africa.
3) Interviews with experts found that migrants from communal African cultures feel alienated in individualistic European cultures, lacking a sense of belonging. Cultural differences in childrearing and gender roles also cause challenges.
IMPERIALISM AND TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF THE WORLD (COLONIZATION OF AFRICA)shahzadebaujiti
This document discusses the rise of European imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century and their impacts. It covers:
1) The development of different types of capitalism that drove imperial expansion.
2) How German and Italian unification movements overcame obstacles to create unified nation-states.
3) The effects of European nationalism within Europe, including new alliances and rivalry, and globally through increased colonialism in Africa and Asia.
The document discusses the social and economic impacts of communism and capitalism in four nations: Vietnam and Laos as communist nations, and England and Canada as capitalist nations. It provides background on each nation's economic system and history, and discusses how communism influenced Vietnam and Laos through collectivization of farms and industries after they came to power in 1975. Theories like Marx's labor theory of value are used to explain how communism transformed the previously agrarian economies into centralized, state-run systems focused on production rather than international trade.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on the debate over an integrated world system. It discusses arguments for and against world integration from economic and moral perspectives. Supporters of free trade argue nations should specialize in what they produce best and trade freely. Others argue weaker economies need protection initially and prefer regulated cooperation between developed and developing regions. Critically, some argue European domination and imposed economic systems historically disadvantaged developing areas due to exploitation and failure to respect local laws and peoples. Overall, the lecture frames the debate between full integration versus regulated independence in international political economy.
ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror DominationRBG Communiversity
Colonialism refers to the establishment of control by one power over dependent areas or peoples. It involved European powers establishing colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas between the 16th-20th centuries. Colonialism had both settler and exploitation forms and gave rise to culturally hybrid populations. While some decolonization occurred after independence movements in the late 18th century, the height of European colonialism was in the late 19th century Scramble for Africa. By 1914, European powers had established extensive colonial empires across multiple continents, though decolonization accelerated following World War II.
This document discusses the role of slavery and the slave trade in the emergence and development of capitalism. It argues that slavery was the foundation of colonial expansion in Africa and the Americas, and generated enormous profits that fueled the growth of European and American economies in the 18th-19th centuries. While Karl Marx recognized slavery's importance, he failed to adequately analyze its role and impact. The slave trade and plantation slavery displaced indigenous populations and forcibly integrated millions into the global market economy controlled by Western colonial powers. This laid the foundations for unequal development and dependence that continue to impact the global South. The document examines historical examples like the Amistad case and Haitian revolution to illustrate the hypocrisy of democratic nations that exploited slavery while
The Haitian Revolution began as a slave rebellion in 1791 and resulted in Haiti gaining independence from France in 1804. It overthrew the plantation system and slavery, making Haiti the first black republic. The revolution was led by figures like Toussaint Louverture, who organized the rebel forces and established the foundations of an independent Haitian state. However, Napoleon sent an expedition to restore French control and slavery, leading to a renewed rebellion and war that finally led to independence under Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the establishment of the sovereign nation of Haiti.
A pattern for global policy excursion into the causes and implications of mig...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the causes and implications of migration from African and European perspectives. Some key findings:
1) Violence and poverty in Africa are major push factors for migration to Europe, while restrictive European policies and anti-immigrant sentiment marginalize African migrants.
2) African governments should promote development while controlling illegal emigration, and Europe should reform trade policies and establish international agreements with Africa.
3) Interviews with experts found that migrants from communal African cultures feel alienated in individualistic European cultures, lacking a sense of belonging. Cultural differences in childrearing and gender roles also cause challenges.
IMPERIALISM AND TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF THE WORLD (COLONIZATION OF AFRICA)shahzadebaujiti
This document discusses the rise of European imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century and their impacts. It covers:
1) The development of different types of capitalism that drove imperial expansion.
2) How German and Italian unification movements overcame obstacles to create unified nation-states.
3) The effects of European nationalism within Europe, including new alliances and rivalry, and globally through increased colonialism in Africa and Asia.
The document discusses the social and economic impacts of communism and capitalism in four nations: Vietnam and Laos as communist nations, and England and Canada as capitalist nations. It provides background on each nation's economic system and history, and discusses how communism influenced Vietnam and Laos through collectivization of farms and industries after they came to power in 1975. Theories like Marx's labor theory of value are used to explain how communism transformed the previously agrarian economies into centralized, state-run systems focused on production rather than international trade.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories related to media globalization:
1) Giddens' definition of globalization as intensified worldwide social relations linking distant places.
2) Cultural imperialism defined as a society being integrated into the modern world system and adopting dominant values/structures.
3) Three schools of thought on globalization: hyperglobalizers, skeptics, and transformationalists.
4) Globalization argued to be a driving force reshaping societies through rapid social, political, and economic changes.
France colonized a large portion of Africa beginning in the late 1800s. By 1914, France occupied over 212,600 square miles in North, West, and Central Africa, comparable in size to the United States. France established direct rule over its colonies and used the colonies primarily for extracting natural resources to benefit France. While some positive impacts included improved infrastructure, healthcare, and education, the colonial system also negatively impacted Africans through exploitation of resources and people, erosion of culture, and artificial borders that later fueled conflicts.
Feminist Economics, Finance and the CommonsConor McCabe
The document discusses the history of capitalism and its relationship to social reproduction. It argues that the witch hunts in Europe helped lay the foundations for capitalist society by weakening peasant resistance to privatization of land and the imposition of state control. This destroyed old belief systems and practices that were incompatible with capitalism. The document also discusses Fernand Braudel's analysis of different sectors in pre-industrial Europe, with capitalism existing in a narrow zone alongside a market economy and non-market sectors. Social reproduction, including unpaid domestic work, was considered unproductive and outside the realm of economics. The creation of export-oriented industries employing women in developing countries in the 1960s-80s is also mentioned.
Frolinan historical conception and overview updated 01-28-2013RBG Communiversity
The document provides a historical overview of the FROLINAN movement by outlining 4 key epochs in the struggle for Black liberation and independence in America: 1) The Niagara Movement and founding of the NAACP, 2) Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa movement, 3) The rise of the Nation of Islam and civil rights movement, representing separatist and integrationist ideals, and 4) The Black Panther Party which synthesized these ideals and advocated for armed self-defense and community control. It argues this history shows there have been both integrationist and separatist strands of struggle that continue to shape the movement going forward.
This document provides background information on the exploitation of migrant workers. It defines migrant workers and notes that over 220 million people globally are migrant workers, a number that is growing each year. The document outlines the history of international laws and conventions regarding migrant worker rights from 1919 to present day. It analyzes key events and issues facing migrant workers over time, such as guest worker programs, the Kafala system in the Middle East, and the impact of economic crises on migrant workers in Asia. The Special Political and Decolonization Committee is tasked with finding a resolution to better protect migrant worker rights and help them "breathe a little easier."
The document provides study materials and activities for students about the world at the end of the 19th century. It includes definitions of key terms, comparisons to make, maps and diagrams to complete, and discussion questions. Students are asked to summarize characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution, explain concepts like imperialism and colonialism, compare ideologies like anarchism and Marxism, and analyze the causes and consequences of imperialism. The document covers major economic, political, and social changes in the late 19th century as Western powers colonized much of Africa and Asia.
Africa S Growing Importance For World SocietyLuisa Polanco
1) The document discusses the rise of informality in the global economy since the 1970s as a result of deregulation and privatization policies. Informal economic activities now occur at every level, from small scale criminal networks to massive tax evasion by transnational corporations.
2) It provides examples of large-scale informal economic activities, such as criminal networks smuggling goods across Africa and Europe, political corruption in France, and massive corporate tax avoidance by tech and other companies.
3) The author reflects on first proposing the concept of the "informal economy" in the 1970s, and how its scope and impact has grown dramatically due to three decades of deregulation and the dominance of neoliberal policies globally
The French Revolution helped establish the modern nation-state by connecting three elements: the state (government), the nation (citizenry), and the territory (land), within a constitutional framework.
Britain was the center of the industrial revolution for several reasons: its naval power allowed it to dominate global trade and extract raw materials from colonies through slavery; the cotton industry was well-suited to industrialization and attracted investment; and its colonial economic structure generated profits from slave labor that could be reinvested.
Thomas Jefferson introduced several innovations that impacted the development of slavery and capitalism in the US, including industrializing and dividing slave labor, recognizing the reproductive value of slaves, and using slaves as collateral to monetize
The document discusses the emergence of the modern world system from an economic and historical perspective. It describes how the system evolved from the Industrial Revolution, with core nations exploiting resources from the peripheries for profit. This created a stratified global structure of unequal economic and political relationships between nations. Decolonization in the postwar era disrupted this system but neoliberal policies have since aimed to reduce government intervention and promote free market forces on a global scale.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories related to media globalization:
1) Giddens' definition of globalization as intensified worldwide social relations linking distant places.
2) Cultural imperialism defined as a society being integrated into the modern world system and adopting dominant values/structures.
3) Three schools of thought on globalization: hyperglobalizers, skeptics, and transformationalists.
4) Globalization argued to be a driving force reshaping societies through rapid social, political, and economic changes.
France colonized a large portion of Africa beginning in the late 1800s. By 1914, France occupied over 212,600 square miles in North, West, and Central Africa, comparable in size to the United States. France established direct rule over its colonies and used the colonies primarily for extracting natural resources to benefit France. While some positive impacts included improved infrastructure, healthcare, and education, the colonial system also negatively impacted Africans through exploitation of resources and people, erosion of culture, and artificial borders that later fueled conflicts.
Feminist Economics, Finance and the CommonsConor McCabe
The document discusses the history of capitalism and its relationship to social reproduction. It argues that the witch hunts in Europe helped lay the foundations for capitalist society by weakening peasant resistance to privatization of land and the imposition of state control. This destroyed old belief systems and practices that were incompatible with capitalism. The document also discusses Fernand Braudel's analysis of different sectors in pre-industrial Europe, with capitalism existing in a narrow zone alongside a market economy and non-market sectors. Social reproduction, including unpaid domestic work, was considered unproductive and outside the realm of economics. The creation of export-oriented industries employing women in developing countries in the 1960s-80s is also mentioned.
Frolinan historical conception and overview updated 01-28-2013RBG Communiversity
The document provides a historical overview of the FROLINAN movement by outlining 4 key epochs in the struggle for Black liberation and independence in America: 1) The Niagara Movement and founding of the NAACP, 2) Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa movement, 3) The rise of the Nation of Islam and civil rights movement, representing separatist and integrationist ideals, and 4) The Black Panther Party which synthesized these ideals and advocated for armed self-defense and community control. It argues this history shows there have been both integrationist and separatist strands of struggle that continue to shape the movement going forward.
This document provides background information on the exploitation of migrant workers. It defines migrant workers and notes that over 220 million people globally are migrant workers, a number that is growing each year. The document outlines the history of international laws and conventions regarding migrant worker rights from 1919 to present day. It analyzes key events and issues facing migrant workers over time, such as guest worker programs, the Kafala system in the Middle East, and the impact of economic crises on migrant workers in Asia. The Special Political and Decolonization Committee is tasked with finding a resolution to better protect migrant worker rights and help them "breathe a little easier."
The document provides study materials and activities for students about the world at the end of the 19th century. It includes definitions of key terms, comparisons to make, maps and diagrams to complete, and discussion questions. Students are asked to summarize characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution, explain concepts like imperialism and colonialism, compare ideologies like anarchism and Marxism, and analyze the causes and consequences of imperialism. The document covers major economic, political, and social changes in the late 19th century as Western powers colonized much of Africa and Asia.
Africa S Growing Importance For World SocietyLuisa Polanco
1) The document discusses the rise of informality in the global economy since the 1970s as a result of deregulation and privatization policies. Informal economic activities now occur at every level, from small scale criminal networks to massive tax evasion by transnational corporations.
2) It provides examples of large-scale informal economic activities, such as criminal networks smuggling goods across Africa and Europe, political corruption in France, and massive corporate tax avoidance by tech and other companies.
3) The author reflects on first proposing the concept of the "informal economy" in the 1970s, and how its scope and impact has grown dramatically due to three decades of deregulation and the dominance of neoliberal policies globally
The French Revolution helped establish the modern nation-state by connecting three elements: the state (government), the nation (citizenry), and the territory (land), within a constitutional framework.
Britain was the center of the industrial revolution for several reasons: its naval power allowed it to dominate global trade and extract raw materials from colonies through slavery; the cotton industry was well-suited to industrialization and attracted investment; and its colonial economic structure generated profits from slave labor that could be reinvested.
Thomas Jefferson introduced several innovations that impacted the development of slavery and capitalism in the US, including industrializing and dividing slave labor, recognizing the reproductive value of slaves, and using slaves as collateral to monetize
The document discusses the emergence of the modern world system from an economic and historical perspective. It describes how the system evolved from the Industrial Revolution, with core nations exploiting resources from the peripheries for profit. This created a stratified global structure of unequal economic and political relationships between nations. Decolonization in the postwar era disrupted this system but neoliberal policies have since aimed to reduce government intervention and promote free market forces on a global scale.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
2. TODAY’S TOPICS….
WHAT IS COLONIALSM?
COLONIALISM OF OLD
PROCESS OF END OF SLAVERY
CONSEQUENCE OF END OF SLAVERY
DEFINITIONS OF SLAVERY
3. WHAT IS COLONLISM?
‘The direct political control of
a people by a foreign state’
(Bernstein et al. 1992: 168), as
‘the control by one group over
another inhabiting a separate
territory’ (De Alva 1995: 262),
4. • ‘An empire that was developed for
settlement by individual
communities or for commercial
purposes’ (Young 2001: 16).
Colonialism therefore implies some
degree of foreign command and
political control, whether or not
settlers are present.
5. TWO SIGNIFIICANT ASPECTS OF
COLONLIM OF OLD
Slavery in Africa
Establishment of a global
trading network controlled
by European powers and
their various agents
6. Reality behind the rhetoric in
contemporary West Africa
suggests that today’s world is
not postcolonial in any
meaningful sense
7. PROCESS OF END OF SLAVERY…..
British Parliament’s ratification of the Act
for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in
March 1807 marked the beginning of the
end of the transatlantic trade in slaves
from Africa to the British colonies
The Slavery Abolition Act of May 1833
brought an immediate end to the legal
principle of property but did not
immediately eliminate slave labour.
8. In an effort to reconcile the competing
interests of slaveholders and abolitionists.
emancipation ‘in the course of 12 years
by the purchase of his freedom from the
fruits of his own exertions’ (Peel 1833:
2).
In the meantime, all existing slaves were
required to register as ‘apprenticed
labourers’ and continue to work for their
masters.
11. and the Rome Final
Act of 1998 represent
notable efforts to both
define slavery and
eradicate it.
12. More recently, human rights
campaigners and organisations (such
as Anti-Slavery International) have
taken the 200th anniversary of the
abolition of the slave trade as an
opportunity to raise awareness of all
forms of slavery, both historical and
contemporary.
13. ABOLITION IS A PROCESS NOT A FINISHED
ACHIEVEMENT….
the need to think in terms of
abolitionism as a process rather
than abolition as a finished
achievement. Furthermore,
they show that the major
legacy of abolitionism is not the
elimination of slavery but the
illegality of the principle of
‘property in man’.
14. Slavery is now illegal
everywhere because ‘freedom
from slavery has been defined
in international law as a
fundamental human right’
(Bales and Robbins 2001: 18)
15. CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERNATIONAL
OUTLAWING OF SLAVERY
Concealment and official denial.
In his classic analysis of the ‘new’
or modern version of slavery that
is defined by its very illegality,
Bales (1999: 8) notes that ‘even
when shown photographs and
affidavits, nations’ officials deny
its existence’.
16. Slavery is often redefined as something
else….
INDENTURED LABOUR
‘child fostering
Conceptual
confusion….
17. For example, whereas Anti-Slavery
International (2007) puts the number
of contemporary slaves in the world at
12 million, the ‘best estimate’ of Bales
(1999: 8) is 27 million – a figure
considerably lower, he suggests, ‘than
the estimates put forward by some as
200 million
18. The current global context of
secrecy, denial, uncertainty and
confusion compels the question of
what the concept of slavery
means if not legal ownership of
human beings or ‘property in
man.’
19. Bates argues that while slavery
has changed in form over time
it has clearly not disappeared
as debt bondage and enforced
prostitution – are still violence,
control and economic
exploitation (Bales and Robbins
2001).
20. Varying systems of production and labour
regimes clearly co-exist now, just as they did in
the colonies of old. If all forms of violence,
control and economic exploitation are labelled
as slavery then the millions of illegal and badly-
paid migrant workers in the world necessarily
belong in that category
If we say that slavery is UNPAID FORCED LABOUR
this definition is a useful synthesis of insights
drawn from two bodies of work. One is Marxist
theory, notably its important distinction
21. UNPAID FORCED LABOUR… DEFINITION
SYNETHISIZED FROM TWO BODIES OF WORK
Marxist Theory….. Distinction between
slavery as a mode of labour exploitation
typified by unpaid work and
proletarianisation as a system of labour
exploitation typified by wage labour.
Theories of slavery, which generally
emphasise forced labour (through violence
and coercion) as the basis of the master–
slave relationship.
22. CASE STUDY- COTE D’IVORE –
IVORY COAST
Turn of Chocolate Slavery Trade
15,000 trafficked children from
Mali working without payment on
Ivorian cocoa farms that helped
turn a regional African
phenomenon into a matter of
international concern.
23. Enslavement of trafficked children (who
are defined in international law as
persons under the age of 18 years)
constitutes a triple abuse of international
human rights conventions and protocols.
Violated along with the fundamental
human right to freedom from enslavement
are the human right to freedom from
trafficking and the child’s right to
freedom from labour.
25. COLONOLISM AND CAPITALIST
DEVELOPMENT IN IVORY COAST
Child slavery in Ivory Coast is best
understood in a wider context – in relation
to the effects of global capitalist
development on the West African region.
The story of modern slavery in Ivory Coast
(which became a colony of France in
1893) must begin in the early twentieth
century
26. Outward-directed economic
development of French West Africa
Three key features of the colonial political
economy that still epitomise the region today:
1 an economic growth pattern marked by heavy
dependence on the export of a handful of primary
products
2 a forced labour system for the production of
agricultural commodities; and last but not least,
3 a global supply chain controlled all the way along
by colonial companies, traders, intermediaries and
middlemen.
27. Ivory Coast derives from a profitable
international trade in ivory during the
seventeenth century
resulting decimation of the elephant
population- wasn’t until after the subsequent
push inland in the mid-nineteenth century that
France began to establish a firm foothold in
the West African colon
28. WHY DRIVE FOR COLONOLISM IN WEST
AFRICA
Economic exploitation, notably the promise of
fertile environments for cash crop production
(i.e. production of agricultural commodities
for sale rather than consumption or use).
By the early twentieth century, the principal
cash crops in the southern forest zones of
Ivory Coast were coffee and cocoa, whereas in
the northern savannas the main cash crop was
cotton.
29. Cotton was already in production for
sale to local artisans before the arrival
of colonial powers
However, the intervention of the
French Textile Development Company
(Compagnie Française de
Developpement des Textiles – CFDT)
marked the onset of a classically
colonial pattern of unequal and
uneven exchange
30. WHAT WAS THAT CLASSICAL MODEL OF
EXPLOITATION AND UNEVEN EXCHANGE??
A raw material of relatively low value
produced in the colonies was exchanged
for finished manufactures (in this case
textile goods) produced in the metropolis.
Entire international supply chain was
controlled by an integrated network of
colonial operators
31. Basic structure of colonial cultivation in Ivory
Coast was the plantation economy. From 1912
(when cocoa became a cash crop) until the
end of World War II, production by Africans
was doubly enforced
Those with access to land were compelled to
cultivate cocoa by colonial authorities while,
at the same time, French planters were
guaranteed a steady supply of workers via a
system of labour conscription
32. The French abolition of the forced
labour system in 1945 marked the onset
of a series of changes. That system was
abolished thanks to the collective
efforts of the 20,000 indigenous
planters who came together in 1944 to
form the African Agricultural Union.
33. POST INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Ivory Coast- one of many African states to achieve
formal political independence in 1960.
According to Amin (1973: 50), the abolition of
forced labour was a catalyst for the plantation-
based agricultural development to follow.
Agriculture was not the only aspect of post-
independence development, however.
Infrastructure (roads, railways and ports) and
34. POST INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
import substitution industrialisation(i.e.
the government policy of replacing
imports with domestically-produced
goods) to support the development of
national manufacturing (such as textile
mills and food-processing plants) were
also central to the new government’s
strategy for national development.
35. POST INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
But with formal political power in
the hands of the landed
plantation-based class, post-
independence development not
surprisingly entailed a focus on
agricultural growth (Campbell
1975: 37).
36. Ivorian economic growth was successfully
achieved in the first decade after
independence via policies of agricultural
expansion and diversification. Production
rose for all crops – everything from
domestically-consumed yams, plantains and
manioc to the exported commodities of
coffee, cocoa, bananas and pineapples.
37. Economic development remained
outward-directed. Increases in food
production failed to achieve self-
sufficiency.
The food deficit actually worsened,
leading to greater dependence on
grain and rice imports (Amin 1973:
52).
38. The development of Ivory Coast was still
based mainly on agricultural exports, with
expansion and diversification relying
heavily on external factors of production
in the form of foreign investment,
imported technology, and an inflow of
immigrant labour from the West African
region
39. The guiding official principle of cooperation
with France in all fields only cemented the
pre-existing power of French companies,
managers, advisers
In sum, the entire supply chain of unequal
and uneven exchange remained immediately
after independence in the hands of the same
controlling interests as before.and traders.
40. The politics of last resort: development
crises and structural adjustment
Necessary to consider the
internal benefits of outward-
directed economic
development
41. What finally brought matters to a head
was not development policy as such but a
series of external ‘shocks’. The most
damaging single factor was the
international drop in commodity prices
that followed the short-lived boom of the
mid-1970s. Despite the efforts to diversify
agriculture, Ivory Coast still depended for
the bulk of its export earnings on cocoa
and coffee
42. WHO BENEFITTED???...........
At least until 1981, when the first crisis of
development became impossible to ignore, the
internal benefits to growth went
disproportionately to ‘the original power elite’
in control of the Ivorian state (Crook 1990:
651). It wasn’t only that a development model
founded on agricultural growth was bound to
generate capital for landowners. -
43. Also that the wealth generated from
state-led industrial development, i.e.
the combination of import-
substitution policy and direct public
investment in domestic
manufacturing, enabled the new
ruling elite to consolidate its political
position.
44. THE KEY INSTITUTIONS IN THIS REGARD
WERE….
Were not only the government and
civil service
Also an expanding machinery of
economic administration and control
Notably the agricultural extension
agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and
the crop-marketing board
45. HOWEVER….
The Ivorian economy grew at an average rate of
7.2 per cent a year from independence in 1960 to
1981
Limits of the Ivorian economic ‘miracle’ were
already apparent to some well before the
combined effects of a series of pressures ‘finally
delivered Côte d’Ivoire into the hands of the
international bailiffs or, as they are quaintly
called in development jargon, the “donor
community”’
46. The subsequent crisis of development has been
blamed in part on political interference in
markets, notably the channelling of payments to
farmers for cash crops through the Caisse de
stabilisation or crop marketing
As implied by its French name, the basic purpose
of the Caisse was price stabilisation. Instead of
exposing traders and farmers to free market
forces, the Ivorian government operated a
national system of guaranteed purchase and fixed
producer prices
47. DOUBLE EDGED SWORD….
While it safeguarded livelihoods in
periods of slump, it paid sub-market
prices in periods of boom.
The system was thus paradoxical for
farmers and traders, as it benefited
them most when market prices were
low.
48. The government, on the other hand,
clearly benefited from the ‘good
years’, when ‘important elements of
the nation’s budget for expansion and
investment were funded by the Caisse
surpluses’ (Crook 1990: 659).
49. Series of external ‘shocks’. The most damaging
single factor was the international drop in
commodity prices that followed the short-lived
boom of the mid-1970s. Despite the efforts to
diversify agriculture, Ivory Coast still depended
for the bulk of its export earnings on cocoa and
coffee.
.
50. The loss of foreign exchange
earnings meant that terms of trade
inevitably declined, i.e. Ivory
Coast was forced to pay relatively
more for imports thanks to the
declining value of its exports
51. Commidities fell at a time of
continued foreign borrowing to sustain
public expenditures; of decline in the
value of the US dollar (the currency in
which commercial loans were
denominated); and of rising prices for
imported oil.
52. The cumulative effect was a dramatic
increase in national indebtedness. By
1981, Ivory Coast’s external debt was
ten times higher than it had been
only three years earlier, ‘and debt-
service costs had increased even
faster
53. First structural adjustment programme (SAP)
for Ivory Coast was introduced in 1981 and
updated periodically throughout the decade.
The changes demanded were a ‘one size fits
all’ programme of currency devaluation,
liberalization of prices and interest rates,
fiscal restraint and austerity (i.e. cuts in state
expenditure), and trade liberalisation (Ridler
1993: 303).
54. As with so many African countries,
negative economic growth and an
increasingly unsustainable debt
burden were for Ivory Coast the
dark at the end of the adjustment
tunnel
55. The Ivorian government has
been doubly blamed for the
new ‘manifestly impossible
austerity programme’
demanded by the IMF and World
Bank in February 1990.
56. The regime in power failed to
fully implement its SAPs –
refusing, for example, to cut
the salaries of public sector
employees as demanded by
fiscal austerity
57. An obvious factor in this regard has been
high rates of growth, which have helped to
paper over the contradictions of outward-
oriented development. Contradictions are
more easily exposed in periods of downturn
and reversal – which are inevitable for cash
crop exporters in particular.
58. Price volatility of international
commodities, declining terms of trade
can be unpredictably sudden and
sharp. This happened to Ivory Coast,
for example, between 1985 and 1990
when the world prices of cocoa more
than halved
59. Post-independence African state’s ‘credit
with the public’ stems from a combination
of financial means, administrative power,
and distribution of goods. In this light, the
determination of the Ivorian government to
keep the cocoa trade going and maintain a
large civil service makes political sense.
60. THE EFFECTS OF ADJUSTMENT:
DEPROLETARIANIZATION AND
MODERN SLAVERY
61. Colonial political economy was
typified by cash crop
dependence, enforced
production of cash crops, and
supply chain control
62. Cash crop dependence has only
intensified under the IMF’s
generalised framework of export
promotion and market-led growth.
63. 1993- Ivorian government entered into a
concessional loan agreement through the IMF’s
Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)
for low income countries.
In return for a low interest loan of 0.5 per cent
(to be repaid over 5–10 years), the ‘international
bailiffs’ demanded a standard policy package of
currency devaluation, cuts in government
spending, and (most tellingly) the liberalisation
of banking and trade.
64. The donor community echoed the old ‘apologists for
colonialism’ who argued that African farmers would derive
positive benefits from the opportunity to produce coffee,
cocoa and palm oil
Contemporary donors insisted that a flourishing free market
would benefit Ivorian farmers by freeing them from
government interference and allowing them access to the
true price of their commodities on the world market
65. The national currency was devalued by 50 per
cent in 1994 at the same time as export taxes
were eliminated. These measures have been
thanked for a subsequent economic comeback
marked by a jump in growth rates and a drop
in inflation. But fortuitous timing was equally
significant. The donor-mandated reforms
coincided with improved international prices
for cocoa and coffee
66. The combined effect of externally-
imposed policies and world market forces
was an immediate explosion of cocoa
production (up 44 per cent from 1994 to
1996) and Ivory Coast’s movement to the
top of the ranks of world cocoa producers.
The country now accounts for 40 per cent
of global supply
67. The country’s protected tropical forests have become
increasingly vulnerable to illegal logging and cocoa
expansion. As for the Ivorian government, structural
adjustment initially was a double-edged sword. While it
brought the traditional benefits of growth (as described
earlier) it also undermined state capacity for economic
administration and control at a delicate time of political
transition. In this context, the Bedie government trod the
familiar African path described by Mbembe (2001: 76). It
became increasingly repressive and reliant on control of
the forces of coercion to try to stifle dissent.
68. Farmers and planters would have to
be the clear beneficiaries of a
programme of reforms designed to
limit state power and expose them
more fully to world market forces –
but only as long as the price of their
commodities remains high and
(equally importantly) buyers pay
producers the true market rate.
69. agricultural producers, basic economic logic
of supply and demand dictates that prices
must inevitably fall. Cocoa (like other
exportable cash crops) ‘is characterised by
boom and bust cycle – as global
production/supply rise, price of cocoa beans
fall and vice versa’ (International Labor
Rights Fund, undated: 4
70. An apt illustration of the consequences of
‘boom and bust’ economics (i.e. a period of
economic expansion followed inevitably by a
period of recession) is what happened when
world cocoa prices plummeted in 1999.
Ivorian farmers were particularly hard hit
because the drop coincided with the final
abandonment of the Caisse system of
guaranteed prices. Ivorian cocoa production
is labour-intensive and historically reliant on
workers from the West African region.
71. With the donor-enforced completion
of the process of trade liberalisation,
both the migrant workforce and the
70 per cent of the Ivorian population
engaged in agricultural activity were
therefore negatively exposed to the
full force of structural adjustment.
72. Dominant brand-owners such as Cadbury and
Mars are the ‘big business interests’ that
arguably dominate the entire cocoa supply
chain (Tiffen 2002). Their relative commercial
dominance, rather than proximity to any
actual slaves, placed them at the centre of
the ‘chocolate slavery debate’ mentioned
earlier. But the multinationals are not the end
of the chain. Beyond them are two other links.
2).
73. One is the retail outlets that may squeeze
manufacturers by refusing to countenance price
increases on the finished products they sell (Cowell
2002: 4). The other is assorted consumers like us, who
contribute directly to global demand. Furthermore, if
cocoa is indeed a ‘conflict resource’ that has
‘contributed to funding armed conflict’ (Global
Witness 2007: 3) then consumers of chocolate
containing cocoa from the Ivory Coast have helped
indirectly to sustain situations of ‘divided leadership
and associated human rights abuses’ (Furman 2010:
74. Overseeing the whole commodity chain are the new
agents of ‘informal empire’ – the IMF and World Bank
and, arguably, the World Trade Organization. From
their command centres in Washington DC, this ‘unholy
trinity’ of multilateral institutions governs a world
economy ‘that their neoliberal ideology insists is best
left institutionally ungoverned’ (Peet 2003: 23). This
inherent contradiction exposes the triumvirate to
powerful dissent and may well undermine it
eventually. No empire lasts forever, not even the most
powerful
75. In the meantime, all three institutions
are sustained by a combination of
institutional learning and powerful
support. They ‘have learned that a little
spin and some confessions of partial
failure . . . excuse many abuses in the
exercise of power’ (Peet 2003: 24). Even
more importantly, the ‘unholy trinity’
represents a conglomerate of economic
and political interests.
76. At its economic heart are the major beneficiaries of
neo-liberalism – multinational corporations in general
and, according to Peet (2003: 202), investment
banking in particular. At its political heart are the
governments of the leading capitalist countries.
Counted among their ranks are the former colonial
powers. They (like France in the Ivory Coast) may still
turn to military means to protect their vital interests
– but only when informal strategies fall short of the
mark or misfire.
77. Is today’s world post colonial or neo
colonial?
Depend on two inter-related factors.
One is meaning – the issue of how key
concepts in the question are
understood and defined in their own
terms as well as differentiated from
other similar concepts.
78. me key concepts are interpreted from
within a particular theoretical
framework. Concepts and theory
together determine intellectual focus
and approach – the ways in which
arguments are presented and
evidence marshalled
79. POST COLONIALISM
The fundamental issue with the term ‘postcolonial’ is
whether the post in the term signals after. The
perspective from which this issue is considered is
‘postcolonial theory’ – a term that is itself open to
interpretation thanks to the diversity of self-
consciously postcolonial scholarship. Postcolonialism
is best seen as a ‘site of critical inquiry’ (Slater 1998:
655) or a set of shared ideas rather than a single
theory or unified body of thought
80. Postcolonial theory, first of all, refuses to
treat ‘postcolonial’ as a synonym for
‘European decolonisation’. The world can
only be considered ‘postcolonial’ if we
assume that historic patterns of economic
control and command necessarily ended
with formal