This document provides an introduction to global health. It defines global health as health problems that transcend national boundaries and require international cooperation. Key topics discussed include the link between water, sanitation, and health; the environmental, social, economic, and political factors influencing diseases like cholera; and the disciplines involved in global health like social sciences, economics, and environmental sciences. The document also examines determinants of health, measures of health status, the global burden of disease, and how health patterns differ in resource-poor and resource-rich countries.
This document discusses child health care services in primary health care. The objectives of child health care are to decrease child mortality rates, promote child health, provide nutritious diets, and monitor child growth and development. Key services discussed include newborn care, immunizations, growth monitoring, hygiene, and early detection and treatment of health problems. Newborn care includes immediate care after birth, maintaining temperature and breastfeeding. Immunizations follow a national schedule. Growth is monitored through weight, height, and developmental assessments.
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
This presentation discusses chronic disease management in older adults. Chronic disease management aims to address chronic illnesses in an integrated and cost-effective way to achieve the best patient outcomes. Eighty percent of older adults have at least one chronic disease. The nursing process can be used to support patient self-management of chronic diseases through assessment, diagnosis, goal-setting, implementation, and evaluation. Setting SMART goals and providing education are keys to effective chronic disease management.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
These slides gives a precise outline on the Process of community diagnosis It engages the reader with basic memorable steps to execute the survey. it is suitable for students and field workers
Primary Health Care Strategy:
Key Directions for the Information Environment. Case study report and composite success model.
Steve Creed & Philip Gander
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
The document discusses health surveillance and defines it as a systematic ongoing process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting public health data to aid decision making for public health planning, implementation, and evaluation. It describes the importance of health surveillance in serving as an early warning system and tracking disease. The types of surveillance discussed are active, passive, and sentinel surveillance. Active surveillance involves screening to identify cases while passive relies on voluntary reporting. Sentinel surveillance focuses data collection at select locations.
This document discusses child health care services in primary health care. The objectives of child health care are to decrease child mortality rates, promote child health, provide nutritious diets, and monitor child growth and development. Key services discussed include newborn care, immunizations, growth monitoring, hygiene, and early detection and treatment of health problems. Newborn care includes immediate care after birth, maintaining temperature and breastfeeding. Immunizations follow a national schedule. Growth is monitored through weight, height, and developmental assessments.
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
This presentation discusses chronic disease management in older adults. Chronic disease management aims to address chronic illnesses in an integrated and cost-effective way to achieve the best patient outcomes. Eighty percent of older adults have at least one chronic disease. The nursing process can be used to support patient self-management of chronic diseases through assessment, diagnosis, goal-setting, implementation, and evaluation. Setting SMART goals and providing education are keys to effective chronic disease management.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
These slides gives a precise outline on the Process of community diagnosis It engages the reader with basic memorable steps to execute the survey. it is suitable for students and field workers
Primary Health Care Strategy:
Key Directions for the Information Environment. Case study report and composite success model.
Steve Creed & Philip Gander
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
The document discusses health surveillance and defines it as a systematic ongoing process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting public health data to aid decision making for public health planning, implementation, and evaluation. It describes the importance of health surveillance in serving as an early warning system and tracking disease. The types of surveillance discussed are active, passive, and sentinel surveillance. Active surveillance involves screening to identify cases while passive relies on voluntary reporting. Sentinel surveillance focuses data collection at select locations.
This document classifies water-related diseases according to Bradley's 1977 classification system. It identifies two main categories of water-related diseases: biological/specific diseases which are water-borne and spread by contaminated water, and non-infectious diseases related to excess or deficiencies in water chemicals. Water-borne diseases are further broken down into those caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and leptospira, and those spread through aquatic hosts like snails or cyclops. The document also discusses methods for purifying water, including natural methods like evaporation and artificial methods like distillation, precipitation, and various filtration techniques.
This document outlines the process of community diagnosis and health planning. It involves 5 phases - assessment, community diagnosis, planning, action, and evaluation. Community diagnosis involves comprehensively assessing the status of the entire community and its social, political, economic, physical, and biological environment. The planning phase determines the causes of action to meet community health needs by analyzing problems, prioritizing them, setting goals and objectives, and formulating an action plan. The action phase implements the plan. Evaluation determines the effectiveness of the program and process.
Job responsibilities of health workers ( male & female)Kailash Nagar
The document outlines the job responsibilities of male and female health workers in India. For male health workers (MPW), their key responsibilities include activities related to malaria, TB and leprosy control like detecting cases, providing treatment, and maintaining records. They are also involved in school health programs, immunizations, family planning advice, and recording vital events like births and deaths. For female health workers (ANM), their primary focus is on maternal and child health like antenatal care, assisting with deliveries, postnatal visits, and child immunizations and nutrition. They also provide family planning advice and services. Both support communicable disease control and maintaining accurate health records in their local communities.
This document provides an overview of global health and the history and work of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses how international cooperation on health issues originated from early sanitary conferences and led to the establishment of WHO in 1948. Key details include WHO's structure, membership, priorities such as disease prevention and control, and milestones such as the eradication of smallpox. The roles of other related international organizations such as UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, and the World Bank in global health are also summarized.
Universal health coverage as a concept was born in 1883 when Germany introduced health coverage for achieving health status of its young population.India, is still attempting to find a way for providing appropriate, affordable and accessible health care to its population.
Child mortality remains a major problem globally despite significant progress. The document discusses definitions related to child mortality, key causes such as prematurity and pneumonia, and determinants like socioeconomic factors. It outlines WHO strategies to improve child health including integrated management of childhood illness. Progress toward reducing under-5 mortality is highlighted, though inequities remain. The sustainable development goals aim to further reduce preventable child deaths by 2030.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists help with study design, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of results. Major areas of study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and treatment comparisons in clinical trials. The document then discusses the roles and responsibilities of epidemiologists at the Bureau of Epidemiology in conducting disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, occupational health monitoring, and publishing health reports and data analyses to guide public health efforts.
Health care delivery system national and state level pptAnvin Thomas
The health system in India has three main levels - central, state, and local. States have independent systems for healthcare delivery, while the central government is responsible for policymaking, planning, guidance, and coordination. Healthcare administration is divided between central and state ministries. The central government oversees national programs and institutions, while states provide direct services and implement public health programs. Effective constitutional laws and environmental policies are needed to limit pollution and protect public health.
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
This document discusses epidemic preparedness and outbreak investigation. It defines epidemics and outbreaks, and explains why outbreaks occur and the importance of being prepared. Outbreak management involves anticipating, preventing, preparing for, detecting, responding to, and controlling disease outbreaks. Investigating outbreaks is important for implementing control measures, increasing knowledge of disease agents, providing training, and addressing public concerns. Epidemiological approaches to outbreak investigation include experimental and observational methods. Key steps in an outbreak investigation are establishing the existence of an outbreak, verifying diagnoses, defining and identifying cases, performing descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, and implementing control measures.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The document discusses water-related health issues in Saudi Arabia. It provides statistics on access to water and sanitation in KSA as of 2002, noting regional variations. Diarrheal cases are highest among children under 5. The most significant water-related illnesses in KSA are diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis A, and diseases caused by Shigella and E. coli. Improved access to water and sanitation is needed to meet health targets and address problems caused by population growth, limited services, and water contamination.
The document discusses India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health + Adolescence) strategy. It outlines the history and evolution of family welfare programs in India. The current goals are to reduce infant mortality, maternal mortality, and total fertility rate by 2017. The strategy focuses on providing a continuum of care through various levels of the health system across different life stages. Key interventions include reproductive health services, antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care, and improving health systems and monitoring. The strategy aims to strengthen primary healthcare and community participation to improve maternal and child health outcomes across India.
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
The document discusses integrated communicable disease surveillance and efforts towards integration in several countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It notes that integrated surveillance allows for more efficient data collection, analysis, and response across disease programs. Several countries are making progress on establishing integrated electronic platforms and national surveillance systems through partnerships with international organizations. Fully implementing integrated surveillance remains an ongoing challenge that requires resources, training, and political commitment over the long term.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
1) Nepal is endemic for 8 neglected tropical diseases including lymphatic filariasis (LF), trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths (STH), dengue fever (DF), kala-azar, leprosy, rabies, and cysticercosis. Dengue cases in Nepal have increased significantly in 2019.
2) Nepal has developed national plans and programs to control and eliminate several NTDs, including kala-azar elimination by 2020, LF elimination by 2020, and trachoma elimination through the SAFE strategy. Integrated preventative chemotherapy is conducted for LF and STH.
3) Major challenges for NTD control in Nepal include addressing climate change and den
The document discusses the social aspects of health and illness. It addresses common questions people have when they feel ill, like why they are sick and what can be done. It also discusses consulting others for advice or care, as well as common risk factors for chronic diseases like smoking, poor diet, stress, and more. The document then covers how cultural beliefs can influence explanations for behaviors and health patterns. Overall, it examines how social life and society can impact health outcomes.
Preparing for Graduate Study in Public Health WorkshopBonner Foundation
This document provides an overview of public health, including definitions, differences between clinical and public health practice, challenges in public health, and areas of study. It discusses accomplishments in public health over the 20th century like vaccination and safer workplaces. Current issues like obesity, access to healthcare, and environmental threats are also addressed. The document encourages students to pursue public health degrees and lists the offerings at one university including dual degrees and certificates. It provides information on admissions requirements, timelines, class profiles, costs, and financing options.
This document classifies water-related diseases according to Bradley's 1977 classification system. It identifies two main categories of water-related diseases: biological/specific diseases which are water-borne and spread by contaminated water, and non-infectious diseases related to excess or deficiencies in water chemicals. Water-borne diseases are further broken down into those caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and leptospira, and those spread through aquatic hosts like snails or cyclops. The document also discusses methods for purifying water, including natural methods like evaporation and artificial methods like distillation, precipitation, and various filtration techniques.
This document outlines the process of community diagnosis and health planning. It involves 5 phases - assessment, community diagnosis, planning, action, and evaluation. Community diagnosis involves comprehensively assessing the status of the entire community and its social, political, economic, physical, and biological environment. The planning phase determines the causes of action to meet community health needs by analyzing problems, prioritizing them, setting goals and objectives, and formulating an action plan. The action phase implements the plan. Evaluation determines the effectiveness of the program and process.
Job responsibilities of health workers ( male & female)Kailash Nagar
The document outlines the job responsibilities of male and female health workers in India. For male health workers (MPW), their key responsibilities include activities related to malaria, TB and leprosy control like detecting cases, providing treatment, and maintaining records. They are also involved in school health programs, immunizations, family planning advice, and recording vital events like births and deaths. For female health workers (ANM), their primary focus is on maternal and child health like antenatal care, assisting with deliveries, postnatal visits, and child immunizations and nutrition. They also provide family planning advice and services. Both support communicable disease control and maintaining accurate health records in their local communities.
This document provides an overview of global health and the history and work of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses how international cooperation on health issues originated from early sanitary conferences and led to the establishment of WHO in 1948. Key details include WHO's structure, membership, priorities such as disease prevention and control, and milestones such as the eradication of smallpox. The roles of other related international organizations such as UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, and the World Bank in global health are also summarized.
Universal health coverage as a concept was born in 1883 when Germany introduced health coverage for achieving health status of its young population.India, is still attempting to find a way for providing appropriate, affordable and accessible health care to its population.
Child mortality remains a major problem globally despite significant progress. The document discusses definitions related to child mortality, key causes such as prematurity and pneumonia, and determinants like socioeconomic factors. It outlines WHO strategies to improve child health including integrated management of childhood illness. Progress toward reducing under-5 mortality is highlighted, though inequities remain. The sustainable development goals aim to further reduce preventable child deaths by 2030.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists help with study design, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of results. Major areas of study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and treatment comparisons in clinical trials. The document then discusses the roles and responsibilities of epidemiologists at the Bureau of Epidemiology in conducting disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, occupational health monitoring, and publishing health reports and data analyses to guide public health efforts.
Health care delivery system national and state level pptAnvin Thomas
The health system in India has three main levels - central, state, and local. States have independent systems for healthcare delivery, while the central government is responsible for policymaking, planning, guidance, and coordination. Healthcare administration is divided between central and state ministries. The central government oversees national programs and institutions, while states provide direct services and implement public health programs. Effective constitutional laws and environmental policies are needed to limit pollution and protect public health.
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
This document discusses epidemic preparedness and outbreak investigation. It defines epidemics and outbreaks, and explains why outbreaks occur and the importance of being prepared. Outbreak management involves anticipating, preventing, preparing for, detecting, responding to, and controlling disease outbreaks. Investigating outbreaks is important for implementing control measures, increasing knowledge of disease agents, providing training, and addressing public concerns. Epidemiological approaches to outbreak investigation include experimental and observational methods. Key steps in an outbreak investigation are establishing the existence of an outbreak, verifying diagnoses, defining and identifying cases, performing descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, and implementing control measures.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The document discusses water-related health issues in Saudi Arabia. It provides statistics on access to water and sanitation in KSA as of 2002, noting regional variations. Diarrheal cases are highest among children under 5. The most significant water-related illnesses in KSA are diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis A, and diseases caused by Shigella and E. coli. Improved access to water and sanitation is needed to meet health targets and address problems caused by population growth, limited services, and water contamination.
The document discusses India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health + Adolescence) strategy. It outlines the history and evolution of family welfare programs in India. The current goals are to reduce infant mortality, maternal mortality, and total fertility rate by 2017. The strategy focuses on providing a continuum of care through various levels of the health system across different life stages. Key interventions include reproductive health services, antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care, and improving health systems and monitoring. The strategy aims to strengthen primary healthcare and community participation to improve maternal and child health outcomes across India.
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
The document discusses integrated communicable disease surveillance and efforts towards integration in several countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It notes that integrated surveillance allows for more efficient data collection, analysis, and response across disease programs. Several countries are making progress on establishing integrated electronic platforms and national surveillance systems through partnerships with international organizations. Fully implementing integrated surveillance remains an ongoing challenge that requires resources, training, and political commitment over the long term.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
1) Nepal is endemic for 8 neglected tropical diseases including lymphatic filariasis (LF), trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths (STH), dengue fever (DF), kala-azar, leprosy, rabies, and cysticercosis. Dengue cases in Nepal have increased significantly in 2019.
2) Nepal has developed national plans and programs to control and eliminate several NTDs, including kala-azar elimination by 2020, LF elimination by 2020, and trachoma elimination through the SAFE strategy. Integrated preventative chemotherapy is conducted for LF and STH.
3) Major challenges for NTD control in Nepal include addressing climate change and den
The document discusses the social aspects of health and illness. It addresses common questions people have when they feel ill, like why they are sick and what can be done. It also discusses consulting others for advice or care, as well as common risk factors for chronic diseases like smoking, poor diet, stress, and more. The document then covers how cultural beliefs can influence explanations for behaviors and health patterns. Overall, it examines how social life and society can impact health outcomes.
Preparing for Graduate Study in Public Health WorkshopBonner Foundation
This document provides an overview of public health, including definitions, differences between clinical and public health practice, challenges in public health, and areas of study. It discusses accomplishments in public health over the 20th century like vaccination and safer workplaces. Current issues like obesity, access to healthcare, and environmental threats are also addressed. The document encourages students to pursue public health degrees and lists the offerings at one university including dual degrees and certificates. It provides information on admissions requirements, timelines, class profiles, costs, and financing options.
World Health Organization, its role in solving population's health problemsEneutron
The World Health Organization (WHO) works to solve global health problems and aims to help all people reach their highest level of health. It coordinates international health activities, provides technical assistance to countries, and conducts research. WHO focuses on issues like healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, disease prevention and control, and essential medical services, with a goal of health for all by the 21st century. Key groups WHO works to help include the disadvantaged, vulnerable, elderly, children, and those with chronic illnesses.
This document outlines the learning objectives of a module on global health and service development. It aims to define key concepts in global health and international development. It discusses determinants of health and factors contributing to health and disease globally. It also examines the roles of governments, organizations and communities in health provision. The module will analyze global health systems and inequalities in health. It identifies how different disciplines contribute to health service development and delivery globally.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on public health. It begins with learning objectives that cover defining health and wellness, describing health care and public health components, tracing the history of public health in the Philippines, and appreciating the importance of public health. It then covers topics like the definitions of health, wellness, public health, and their components. It discusses factors that impact health and describes indicators used to measure public health. It outlines the history and development of public health in the Philippines. In closing, it emphasizes the ongoing importance of public health programs and their role in improving population health.
This document discusses various determinants of health and health indicators. It describes how health is influenced by internal and external environmental factors, as well as genetics, behaviors, and access to health services. It also outlines several common health indicators used to measure factors like life expectancy, mortality rates, immunization coverage, and socioeconomic development. These indicators can help assess population health status, compare countries, and evaluate health programs.
This document provides an introduction to global health. It defines global health as health problems that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed through international cooperation. Reasons for interest in global health include moral duty, public diplomacy, and investment in self-protection. Key challenges are limited past resources, uncoordinated present efforts wasting resources, lack of stable leadership, and high turnover causing strategic uncertainty. The future direction of global health depends on expanding the talent pool in developing countries, effective disease prevention and treatment systems, and strengthening health infrastructure.
This document discusses the past, present and future of global health engagement by academic institutions. It provides a brief history of global health, from tropical medicine to international health to global health. It discusses definitions of global health and international health. It also outlines the growing interest in global health engagement, including changing US demographics, educational benefits for students, and a commitment to social justice. Key players in global health like the WHO, World Bank, and Gates Foundation are also summarized.
Physical growth and cardiovascular health: a focus on stuntingInes Varela-Silva
- Stunting, as indicated by height-for-age, affects physical growth and long-term health. It can lead to less muscle mass and lower physical activity levels. It also influences energy use and fat storage.
- Stunting is caused by undernutrition during critical periods of development, especially the first 1000 days of life from conception through 2 years of age. It can have intergenerational effects through compromised maternal health and nutrition.
- Adults who experienced stunting may be at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases like heart disease later in life. However, more research is needed to understand the relationships between stunting, BMI, and risk of cardiovascular outcomes at different life stages.
This document provides an introduction to global health. It defines global health as health problems that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed through international cooperation. It discusses reasons for interest in global health like moral duty. It also examines problems in global health like limited resources, uncoordinated efforts, and lack of stable leadership. Key factors for the future include expanding the talent pool in developing countries and improving health infrastructure. The document outlines several global health issues and discusses the disciplines involved in addressing global health challenges.
Presentation on Health and Medicine (sociology)Koushik Ahmed
This document contains information about 5 employees - Koushik Ahmed, Tusar Modak, Rezwan Ahmed, Shuvajit Banik, and Maftab Ahmed - and their working sections (A, B, C, D, and E). It then provides summaries on various topics related to health, medicine, sociology, healthcare, mental illness, and environmental issues. The sections cover perspectives like functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and labeling approaches as well as concepts such as social epidemiology, social class, race, gender, age, patterns of care, pollution, global warming, and sociological views of the environment.
Presentation on Health and Medicine (sociology)Koushik Ahmed
This document contains information about 5 employees - Koushik Ahmed, Tusar Modak, Rezwan Ahmed, Shuvajit Banik, and Maftab Ahmed - and their working sections (A, B, C, D, and E). It then provides summaries on various topics related to health, medicine, sociology, healthcare, mental illness, and environmental issues. The sections cover perspectives like functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and labeling approaches as well as concepts such as social epidemiology, social class, race, gender, age, patterns of care, pollution, global warming, and sociological views of the environment.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context; it has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders.Global health is not to be confused with international health, which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries.Global health can be measured as a function of various global diseases and their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present day.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It involves measuring disease frequency, investigating causes, and controlling health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to understand and reduce the burden of disease in society. Key aspects include describing disease distribution, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. The history of epidemiology began with early physicians like Hippocrates and made advances through pioneers such as John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow, who conducted seminal studies linking disease to environmental factors. Epidemiology now covers a wide range of fields and plays an important role in public health.
Partnering for Community Health 2013 Hood River OregonTina Castañares
Presentation to regional health policy planning group ("Hood River Busytown") about upstream public health, determinants of health, community health workers, cross-sector collaboration, developmental origins and ACES study elements.
Vital statistics are systematically collected facts related to vital events like births, deaths, and marriages. They are compiled from sources like censuses, registration records, and health surveys. Vital statistics are used for policymaking, administration, research, and public health programs. Some key vital statistics include birth rate, death rate, crude death rate, maternal mortality ratio, and infant mortality rate. Recent advancements in contraceptives allow individuals to plan their families and avoid unwanted births. Natural family planning methods like rhythm method and basal body temperature tracking require abstaining from sex during fertile periods, while barrier methods like condoms use physical barriers.
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The document discusses several topics related to health including definitions of health, components of health, leading causes of death in the US, health promotion goals, minority health status, alternative medical practices, and health issues across the lifespan. It provides statistics on life expectancy, infant mortality, causes of death for different age groups, and health risks among minority populations. The document also discusses models for analyzing health information and concerns about alternative medical therapies.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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2. Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
To understandTo understand the link between water,the link between water,
sanitation and health from a globalsanitation and health from a global
perspective.perspective.
To understand the environmental,To understand the environmental,
social, economic and political factorssocial, economic and political factors
playing a role in cholera.playing a role in cholera.
3. DefinitionDefinition
What isWhat is global healthglobal health??
• Health problems, issues, and concernsHealth problems, issues, and concerns
that transcend national boundaries,that transcend national boundaries,
which may be influenced bywhich may be influenced by
circumstances or experiences in othercircumstances or experiences in other
countries, and which are best addressedcountries, and which are best addressed
by cooperative actions and solutionsby cooperative actions and solutions
(Institute Of Medicine, USA- 1997)(Institute Of Medicine, USA- 1997)
4. Global Health IssuesGlobal Health Issues
Refers to any health issue that concernsRefers to any health issue that concerns
many countries or is affected bymany countries or is affected by
transnational determinants such as:transnational determinants such as:
• Climate changeClimate change
• UrbanisationUrbanisation
• Malnutrition – under or over nutritionMalnutrition – under or over nutrition
Or solutions such as:Or solutions such as:
• Polio eradicationPolio eradication
• Containment of avian influenzaContainment of avian influenza
• Approaches to tobacco controlApproaches to tobacco control
5. Historical Development of TermHistorical Development of Term
Public HealthPublic Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid: Developed as a discipline in the mid
1919thth
century in UK, Europe and US. Concerned morecentury in UK, Europe and US. Concerned more
with national issues.with national issues.
• Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations,Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations,
social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.
International HealthInternational Health: Developed during past: Developed during past
decades, came to be more concerned withdecades, came to be more concerned with
• the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) andthe diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
• conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle and low incomeconditions (war, natural disasters) of middle and low income
countries.countries.
• Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.
Global Health:Global Health: More recent in its origin andMore recent in its origin and
emphasises a greater scope of health problems andemphasises a greater scope of health problems and
solutionssolutions
• that transcend national boundariesthat transcend national boundaries
• requiring greater inter-disciplinary approachrequiring greater inter-disciplinary approach
6. Disciplines involved in GlobalDisciplines involved in Global
HealthHealth
Social sciencesSocial sciences
Behavioural sciencesBehavioural sciences
LawLaw
EconomicsEconomics
HistoryHistory
EngineeringEngineering
Biomedical sciencesBiomedical sciences
Environmental sciencesEnvironmental sciences
7. Communicable Diseases and RiskCommunicable Diseases and Risk
FactorsFactors
Infectious diseases are communicableInfectious diseases are communicable
But..But..
so are elements of western lifestyles:so are elements of western lifestyles:
• Dietary changesDietary changes
• Lack of physical activityLack of physical activity
• Reliance on automobile transportReliance on automobile transport
• SmokingSmoking
• StressStress
• UrbanisationUrbanisation
9. Key Concepts in Relation to GlobalKey Concepts in Relation to Global
HealthHealth
1.1. The determinants of healthThe determinants of health
2.2. The measurement of health statusThe measurement of health status
3.3. The importance of culture to healthThe importance of culture to health
4.4. The global burden of diseaseThe global burden of disease
5.5. The key risk factors for variousThe key risk factors for various
health problemshealth problems
6.6. The organisation and function ofThe organisation and function of
health systemshealth systems
10. 1. Determinants of Health1. Determinants of Health
Genetic make upGenetic make up
AgeAge
GenderGender
Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices
Community influencesCommunity influences
Income statusIncome status
Geographical locationGeographical location
CultureCulture
Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors
Work conditionsWork conditions
EducationEducation
Access to healthAccess to health
servicesservices
Source: Dahlgren G. and
Whitehead M. 1991
11. Determinants of HealthDeterminants of Health
PLUS MORE GENERAL FACTORSPLUS MORE GENERAL FACTORS
SUCH AS:SUCH AS:
POLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITY
CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
POPULATION GROWTH/PRESSUREPOPULATION GROWTH/PRESSURE
URBANISATIONURBANISATION
DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY OFDEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY OF
RESIDENCERESIDENCE
12. Multi-sectoral Dimension of theMulti-sectoral Dimension of the
Determinants of HealthDeterminants of Health
Malnutrition –Malnutrition –
• more susceptible to disease and less likely tomore susceptible to disease and less likely to
recoverrecover
Cooking with wood and coal –Cooking with wood and coal –
• lung diseaseslung diseases
Poor sanitation –Poor sanitation –
• moremore intestinal infectionsintestinal infections
Poor life circumstances –Poor life circumstances –
• commercial sex work and STIs, HIV/AIDScommercial sex work and STIs, HIV/AIDS
Advertising tobacco and alcohol –Advertising tobacco and alcohol –
• addiction and related diseasesaddiction and related diseases
Rapid growth in vehicular traffic often withRapid growth in vehicular traffic often with
untrained drivers on unsafe roads-untrained drivers on unsafe roads-
• road traffic accidentsroad traffic accidents
13. 2. The Measurement of Health Status I2. The Measurement of Health Status I
Cause of deathCause of death
• Obtained from death certification but limitedObtained from death certification but limited
because of incomplete coveragebecause of incomplete coverage
Life expectancy at birthLife expectancy at birth
• The average number of years a new-bornsThe average number of years a new-borns
baby could expect to live if current trends inbaby could expect to live if current trends in
mortality were to continue for the rest of themortality were to continue for the rest of the
new-born's lifenew-born's life
Maternal mortality rateMaternal mortality rate
• The number of women who die as a result ofThe number of women who die as a result of
childbirth and pregnancy related complicationschildbirth and pregnancy related complications
per 100,000 live births in a given yearper 100,000 live births in a given year
14. The Measurement of Health Status IIThe Measurement of Health Status II
Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rate
• The number of deaths in infants under 1 yearThe number of deaths in infants under 1 year
per 1,000 live births for a given yearper 1,000 live births for a given year
Neonatal mortality rateNeonatal mortality rate
• The number of deaths among infants under 28The number of deaths among infants under 28
days in a given year per 1,000 live births indays in a given year per 1,000 live births in
that yearthat year
Child mortality rateChild mortality rate
• The probability that a new-born will die beforeThe probability that a new-born will die before
reaching the age of five years, expressed as areaching the age of five years, expressed as a
number per 1,000 live birthsnumber per 1,000 live births
15. 3. Culture and Health3. Culture and Health
Culture:Culture:
• The predominating attitudes and behaviourThe predominating attitudes and behaviour
that characterise the functioning of a group orthat characterise the functioning of a group or
organisationorganisation
Traditional health systemsTraditional health systems
Beliefs about healthBeliefs about health
• e.g. epilepsy – a disorder of neuronale.g. epilepsy – a disorder of neuronal
depolarisation vs a form of possession/baddepolarisation vs a form of possession/bad
omen sent by the ancestorsomen sent by the ancestors
• Psychoses – ancestral problems requiring thePsychoses – ancestral problems requiring the
assistance of traditional healer/spiritualistassistance of traditional healer/spiritualist
Influence of culture of healthInfluence of culture of health
• Diversity, marginalisation and vulnerability dueDiversity, marginalisation and vulnerability due
to race, gender and ethnicityto race, gender and ethnicity
16. 4. The global burden of disease4. The global burden of disease
Predicted changes in burden of diseasePredicted changes in burden of disease
from communicable to non-communicablefrom communicable to non-communicable
between 2004 and 2030between 2004 and 2030
• Reductions in malaria, diarrhoeal diseases,Reductions in malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, TBTB
and HIV/AIDSand HIV/AIDS
• Increase in cardiovascular deaths, COPD, roadIncrease in cardiovascular deaths, COPD, road
traffic accidents and diabetes mellitustraffic accidents and diabetes mellitus
Ageing populations in middle and lowAgeing populations in middle and low
income countriesincome countries
Socioeconomic growth with increased carSocioeconomic growth with increased car
ownershipownership
Based on a ‘business as usual’ assumptionBased on a ‘business as usual’ assumption
20. 5. Key Risk Factors for Various5. Key Risk Factors for Various
Health ConditionsHealth Conditions
Tobacco useTobacco use ––
• related to the top ten causes of mortality worldrelated to the top ten causes of mortality world
widewide
Poor sanitation and access to clean water-Poor sanitation and access to clean water-
• related to high levels of diarrhoeal/waterrelated to high levels of diarrhoeal/water
borne diseasesborne diseases
Low condom useLow condom use ––
• HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infectionsHIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections
MalnutritionMalnutrition ––
• Under-nutrition (increased susceptibility toUnder-nutrition (increased susceptibility to
infectious diseases) and over-nutritioninfectious diseases) and over-nutrition
responsible for cardiovascular diseases,responsible for cardiovascular diseases,
cancers, obesity etc.cancers, obesity etc.
21. 6. The Organisation and Function6. The Organisation and Function
of Health Systemsof Health Systems
A health systemA health system
• comprises all organizations, institutions andcomprises all organizations, institutions and
resources devoted to producing actionsresources devoted to producing actions
whose primary intent is to improve healthwhose primary intent is to improve health
(WHO)(WHO)
Most national health systemsMost national health systems
consist:consist:
• public, private,public, private,
• traditional and informal sectors:traditional and informal sectors:
23. Trends in Global Deaths 2002-30Trends in Global Deaths 2002-30
Source: World Health Statistics 2007
24. COMPARATIVE DATA (1)COMPARATIVE DATA (1)
IRELANDIRELAND
DEVELOPINGDEVELOPING
COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES
INFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY 77 100-190100-190
RATERATE
UNDER 5 MORTALITYUNDER 5 MORTALITY 1010 175-300175-300
RATERATE
MATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY 22 600-600-
16001600
RATERATE
LIFE EXPECTANCYLIFE EXPECTANCY F - 82F - 82 F < 50F < 50
M - 77M - 77 M < 50M < 50
but may bebut may be
= or > F= or > F
25. COMPARATIVE DATA (2)COMPARATIVE DATA (2)
IRELANDIRELAND
DEVELOPINGDEVELOPING
COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH 0.3%0.3% 3%+3%+
RATERATE
HIV +ve RATEHIV +ve RATE 0.15%0.15% 15%+15%+
AIDS CASESAIDS CASES 20/20/ 400/400/
100,000100,000
100,000100,000
GNP PER CAPITAGNP PER CAPITA $16,000$16,000
<$200<$200
HEALTH EXPENDITUREHEALTH EXPENDITURE $1,600$1,600 $1-$2$1-$2
PER CAPITAPER CAPITA
26. HEALTH PATTERNSHEALTH PATTERNS
GENETIC FACTORSGENETIC FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
LIFESTYLE FACTORSLIFESTYLE FACTORS
COMMUNICABLE vs NON-COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE vs NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASESDISEASES DISEASESDISEASES
27. HEALTH PATTERNS INHEALTH PATTERNS IN
RESOURCE POOR COUNTRIESRESOURCE POOR COUNTRIES
INFECTIOUS/COMMUNICABLE DISEASESINFECTIOUS/COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
PREVALENT:PREVALENT:
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES, e.g. measlesVACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES, e.g. measles
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI)ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI)
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (cholera)DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (cholera)
MALARIAMALARIA
TBTB
HEPATITISHEPATITIS
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
Plus:Plus:
MALNUTRITION RELATED CONDITIONS:MALNUTRITION RELATED CONDITIONS:
- CALORIE DEFICIENCIES- CALORIE DEFICIENCIES
- MICRO-NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES- MICRO-NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
TRAUMA/ACCIDENTSTRAUMA/ACCIDENTS
Many of these diseases are treatableMany of these diseases are treatable
28. HEALTH PATTERNS INHEALTH PATTERNS IN
RESOURCE RICH COUNTRIESRESOURCE RICH COUNTRIES
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT:NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT:
Causes of death (all ages):Causes of death (all ages):
40% Circulatory diseases, e.g. heart disease,40% Circulatory diseases, e.g. heart disease,
strokes, etc.strokes, etc.
25% Cancers25% Cancers
16% Respiratory diseases16% Respiratory diseases
5% Injuries and Poisonings5% Injuries and Poisonings
0.6% Infectious diseases0.6% Infectious diseases
Premature mortality (<65):Premature mortality (<65):
25%25% Circulatory diseasesCirculatory diseases
33% Cancers33% Cancers
16%16% Injuries (RTAs/Suicides) and PoisoningsInjuries (RTAs/Suicides) and Poisonings
1% Infectious diseases1% Infectious diseases
Many of these deaths are related to lifestyle factorsMany of these deaths are related to lifestyle factors
and are preventableand are preventable
29. HEALTH PATTERNS IN RESOURCEHEALTH PATTERNS IN RESOURCE
RICH COUNTRIESRICH COUNTRIES
Lifestyle factors affecting physicalLifestyle factors affecting physical
and mental health:and mental health:
Smoking – one third of cancer deathsSmoking – one third of cancer deaths
related to smokingrelated to smoking
DrinkingDrinking
Healthy eating/nutritionHealthy eating/nutrition
Physical activityPhysical activity
Substance abuseSubstance abuse
34. John Snow and the Pump HandleJohn Snow and the Pump Handle
John Snow is credited byJohn Snow is credited by
many with developingmany with developing
the modern field ofthe modern field of
epidemiologyepidemiology
John Snow and cholera inJohn Snow and cholera in
1854 London1854 London
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/
epi/snow.htmlepi/snow.html
35. London in the 1850’sLondon in the 1850’s
• Germ theory of diseaseGerm theory of disease
not widely acceptednot widely accepted
People lived in veryPeople lived in very
crowded conditionscrowded conditions
with water and privieswith water and privies
in yard (NY 1864: 900in yard (NY 1864: 900
people in 2 buildingspeople in 2 buildings
180’ deep x 5 stories180’ deep x 5 stories
– 1 pump a block– 1 pump a block
away, privy in yard)away, privy in yard)
36. John Snow’s ObservationsJohn Snow’s Observations
People with cholera developedPeople with cholera developed
immediate digestive problems: cramps,immediate digestive problems: cramps,
vomiting, diarrheavomiting, diarrhea
Face, feet, hands shriveled and turnedFace, feet, hands shriveled and turned
blue; died in less than a dayblue; died in less than a day
Probably spread by vomiting andProbably spread by vomiting and
diarrheadiarrhea
Comparison of pump location withComparison of pump location with
cholera deaths, first 3 days of epidemiccholera deaths, first 3 days of epidemic
in 1854in 1854
38. Cholera EpidemiologyCholera Epidemiology
Of 83 people, only 10 livedOf 83 people, only 10 lived
closer to a different pumpcloser to a different pump
than Broad Streetthan Broad Street
Of these 10, 5 preferred tasteOf these 10, 5 preferred taste
of Broad Street water and 3of Broad Street water and 3
were children who went towere children who went to
nearby schoolnearby school
39. Snow Index CaseSnow Index Case
Index caseIndex case is first person tois first person to
become illbecome ill
40 Broad Street – husband and40 Broad Street – husband and
infant child became illinfant child became ill
Wife soaked diapers in pail andWife soaked diapers in pail and
emptied pail into cistern next toemptied pail into cistern next to
pumppump
40. The Great ExperimentThe Great Experiment
Two water companies suppliedTwo water companies supplied
central Londoncentral London
Lambeth Company: waterLambeth Company: water
intake upstream of Londonintake upstream of London
sewage outfall into Thamessewage outfall into Thames
Southwark & VauxhallSouthwark & Vauxhall
Company: water intakeCompany: water intake
downstream of sewage outfalldownstream of sewage outfall
41. The Great ExperimentThe Great Experiment
Customers mixed in sameCustomers mixed in same
neighborhoodneighborhood
Snow went door to doorSnow went door to door
asking which waterasking which water
company served homecompany served home
and compared locationsand compared locations
with cholera datawith cholera data
42. The Great ExperimentThe Great Experiment
# Houses # Deaths
Deaths/
100,000
S and V 40,046 1263 315
Lambeth 26,107 98 37
43. Cholera EpidemiologyCholera Epidemiology
Snow convincedSnow convinced
neighborhood council to letneighborhood council to let
him remove handle fromhim remove handle from
water pump on Broad Streetwater pump on Broad Street
The new cases declinedThe new cases declined
dramaticallydramatically
Many on council notMany on council not
convinced by his evidenceconvinced by his evidence
44. Cholera in the 1990sCholera in the 1990s
Epidemic in Peru beginningEpidemic in Peru beginning
19911991
From 1991-1994From 1991-1994
•Cases 1,041,422Cases 1,041,422
•Deaths 9,642 (0.9%)Deaths 9,642 (0.9%)
Originated at coast, spreadOriginated at coast, spread
inlandinland
47. Why Has Cholera Re-emerged?Why Has Cholera Re-emerged?
Deteriorating sanitary facilitiesDeteriorating sanitary facilities
as larger population moves intoas larger population moves into
shanty townsshanty towns
Trujullo, Peru – fear of cancerTrujullo, Peru – fear of cancer
from chlorination so waterfrom chlorination so water
untreateduntreated
Use of wastewater on cropsUse of wastewater on crops
Africa – civil wars and droughtAfrica – civil wars and drought
caused migrations into campscaused migrations into camps
48. How Has Cholera Re-emerged?How Has Cholera Re-emerged?
Simultaneous appearanceSimultaneous appearance
along whole coast of Perualong whole coast of Peru
Traveled in ship ballast?Traveled in ship ballast?
Traveled in plankton fromTraveled in plankton from
Asia?Asia?
Always present in localAlways present in local
zooplankton (copepods) butzooplankton (copepods) but
dormant until triggered by ???dormant until triggered by ???
50. Global Health ReferencesGlobal Health References
Skolnik R.Skolnik R. Essentials of Global HealthEssentials of Global Health. Jones. Jones
& Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury MA 2008. Chapter& Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury MA 2008. Chapter
11
Ed. Robert Beaglehole, 2003Ed. Robert Beaglehole, 2003.. Global PublicGlobal Public
Health: A new era. Chapter 1Health: A new era. Chapter 1
Megan Landon. 2006.Megan Landon. 2006. Environment, Health andEnvironment, Health and
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Bonder, B. Martin L. Miracle A.Bonder, B. Martin L. Miracle A. Culture inCulture in
Clinical CareClinical Care
Koplan J et al, 2009.Koplan J et al, 2009. Towards a commonTowards a common
definition of global healthdefinition of global health The Lancet, VolumeThe Lancet, Volume
373, Issue 9679, Pages 1993-1995373, Issue 9679, Pages 1993-1995
Examples include infectious diseases (SARS, TB, avian influenza, malaria,) non infectious diseases (diabetes mellitus, tobacco related diseases) and other health risks (global warming, conflict, nuclear power) etc.
Diarrhoea contributes to about 1·5 million child deaths and around 88% of deaths from diarrhoea
The upward trend in HIV/AIDS mortality and downward trend in RTIs and other infectious diseases will place HIV/AIDS as the top ranking cause of death from infectious diseases before 2020