Global Economic And Financial Crisis

Global Economic And Financial Crisis
Many lessons were learned from the aftermath of 2008 global economic and financial crisis. One of
them was the effect that foreign direct investments (FDI) had on the global economy, particularly on
developing countries.
By definition, an FDI is an "investment that involves some ownership and/or operating control. The
foreign residents are usually multinational corporations (MNCs)" (Cohn 412).
The market crash drastically altered the nature of FDI. After consistent growth between 2003 and
2007, investments in developed countries experienced a steep fall, suffering from about a 29 per
cent drop. In contrast, investments in developing countries skyrocketed, peaking at an about 43 per
cent increase (UNCTAD 2009).
However, more revealing than the unexpected turn of events was the way FDI significantly affected,
and was affected by the status of the global economy – showing further importance to one type of
economic entity that naturally comes with FDI, multinational corporations.
This paper will argue that the ever–constantly increasing presence and influence of MNCs prove
that they are entitled to be considered as legitimate global political actors.
Despite the considerable negative connotation that MNCs have garnered, their undeniable enormity
and influence in generating the flow of FDI, their contribution in hastening the distribution of
technology and knowledge throughout the globe, and their status as the absolute major player in
modernization and globalization through
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China Development Industrial Bank
CHINA DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL BANK A case study Submitted to: Dr. Felix D. Cena, Phd
Submitted by: Jose Farley Y. Tagle Lalaine D. Cosadio Cherryl L. Villaruel Raymund S. Belleza
July 17, 2011 Given: Assume that you recently graduated with a major in finance. You just landed a
job as a financial planner with China Development Industrial bank (CDIB), a large financial services
corporation. Your first assignment is to invest $100,000 for a client. Because the funds to be
invested in a business at the end of 1 year, you have been instructed to plan a 1–year holding period.
Further, your boss has restricted you to the investment alternatives in the following table, shown ith
their probabilities and associated outcomes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High Tech Inc. is an electronics firm. When the state of the economy is above average or at its
boom, consumers purchase more products of High Tech Inc. than they would if the state of the
economy gets worse. Under this circumstance, we would expect High Tech's stock price to be high
if the economy is well. Thus, High Tech's returns are positively correlated with the economy
because the firm's sales, and hence profits will experience the same ups and downs with the
economy. The opposite holds true with Collections Inc. because the nature of the business is on
collections of past–due debts. If the economy is in recession, people are not expected to pay their
debts on time. Consequently, this firm will be collecting a lot of past–due debts, thus making its
stock price to increase. The opposite will happen if the economy is performing well. This explains
why Collection's expected return moves counter the economy. Collections Inc. is considered by
many investors to be a hedge against bad times and high inflation, so if the stock market crashes,
investors in this stock should do relatively well. Therefore, this stock is negatively correlated with
the economy. b. Calculate the expected rate of return on each alternative and fill in the blanks on the
row for r(hat) or the expected rate of return in the previous table. The expected rate of return, , is
expressed as follows: Here is the

Essay On Revitalization And Infra-Structural Labor
Rendering Vacancy Technical: Revitalization and Infra–Structural Labor in Chicago
I. Introduction
The City of Chicago is using innovative programs to turn vacant land and buildings, cast as detritus,
into a resource for spurring community–centered development in disinvested neighborhoods.
Focusing on the diverse forms of labor behind Chicago's vacancy initiatives, the proposed research
will examine how these initiatives are reworking the political–economic forces that produce
"landscapes of (dis)accumulation" (Gilmore 2002:15) and recasting historical entanglements of
waste, race and space. This study comes at a critical juncture in U.S. urbanization. Mass
foreclosures in the wake of the housing crisis exacerbated the vacancy, population ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bridging these literatures enables two theoretical contributions. The first builds on urban political
economy's insight into capital's role in organizing urban landscapes. Scholars in this tradition
demonstrate the destruction brought on by capital's ceaseless pursuit of profit; the political and
discursive technologies that create new frontiers of accumulation in the detritus of this 'creative
destruction' (Harvey 2003); and the dispossession that ensues when devalorized spaces re–enter
capital's radar. Crucial to capital's circulation are 'purification campaigns' (Merrifield 2002) that
render devalorized spaces attractive to new investment. My research focuses on the labor of
purification. By using discard studies insights to study redevelopment politics, I conceptualize the
work of purification as 'infra–structural labor' (Gidwani 2015) that clears land of disinvestment's
residues to accommodate future accumulation. This offers a new way of theorizing the production of
urban space by revealing that pivotal in organizing post–recession landscapes are not only the
profit–seeking actions of finance and real estate capital but also the quotidian labor of
revalorization. Given the confluence of austerity with vacancy, depopulation, and plummeting
property values across the Rust Belt, attention to this labor is timely and illuminates a key site for
theoretical and policy

Neopopulism And The Dependency Theory
More so, in Durkheim's Division of Labour, progress is linked to urbanisation (Durkheim, 2001).
The large cities are the undeniable core of progress; it is there that the values, needs, ideas emerge,
subsequently to spread to the rest of the country. Generally, change in society occurs owing to them
and to imitating their experience (Valade, 2007). Durkheim identified two basic sources of cohesion:
mechanical solidarity (the case of societies fragmented into family or geographical aggregates) and
organic solidarity. The former results from the association of individuals at an archaic level of
society, which reiterates previous structures and are incapable of structural innovation, as "uniform
beliefs and norms imposed by oppressive laws are the rule" (Doise, 1996); the latter is characteristic
of the maturing stage of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Frequently, these initiatives failed due to governmental interference, weak management and
conflicts with other forms of production (Payne, 2011).
World–systems theory
Based on dependency theory, Immanuel Wallerstein subsequently developed the world–systems
theory, premised on the relations between developed countries (core nations) and less developed
countries (peripheral nations), shaped by political, economic, historical and geographical factors.
Wallerstein argues that the world capitalist economic system must be analysed as a single unit,
comprising four overlapping elements:
 A world market for goods and labour;
 The division of the population into capitalists and workers;
 An international system of formal and informal political relations among the most powerful
countries, whose competition with one another helps shape the world

Industrial Development And Population Growth
Industrial development and population growth have created a surge in global demand for energy.
The tension in the Middle East and the sharp rise in oil prices since the 1990's had Western countries
like the US scrambling to secure alternative energy sources. While solar and wind energy is
flourishing, energy industries have pursued more aggressive means of tapping the earth's resources.
Continued mining, drilling, and especially hydraulic fracturing have been a "game changer" for the
US. Although industrialized energy development is making great strides in harnessing the earth's
energy resources, it is also threatening the natural environment and the quality of life in many
communities.
"Fracking" refers to hydraulic or hydro fracturing of rock formations to stimulate and extract natural
gas and oil. The process involves drilling down through sedimentary rocks for thousands of feet,
then sideways for miles, pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure
to open fractures in the rocks, allowing gas and oil to flow. This relatively new technology is also
being used for resource exploration by geothermal developers. Prior to fracking, it was too
expensive to exploit "shale gas", but it is now being viewed as a way for the United States (US) to
become independent from foreign oil. Fracking also brings a host of new public health and
environmental concerns; drilling chemicals and fracking fluids are highly toxic and include known
carcinogens.

India's Industrial Development
Industrial Development Since Independence. 1. The British regarded India as source of supply of
raw materials and market for British manufacturers and hence, at the time of Independence, India
was industrially an underdeveloped economy. 2. The poor industrial sector was domintaed by
consumer goods industries like cotton textile, jute, sugar, salt, paper, soap, etc. 3. Industries
producing intermediate goods like steel, coal, cement, alcohol, power, non–ferrous metals were
poorly established in terms of productive capacity. 4. Capital goods industries hardly made their
presence felt. 5. In the post independence period, India embarked upon industrial development under
the five year plans GROWTH IN PRE REFORM PERIOD (1947–1990) 6. The ... Show more
Phase 3 (1975–1990) Economic Recovery The industrial sector recovered during this period due to
Increase in investment specially in the public setor, that too in infrastructure. Liberalization of
import of foreign technology Extension of broad banding Increase in fiscal Incentives[Fiscal
incentives are no taxes given to new companies for the first 5 years] Increase in licensed capacity
scheme. [Process industries have an initial licensed capacity sanctioned by the government.Capacity
of a facility is its limiting capability to produce an output over a period of time. Thus the annual
capacity of a 2 wheeler firm is say 7lacs scoters annually. It means the production is limited to this
productive capability over a period of one year.] The rate of industrial growth increased and reached
it's peak value of 8.5% during the seventh five year plan. (1985–1990). GROWTH IN POST
REFORM PERIOD: (1991 onwards) The Government of India accounced the New Industrial Policy
in 1991 in which a number of liberalization measures were taken; such as Scrapping of the licensing
system Dilution of the role of public sector Encouragement of private investment in various fields
Removal of investment ceilings for small industries Allowing foreign direct investment in various
sectors, etc. This new policy led to marked growth in the capital goods sector

The Peace Corpss
I do think that United States has basically helped other countries more than we have helped
ourselves. With some research I have done regarding this question, I will have to completely agree
that we help other more than we help ourselves. With United States having great economic success,
we can, and do, give more aid to other countries than anyone else. Yes, United States takes care of
its own issues before helping the other countries, but helping others is in our culture to help other
people or countries in need. From things like fund raisers for different needs around the world, or
even just charities to help aid the people in need of it. Here are my reasoning's why I believe that the
United States has basically helped others before helping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As many know, the Peace Corps volunteer on high–impact assignments that range from 3 to around
12 months of hardcore working and helping. The Peace Corps help with fighting hunger, protecting
the environment, improving access to technology, and trying to help fight HIV/AIDS. The members
of the Peace Corps volunteer in areas like: education, health, environment, and youth in
development, community economic development, agriculture, and Peace Corps response. The
countries they usually serve are: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe/Central Asia, The
Caribbean, North Africa/Middle East, and the Pacific Islands. The Peace Corps budget sometimes
ranges from $350 million all the way up to $410 million. United States have also helped Haiti with
numerous things as well. They invest in four sectorial pillars, which are: Infrastructure and energy,
food and economic security, health and other basic services, and governance and rule of law. Some
of the main things of U.S. assistance to Haiti four years after the earthquake includes things like:
housing Haitians, removed millions of rubble, created jobs at the Caracol Industrial Park in Haiti's
north, made haitian national police stronger, provided literacy instruction, and many basic health
indicators.
With those reasons being said, I truly believe that America helps other countries more than it helps
its own. United States cares for other countries and do not want them to suffer, especially in natural

The Environmental Disasters Of The World And Living Things...
What is Missing?
Pollution has plagued the world and living things within it since the industrial revolution and the
development of new technology. While some people might know the effects of the environmental
disasters that have occurred through the years, other do not. Maya Lin created a collaborative
memorial to try to gear people's attention to the problems being faced in the environment. The
collaborative memorial can easily be accessed by anyone who has a computer and internet access.
For example, the BP oil spill affected a great number of living things and marine animals, due to a
human error and the failure to clear up the problem efficiently. Another example is the Flint Water
Crisis that caused innocent children to become deathly sick due to the lack of necessary chemicals.
Another example about pollution is the Great Smog of 1952, which occurred in London, the smog
lasted for five days and killed about 4,000 people. Most of the people that were affected by the smog
were children, the elderly, and people with respiratory problems. The memorial is meant to shine
light on the living things that are going extinct around us and how we as humans have contributed to
their extinction. Its purpose is to evoke empathy, better understanding, guilt, sorrow, and even rage.
By creating the memorial, everyone's eyes can be open to the negative effects that our pollution has
caused the world. The memorial also provides ways people can make a difference in the world
where living

Disadvantages Of A Negotiation System
3.3. Negotiation Methodology
The goal of entering into the tax treaty is to reach agreement on all important issues. This is made by
way of setting a negotiation procedure, which was previously discussed in the chapter above. The
negotiation itself is something more than just a mere conversation; it is an interaction being held
with a purpose to reach a mutually beneficial agreement, where both parties are ready to establish a
compromise even if altering their initial positions. For parties, the negotiation process is a tool for
solving complex issues and reaching an aimed outcome. Regarding it as a tool, it is important to
know how to use it, since the successful outcome may depend on various factors.
First of all, identifying one's objectives and proper investigation of the particular issues concerned
play a significant role in the negotiation, since a failure of doing so may lead to the disadvantage.
For instance, if the one party has no proper understanding of the problem being discussed it may
agree to the provision which is rather disadvantageous or confuse and react defensive which may
affect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, the investment flow into the host country does not produce an immediate effect but
accrues benefits over a period of time and the level of the positive effect may vary from country to
country. The conditions that FDI faces in the developing countries may slow down the process. The
issue is that in order to make use of all benefits, which were discussed earlier, the host country has
to have a certain level of education, technology, sufficient openness to trade and appropriate policy
regulations. The restrictive policy or insufficient precondition state of economy of the host country
will not bring the expected advantages. Moreover, the developing states having a low development
level may experience certain disadvantage of the foreign direct

The Industrial Development Of India
It is stated by the several scholars that British Government never interested to the industrial
development of India. During the British period, the growth of industrial output was hindered due to
the utmost poverty of the rural population of India. The large proportion of the middle–class
population had a taste and choice of imported goods instead to indigenous products. The tariff
protection provided by the British government was not enough to protect the industries because the
government was neither interested in the establishment of industrial plants nor in the development of
banks. Even during the period local industries had not given any preferences at the time of allotting
contracts.
The evidences found from the review of various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[28] See A.I. Levkovsky, op. cit., pp. 78, 305, 335.
After facing a long time political pressure government of India was relieved in 1947. Since that time
India had been noticed a continuous change in the entrepreneurial history of the India. Due to the
freedom, entrepreneurs gained substantial confidence and self–belief and pursued towards the
fulfillment of their entrepreneurial desires with a new energy. The people expectations from the
government were at altitude for the betterment of their life, including the entrepreneurs who were
expecting necessary infrastructure facility for the development of the country's economy as a whole.
The regional development and need of employment stipulated the path for the establishment of new
ventures in the country. Government of India understood the need to formulate a scheme for
achieving the balanced regional growth and for the development of the economy. To rejuvenate and
to develop the existing industries once again, Government of India launched the first Industrial
Policy, 1948 this policy was revised from time to time (Kuchhal1963). After some times, the
Government came forward with the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. But the
main change had been noticed after the adoption of planning commission in 1951. In the first five
year plan (195–1956) the Community Development Program was launched (1952) and focus was
given on power and transport facilities, agriculture and price stability, this initiative had

Apush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was...
In the early 1800s, America changed in a lot of ways in a short amount of time. The change that
occurred was, for the most part, the result of the industrial development. The industrial
advancements in the early 1800s had a huge amount of consequences, both positive and negative.
But the industrial development from 1800 to 1860 affected the North and the South in hugely
different ways. The prominent differences eventually caused an amazing amount of tension between
the two regions as they moved in completely separate directions. Mainly, the North and the South
differentiated when it came to cultures, economies, and political views. With the dawn of the 19th
century, there were three revolutions that completely altered the United States. ... Show more
Though the majority of Southerners didn't own slaves, slaves were used in the South to keep the
revenue up, and slavery was very much a part of the agricultural lifestyle. Political tension between
the North and the South started early when there was disagreement over Henry Clay's American
System. The American System imposed tariffs to support northern manufacturing, federally funded
roads and canals, and supported the National Bank. Northerners were in support of the American
System but the South wasn't on board with the plan. This protective tariff was a tax on imports, and
since the South was receiving most of the imported goods, they got the brunt of the tariff. The South
believed it was unfair that it was putting money into the North's industrial economy when the South
was barely making enough revenue to support itself. While the South provided the Northern
industries with most of the raw materials they needed, the price the North paid for these things were
nothing compared to what the South had to pay for the manufactured goods the North produced. The
opposition to the American System was so strong that South Carolina declared the tariffs void and
threatened to leave the Union. But Andrew Jackson worked with South Carolina and the Union
remained whole. This was the Nullification Crisis of 1832. The two regions clashed politically too.
While the North became generally

The Relationship Between Taxation And Technological...
Introduction
"Profits should be taxed where economic activities deriving the profits are performed and where
value is created"1. The relationship between taxation and technological developments have always
been dynamic and complex. The internet represents the greatest technological revolution since the
industrial revolution. Data show that there is approximately $xxx billion trade occurring through e–
commerce, with xxx billion internet users and xx billion domain names as of 20142 and this number
keeps changing every second. This paper takes a look at the current tax issues relating to e–
commerce and profit shifting and also the new OECD framework aimed at addressing these
challenges.
Tax Issues
Governments and tax authorities face the same problems whilst trying to tax digital or online
businesses: "what is the appropriate nexus that permits the application of tax jurisdiction over cross–
border sales?"
Concerns have been expressed that e–commerce could result in base erosion and profit shifting
[BEPS]. Consumption taxes are levied on the principle of taxation at the place of consumption and
according to rates set in individual country or state. E–commerce, however, has the potential to
undermine the application of domestic and national tax rules. Tax planning for an e–business differs
from tax planning for a traditional bricks and mortar company. In the past, generation of income
depended on the physical presence of assets and activities. This physical presence, permanent

Environmental Deterioration Of A Sustainable Industrial...
Cleaner production is the roadway to sustainable industrial development. Industrialization upgraded
the world along with generation of hazardous wastes. Chemical and process industries are under
constant scrutiny in the eye of legal, economic and ecological authorities for being liable to produce
such wastes. Thus in order minimize these liabilities, the minimization of wastes should be taken
care at the source. China has been acknowledged globally for its immense population growth. With
economic growth and massive industrial boom, the environmental deterioration has been on the rise.
Although the government has undertaken several steps and formulated various laws however, the
response received is critical. a) Population: Although China ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
70% of the china's major river system is polluted severely for human contact. d) Desertification:
From ancient days, China is known for its agricultural development. However, apart from human
activity, the north–east region of China the desertification is caused by wind erosion. Along with
wind erosion, there is water erosion as well. e) Loss of Biodiversity: With the increased urbanization
and industrialisation, there have been several proposals of hydrological dams to support the
demanding economic growth. As per China Ecological Footprint Report, 2012, the biodiversity of
China is under massive threat due to the construction of four dams. In current global scenario China
is the leading exporter in the world. That being said, the manufacturing units in terms of various
industries such as, dye, chemical, food and beverages etc. are growing every day. However, the
production practices are very poor, which is the main cause of the waste generation and pollution in
the country. a) Reduction of Long term Liabilities: After many years of waste generation and
pollution, the companies are disturbed about the environmental issues and waste disposal, cleaner
production eliminates such liabilities.(UNEP, 2015) b) Lowering Production Cost: The production
cost is reduced by substitution of raw materials for production, economical and environment
friendly extraction of raw materials. c) Enhances

What Extent the Developing Countries Depend on the...
WHAT EXTENT THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEPEND ON THE INDUSTRIAL
COUNTRIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
A developing country, also called a less–developed country (LDC), is a nation with a low living
standard, undeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other
countries. Meanwhile, an industrial country also known as developed country or "more developed
country" (MDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced
technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations. Most commonly the criteria for
evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita
income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yet current WTO rules on subsidies, foreign investment, and patents preclude some of the policy
choices made, for example, by South Korea and Taiwan in the past, when rules under the WTO's
predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, were more permissive. What is more, new
WTO members typically confront demands to conform their trade and industrial policies to
standards that go well beyond existing WTO agreements. The new Basle II international banking
standards, better fitted to banks in industrialized nations, risk making it more difficult for banks in
developing countries to compete.
There are signs of change in the rich world's attitude. Some donors, notably the United Kingdom
and the United States, the latter with its Millennium Challenge Account, are moving away from
attaching explicit, heavy conditions to their grants and loans and are instead screening applicants
early to ensure that assistance will be reasonably well spent. The World Bank and other
organizations are designing programs with countries in which resources are disbursed not in
exchange for policy reform but on the basis of pre–agreed benchmarks of progress–be it reduced
inflation, more children finishing primary school, or more completed external audits of government
accounts. These changes deserve to be reinforced.
Developed nations can also take positive steps to directly benefit developing countries–specifically,
by taking action

Progression vs Conservation-From the View Point of Third...
The act of balancing progression with conservation in third world countries requires a certain period
of time. This should be the vision of all developing countries and it is not difficult to be achieved if
all parties are willing to put in an effort. For sure this process is not going to be of immediate effect
in the midst of this rampant industrial development and economic progression among third world
countries in the 21st century. ("The Economy Vs. Environment Debate," n.d.) There seemingly
appears to be conflict between the act of progressing in terms of development and conservation. Our
world has been rapidly changing over the past decade. This is due to the fact that the Industrial
Revolution took place towards the end of the 18th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large amounts of sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides were released into the atmosphere via the
burning of coal. This brought about serious effects of acid rain during that time. There was an
increased in pneumonic diseases. Rivers and canals were very much polluted too as waste and
sewage was not properly treated and directly channelled into streams and rivers. The quality of
health of the people living at those times were jeopardise. In addition to that, the working conditions
were very dirty, wages of workers were very low and many children and women were forced to
work for long hours. The poor hygiene led to outbreak of many diseases. Cholera was a major
outbreak during the Industrial Revolution. Britain was hit by repeated outbreaks of Cholera and
typhoid through polluted water source. Apart from that, tuberculosis was also one of the major killer
in industrialized cities. Many forest and agricultural lands were cleared in order for industrial
progress to take over. Men has directly and indirectly neglected the conservation of the environment.
There were fewer and fewer greenery left. The western countries at that time were very much
focused on industrialization till they left out the necessity of conserving while progressing.
Progression was not in par with conservation. ("Environmental Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Urbanization 1. New districts of identical rows of houses built quickly and cheaply to house factory
and foundry workers in rapidly

History Of Fabric And Textiles Textile Development During...
The history of fabric and textiles
Textile development during the Industrial Revolution (1780–1850)
In 1968, Eric Hobsbawm said: "Whoever says Industrial Revolution says cotton." Among many
historians the Industrial Revolution is considered as the process in which technological changes led
by the mechanized factories of the cotton industry created large profits for innovators that continued
in succeeding decades. It was the key event in the emergence of modern economic growth, which
led to shifting manufacturing from people's houses and shops to factories. It was a time of vivid
change, from hand tools and handmade items, to the products which were produced by machines.
Nevertheless, life improved, the industrial revolution had some harmful consequences, such as
increased pollution, harmful working conditions, employment of women and children, who were
made to work long and hard hours, etc.
The shift to factories in the United States grew out of a process that began in the British textile
industry. British inventors developed machines to do tasks that have been done by hand. Sometimes
the machines replaced other, older and weaker machines. For example the spinning jenny, which
was run by water power, replaced the spinning wheel; the power loom replaced the hand loom.
These machines were small enough to be placed in the cottages. But later, people invented bigger
and more powerful machines, which needed a huge space to be positioned. This was the reason why
people started to

Improving Public Infrastructure : A Study Of Guyana
Using PPP Model to improve public infrastructure: A study of Guyana
Foreign Direct Investment and Private Investments need adequate public infrastructure; which can
be facilitated through greater Public Private Partnership within Guyana. "If only we knew more
about the determinants of investment! But, unfortunately, our knowledge in this direction is still
very meager. One might well ask, what is wrong with the theory of investment? Or, perhaps, what is
wrong with the subject matter itself! For one thing, this variable, –– the pivot of modern
macroeconomics –– has apparently lived a somewhat nomadic life among the various chapters of
economic theory. Perhaps it has not stayed long enough in any one place. Perhaps it has been ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the government of Guyana has realized the need for greater public private
investments and consequently has favored the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model of financing
many major infrastructural projects in an attempt to close this gap of inefficient infrastructure.
Moreover, Guyana's investment climate took a downward turn in 2013 as political gridlock and
infighting hampered the country's development efforts on several fronts. Notwithstanding this, the
government continued to encourage foreign investment, but has had limited success in attracting that
investment outside of the gold mining sector. Perceptions of corruption, inefficient government and
inadequate infrastructure among others remain barriers to attracting foreign investment.
Centered on the existing literature from published works such as books, journals and articles; this
study highlights Keynesian theory on investments, as well as assess and apply the Kuznets Model by
using the Kuznets curve to analyze and explain the relationship between infrastructure development
and GDP per capita. Additionally, this study will also highlights the success factors for
implementation which includes Political Will and political consensus, PPP Unit, the right vision,
Good Governance and Continuity. It will also compiles a framework for cross analysis with the
three (3 Case studies) PPP cases in Guyana, and checks for the relevancy of each variables based on

AN EMPIRICALANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
FOREIGN...
ABSTRACT
This study attempted to estimate the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment in the
mining sector in Nigeria. It is argued that only those countries that have reached a certain income
level can absorb new technologies and benefit from technology diffusion, and thus reap the extra
advantages that FDI can offer. The mining industry in Nigeria is dominated by oil. Indeed, Nigeria is
the largest producer of this commodity in Africa and sixth largest producers in the world. This
research study makes use of secondary data. The variables used are the Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), output of mining industry and per capital flight (KF). This
study covers a period of 31 years that spans between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FDI within mining sector can therefore have significant impacts, positive, as well as negative.
Positive impacts can include increased employment, better health care, improved infrastructure and
schooling. On the negative side there may be disruption of traditional cultures, environmental
degradation, basic commodity price increases, population displacement, land use conflicts and loss
of livelihood (Danielson and Lagos, 2001).
This is particularly true for the environment. Preliminary evidence suggests that under appropriate
framework conditions, foreign investments in mining frequently have higher environmental
performance compared to domestic operations, due to new technologies and practices they bring
with them. On the other hand, when these framework conditions, such as effective environmental
regulation and transparent public governance, are not in place, there is a risk that serious
environmental and social damage can occur.
The mining industry has in recent years turned its attention to the environmental impacts of its
activities, and in particular is addressing the issue through the Global Mining Initiative
(www.globalmining.com) and the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD)
which is addressing the issue of the contribution of the mining sector to sustainable development

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) defines 'Corporate Social
Responsibility'(CSR) as "a management concept whereby companies integrate social and
environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders". The
term is explained through a "Triple–Bottom–Line Approach" as being the way through which a
company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives ("Triple–Bottom–
Line") while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders
(Elkington, 1997). This approach assumes a very significant light in today's dynamic world where
every aspect of life is inter–connected in a very mysterious fabric, where the alteration of one can
affect the others in ways beyond comprehension. Corporate Social Responsibility, both as a term
and concept, started becoming popular in the 1960s, when industrialization which sprouted in the
Industrial Revolution was fixating its roots all across the world. Industrialization can be defined as
the "period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society
into an industrial one". Just like the correlation and dependence of the various aspects of life with
each other, it is seen that CSR and Industrialization shared their space of mutual effects as well.
This paper aims to present a historic view on CSR, based on the trends and influencing factors,
related to the booming of industrialization.
The notion of

The Influence of the Communist Manifesto on the...
The Communist Manifesto left a tremendous impact on a society that was rapidly becoming
industrialized, and its effects can even be seen on the dominating economic system of the twenty–
first century. In the later nineteenth century, however, industrial capitalism was on the brink of ruin.
"On many occasions during the past century, Marxists have thought that capitalism was down for
the count . . . Yet it has always come back with renewed strength." Industrial capitalism succeeded
in the face of communism, despite numerous economic disasters. As the capitalist economists
hopefully noted at the time, these economic earthquakes, temporary in character, soon cured
themselves and left capitalism unscathed. Karl Marx sought to create ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the continuation of capitalism, the middle class successfully emerged as the dominating
class in our society. As Lewis Corey states, "Workers were becoming capitalists, the capitalists
becoming workers." Industrial capitalism spawned a middle class, molded the exact same way that
Marx predicted in his major work. In establishing the goals of the Communist party, Marx stated,
"In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the
front the common interests of entire proletariat, independently of nationality." Once again, the
Communist Manifesto espouses capitalistic ideas. By the end of the twentieth century, industrial
capitalism reached a monumental point in its history; the economic system was almost completely
global. Securities traded in markets around the world could be purchased by almost anyone,
regardless of nationality or location. As John Gurley states, "At the present time, the advanced
capitalistic countries are noted for their extraordinarily large

The Environmental Disasters Of The World And Living Things...
Pollution has plagued the world and living things within it since the industrial revolution and the
development of new technology. While some people might know the effects of the environmental
disasters that have occurred through the years, other do not. Maya Lin created a collaborative
memorial to try to gear people's attention to the problems being faced in the environment. The
collaborative memorial can easily be accessed by anyone who has a computer and internet access.
For example, the BP oil spill affected a great number of living things and marine animals, due to a
human error and the failure to clear up the problem efficiently. Another example is the Flint Water
Crisis that caused innocent children to become deathly sick due to the lack of necessary chemicals.
Another example about pollution is the Great Smog of 1952, which occured London, the smog
lasted for five days and killed about 4,000 people. Most of the people that were affected by the smog
were children, the elderly, and people with respiratory problems. The memorial is meant to shine
light on the living things that are going extinct around us and how we as humans have contributed to
their extinction. Its purpose is to evoke empathy, better understanding, guilt, sorrow, and even rage.
By creating the memorial, everyone's eyes can be open to the negative effects that our pollution has
caused the world. The memorial also provides ways people can make a difference in the world
where living things are going

Industrial Farm Animal Production ( Ifap ) Is A Recent...
Industrial Farm Animal Production
Industrial farm animal production (IFAP) is a recent development in how humans manage their food
supply. This essay outlines benefits of IFAP, and then uses a Marxist framework to analyse the
negative ramifications of this type of animal production.
Using domestic animals primarily for meat is relatively recent. For thousands of years, domestic
animals were exploited for renewable purposes such as milk, wool, traction, riding, and pack
transport. These purposes were prioritised until an animal reached the end of its useful life,
whereupon it might then be eaten.
Today, the livestock sector employs 1.3 billion people and one–third of humanity's protein intake
comes from livestock products. Livestock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Global agricultural production doubled four times between 1820 and 1975. Intensified animal
production was seen as a way of providing food security and better nutrition. Pigs and cows began
to be raised on factory farms in 1960s North America. Production shifted from the traditional model
of extensive decentralised family farms to a more concentrated system of fewer producers and much
larger numbers of animals confined in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO).
Global numbers
The increasing demand for livestock products is predicated by availability but also influenced by a
combination of population growth, rising incomes, and urbanisation. Brazil and China have seen
remarkable increases in consumption, though still trail most other industrialized countries. Global
annual production is projected to increase from 218 million tons in 1997–1999 to 376 million tons
by 2030. Worldwatch Institute reported that IFAP accounted for 30% of world meat production in
1990; as of 2006, 74% of the world 's poultry, 43% of beef, 50% of pork, and 68% of eggs were
produced this way.
The shift from traditional stock rearing practices to IFAP is ongoing in an increasing number of
countries. This shift is more pronounced in Asia than in other developing regions, as Asia has a
shortage of land but an abundance of relatively cheap labour.
China produced 50 million metric tons of pork in 2012, twice the amount produced in all 27 EU
countries and five

How Did The Industrial Revolution Influence The...
Born into the Classics: 18th to the 19th Century Starting in the nineteenth century great changes
began throughout many societies. The Industrial Revolution swept through Europe and struggles
between old world and new world ideas began to rise exponentially. In what we now called the
United States, the American Civil war began as a result. The effects of the spreading new ideas
influences the music society greatly. In earlier times, musicians were usually employed by the
church or the court (Dobney). Famous composers, such as Beethoven and Mozart, would play at
venues that the church or royalty designated. With the rise of the middle class, and the poor wanting
to witness and learn about the arts right along with the rich, a new public spectacle was created.
With the development of music in the nineteenth century a larger number of people could now ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Composers wrote larger musical works and demanded more of performers and their instruments. "
The bigger the better mentality lead to new musical form such as the tone, large–scale symphonic,
and opera work" (Dobney). This is where we see the change in the seating arrangements for
orchestras, a larger string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion instruments. People now know
this to be called the Orchestral Standardization, the string instruments were located in the front of
the orchestra, with the woodwind behind, followed by the brass instruments, and the precision
instruments in the very back (Detrick). Orchestras made of these instruments were capable of rich
and varied sound combinations ideally suited for the new Classical form of the symphony (pg 546
Cunningham). Everything relating to music kept growing and expanding. Even instruments were
changing in popularity. In the eighth century the harpsichord was a very famous instrument but as
music developed the love for the harpsichord declined. Audiences were being dazzled by music
throughout this time

Education Is High Level Of Illiteracy
One of the problem in education is high level of illiteracy in the country. Literacy is important as it
is needed in a learning process.
In need to be solved by creating accessible basic education infrastructure in local community. In the
Basic education can also improve level of understanding in law. The understanding in law hopefully
can solve the physical conflict between people and resolve any disputes through law institution.
Early awareness of law is expected to build future generation that can contributes to improve law
enforcement system in the country. The low level of local conflict is needed to enhance local
economic activity and attract foreign direct investment. Investors really concern in national stability
including the level of national conflict to ensure that their investment is long lasting and predictable.
Government can also introduce the importance of having a healthy life in early learning. By
encouraging healthy habit, it is expected that the number of children caught by any disease can be
reduced. In can help parents to save their money in other needs or even business investment to raise
up their level of income
Low education can obstruct the business and investment sector because it might need specific skills
and knowledge to develop. To get sustainable development in the future the availability of skilled
worker is highly needed by Timor Leste. This is because the country will not be able to rely on
income that comes from selling petroleum and

A Relationship Between Achievement Motivation And...
2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Considering the desire of every nation to industrialize in this 21st
century achievement motivation becomes a critical variable. In a bid to achieve this feat, it is
therefore necessary to examine through this research work if there exist a relationship between
achievement motivation and industrial development. A viable work force is germane in the industrial
sector of a country to stimulate industrial growth and prosperity. But the backwardness in Nigerian
today is a concern to the government of the day and the citizenry. Therefore, this work deemed it
imperative to X–ray, if there could be an impact of an individual intrinsic achievement motivation
on industrialization. Owing to the fact that high productivity is the goal every individual and
organizations so wished to attain. This has not easily come by. It is therefore the onus of this
research work to unearth if there is a relationship between low productivity in our industries and
achievement motivation on the part of the individual workers. There is a significant decline in the
standard of living of the people, based on available evidence. Despite government effort at raising
the standard of living of the people through industrialization all the efforts have proved abortive,
hence the need for this research. It is therefore crucial to unravel through this research work if there
is a relationship between the declining standard of living and lack of the spirit of hard work among
the Nigerian

Engineering : An Essential Pillar For Industrial And...
Engineering has always been an essential pillar for industrial and technical development.
Engineering is what keeps our people moving and up–to–date with technology. It is a satisfying
career, both financially and mentally. The objective of this assignment is to interview a practicing
Engineer who has worked or is working in the area of project management. This assignment
provides a glance for future engineers into the daily routine of a professional and experienced
Engineer, and the approach he/she pursued in order to arrive at the position they presently occupy.
I recently interviewed Saeed Salim, a project manager at Al Barrak Electrical Contracting Company,
located in United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi. Saeed is my dad's friend. On ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was supervising the installation of overhead lines and high voltage substations. Everything was
new for him, and he had to adapt to the various changes he encountered in U.A.E.
After ten years of working in the Water and Electricity department, Saeed received another job offer
in a private company named AL Barrak Electrical Contracting Company, where he was offered a
project manager position, which is his current position as well. He was more comfortable working
with the second company, as this opportunity allowed him to combine the technical aspects of a
position with management duties. Working in Al Barrak, he is capable of designing, maintaining and
developing electrical control systems and components to certain specifications, concentrating on
economy, quality, and sustainability. He is involved in projects from the idea and detail of the
specified design through to implementation, testing and handover. He is also involved in projects
that require people in his field to work as a team. The team would usually include engineers from
other specialist areas, as well as marketing staff, technicians and manufacturers. He sometimes
works with representatives from client organizations.
Working in a different company, Saeed had to take a bigger responsibility and work harder to prove
himself and show that he is capable of facing

The Role Of Achievement Motivation On Industrial...
A CAPSTONE PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF NURSING
TEXILAAMERICAN UNIVERSITY
GUYANA SOUTH AMERICA
BY
EBOH THERESA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RN TO MSN PROGRAMME
OCTOBER 7TH 2016
THE ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF PORT
HARCOURT MUNICIPAL)
ABSTRACT
This study focused on "The Role of Achievement Motivation in Industrial development: A study of
Port Harcourt Municipal. The onus of the research was to X–ray the extent to which the role of
achievement motivation from childhood could be instrumental to industrial development in
Nigerian. In addition, some of the major objectives were to discover if the values of a given soda–
economic milieu and achievement motivation could have a blend and affect a nation's level of
industrial development; to unravel the existence of low level of achievement values and lack of
industrial growth.
The researcher raised some hypothesis. These hypotheses were to establish if there is a significant
relationship between the inability to inculcate achievement motivation in an individual and low level
of its contribution to industrial development later in life; also to find out, if the more a family
inculcates achievement values in a child through socialization, the more, or the higher the tendencies
for the child to work hard and contribute meaningfully to industrial development.
Volumes of literature strictly related to the study/topic were reviewed and the need

Industrial Revolution : The Rapid Development Of Industry
According to the Oxford English Dictionary the term 'Industrial Revolution' is defined as "the rapid
development of industry that occurred in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the
introduction of machinery...characterised by the use of steam power, growth of factories, and the
mass production of manufactured goods." . However, although this may be a commonly shared view
of this period, the concept of the Industrial Revolution is widely debated amongst various historians.
Whilst many feel the term well describes the changes taking place within industry, trading and the
new energy being used at the time, some historians find the concept problematic due to its
implication that the changes of the time happened at a 'revolutionary' pace whereas it instead took
150 years for the transition to be fully implemented. Similarly, other historians find difficulties with
the term and come to question; was the revolution solely down to an industrial change or was this
period in history due to other changes within Britain which then impacted and caused the Industrial
Revolution? As the two main bases of the concepts term 'industrial' and 'revolution' can be
questioned, it can be argued that the 'Industrial Revolution' is not the most helpful concept to
account for the changes taking place between the mid–eighteenth and early nineteenth century, only
to a certain point as it fails to account for other characteristics and changes of the period.
Historians such as E. A Wrigley

Agro -Based Industrial Development in Bangladesh
Table of Contents
1.INTRODUCTION...............................................................01
2. Objectives....................................................................01
3. Prospect of Agro–Based Industry...........................................02
4. Development of the Industrial Sector: Issues and Challenges .....03
5. Agro–based industrial sector..................................................04
5.1 Poultry..........................................................................04 5.2 Grains
..........................................................................05 5.3 Livestock
.....................................................................5–6 5.4
Fisheries........................................................................6 5.5 Horticulture
....................................................................7
6. Agribusiness Credit Fund.......................................................7
7. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bangladesh has a huge supply of raw materials for the agro–based industry. 2. Fruits and vegetable
production has increased significantly in recent years. 3. Government and NGOs have been
conducting regular training programs in developing a skilled manpower for this industry. Director of
Rajshahi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (RCCI) Kabirur Rahman Khan said the region, a food
surplus area, produced adequate amount of crops particularly rice, maize, wheat and soybean, fruits
especially mango, banana, papaya and tomato and vegetables over the last couple of years due to
suitable soil condition, topography and climate
4. Development of the Industrial Sector: Issues and Challenges
❖ The performance of the small and cottage industry sector calls for special attention because of its
labour–intensive character, its focus on catering to the demand of low and medium income
consumers and its capacity for import substitution. Amongst the small scale industries, production of
electric apparatus, plastic toys, miscellaneous metal wears, tin plate and readymade wear has

registered robust performance in recent years. To be sure, this sub sector has also been particularly
vulnerable to natural disasters and other production snags compared to medium and large scale
industries.
❖ Factors inhibiting industrial investment in Bangladesh are rather common for domestic as well as
foreign investors: poor infrastructure, absence

The Roots of Poverty and Globalization
The Question: Globalization and poverty
Once the Era of apartheid had come to an end in 1994 the internationally development community
entered South Africa promoting the microcredit model with high hopes to empower the poorest
black communities to break loose from the poverty spiral, however the Microcredit model was seen
to be having the complete opposite effect, ultimately causing incredible damage to the area. The
microcredit model was supposed to be the means of bringing sustainable development to the
extreme poor areas. The model has been named the "anti–development" intervention (1), because in
practice it has only shown that it supports consumption spending. The poor are worse off than ever
before; to keep up with the obligations of repaying their microloans, they are forced to sell the few
assets they own or borrow money from friends or relatives or even worse take up new microloans in
order to pay for the old ones. This is not the only downfall of this type of so called sustainable
development; another problem that emerges from this is that the actual businesses emerging form
microloans are anything but businesses elevating poverty. The type of business that has been arising
from the microloans have only created hyper–competition amongst all the new businesses as well as
the old ones, leaving about 40% of the South African population repaying debt. The poorest and
most vulnerable are left behind to take care of themselves drowning in debt, while the private banks

The Industrial Revolution : A Small Parts Of A Larger...
In order to increase productivity of the fast changing economy, the Industrial Revolution presented
new organizational strategies. Small parts of a much larger manufacturing development, known as
outwork system were carried out in many individual homes. The outwork system was essential,
especially for making footwear. The major step–forward was under the factory system. This system
allowed work to be performed on a large scale in a single centralized location. A group of
businessmen, Boston Associates would recruit a large number of New England farm girls to operate
the machines in their new factories.
In the early 1800's, at the compassion of the Industrial Revolution was the rise of wage labor which
took advantage of working people. Textile workers went to strike in the early 1820's protesting wage
and factory conditions. In 1823, a mill located in Lowell, Massachusetts was famous and closely
controlled. The mill mainly employed females which was an asset to both the employee and
employer. The preference of female employees was cheaper than that of a male. These females were
often referred to as Lowell girls and the consensus was that they benefited by experiencing a new
kind of independence outside the traditional male–dominated family farm. Housing the young
women in an environment was admired because it was safe and known to be culturally beneficial.
Major parts of the Industrial Revolution considerably increased manufacture, as in New England 's
textile mills;

Impact of Industrial Development on Nigeria Stock Market
Impact of Industrial development on Nigeria stock market.
The potentials of capital market in Nigeria as a catalyst to economic and industrial development
cannot be over emphasized. The capital market as an internal part of a country's financial system
operates at the long end of the system to mobilize resources for long term development and growth.
Basically, the capital market accelerates growth by providing ,relatively long term capital – debt and
equity finance – for government and corporate sector. Several factors are said to contribute towards
economic and industrial development of a country. These factors includes the availability of human
(skilled and unskilled labor and material, land ,capital and technology) resources ... Show more
For example,the South African stock market has about 650 listed companies while South Korea
market has been traced to apathy of Nigerian entrepreneurs to go public due to the fear of losing
control of their businesses. Another factor is the weak private sectors which is a serious constraint
militating against healthy growth of the stock market.
11. The problem of stock market relates to the degree of access,which investors have in buying ,and
selling of stocks in such a market. The more liquid in the stock market is the more the investors will
be interested in trading in the market. The lack of adequate number of investors in the Nigerian
stock market is a reflection of problem of liquidity in the market. At an average ratio of 2 percent
per year,the turn–over ration, a measure of the value of share traded relative to local market
capitalization is very low in Nigeria compared with 100 percent,9.0 percent and 4.6 percent in
Botswana,Zimbabwe, and Mauritania respectively. The low trading activities are also a result of the
ownership structure. Until 1995, when the Nigerian investment Promotion Commission Decree 16
and the Foreign Exchange ( Monitoring and Miscellaneous) provisions Decree 17 were promulgated
to replace the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree of 1989 and Exchange Control Act of

Technological Development During The Industrial Revolution
22. The technological developments during the industrial revolution that enabled people to build
factories were trains. 23. The two major inventions that allowed farmers to increase their yield were
the Cotton Gin and the Water Frame 24. The mass production of earlier inventions impacted families
by granting them the ability to move from one place to another faster. 25. The introduction of
automation decreases the value of slaves in the south after the American Revolution. 26. The
original cotton gin worked by pulling the cotton through gears that the seeds could not fit through.
27. The difference between long staple cotton and short staple cotton is long staple cotton seeds
were larger than short–staple cotton. 28. Rivers were important to

Ford Motor Company: Edsel's Development, Industrial And...
During the 1958, 1959, and 1960 model years the Edsel was a vehicle brand that was planned,
developed, and factory–made by the Ford Motor Company. Edsel's development, industrial and
advertising lost millions of dollars to Ford Motor Company. The word "Edsel" had became a current
symbol for disappointment. Ford had likely to make important inroads into the market share of both
in honor of Edsel B. Ford name it "Edsel". With Chrysler between itself and GM in the local
American automotive market Ford Motor Company finally decided on the Edsel. The Edsel was
introduced amid significant advertising on September 4, 1957 also called e day but the promotional
effort was not enough to counter the opposing initial public reaction to the car's styling

Reduction of Natural Resources Essay
Reduction of Natural Resources
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to make known the negative social implications of the
"catching–up development myth" through globalization and to break down specific concepts of
vertical and lateral oppression from the top natural resources consumers of oil in the world. This
paper also demonstrates my interest in creating biological and economic equity in the world through
breaking down these oppressive frameworks and hence, my interest in obtaining knowledge about
alternative energy uses to be used as a tool to help liberate others in places of need.
The "catching up development myth" as explained by Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva in
Ecofeminism, is the idea that underdeveloped countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ecological costs of making the materials in the Maquladoras result in chemical wastes into the
local air, soil, and water systems. The Maquiladora companies are responsible for the short and
long–term environmental degradation inflicted on the local area, which is not factored into the cost
of production. One of the main reasons, however, as to why not all countries can be as industrial
productive as the U.S., is simply because it is materialistically impossible. The carrying capacity of
the earth's natural resources cannot handle the consumption rate of the U.S. if it is applied to the rest
of the world. If, for example, we note that the six percent of the world's population who live in the
U.S. annually consume 25 percent (which we discussed in class) of all the oil energy produced,
obviously, it is impossible for the rest of the world's population, of which 80 percent live in poor
countries, to consume energy on that scale. How can the concept of "catching –up" be true? Maria
Mies explains " In my opinion, the powers that dominate today's world economy are aware of this,
the managers of the transnational corporations, the World Bank, the IMF, the banks and
governments of the club of rich counties; and in fact they do not really want this universolization
because it would end their growth model." She goes on to explain how this oppressive framework is
often masked by such euphemisms as 'North–South relations', 'sustainable

Organizational Development Heralds From The Industrial Era...
In the midst of one of our many design sessions, a member of the team expresses how he's feeling
the sense that he's "in this alone", that he doesn't feel any support from the team. With that a stark
shift is felt in the room, both in the way the conversation and the concept under scrutiny is being
approached by everyone at the table – away from pure analytical reductionism towards an
appreciative approach of discovering the possibility beyond the potential issues, the basis for
innovation in all respects. His personal experience awoke us to good practice.
(Petousis, Journal 4, 12 May 2015)
Organisational development heralds from the industrial era, and was primarily focussed on
efficiency in working roles, as well as the effective communications for the supply chain to function
smoothly (Beckhard, 1969; Garrow, 2009). In that landscape the realms of personal life and personal
experience were determined as mere distractions from the work at hand. What is being alluded to in
the above excerpt (which is explained further below) is the power of subjective experience in the
modern context of organisations. In the modern context the simplicity of the industrial era's inputs
and outputs, the role–based formulas for successful operations are commonly challenged (Martins &
Terblanche, 2003; Nadler & Tushman, 1999; W. O. Nilsson, 2009). This is especially true in a
creative economy, where innovation is in the limelight, and new models are being called for to
overcome the inefficient

The Main Characteristics Of Emerging Markets
The main characteristics of 'emerging markets'
Introduction
In recent years,there has been a growing concern about the emerging markets,and it is kind of new
economic markets in developing countries which likes mature markets but does not meet a criterion
of it,and emerging markets is a relevant concept when it comes to the developed countries.While a
variety of definitions of the term of emerging markets have been suggested,this essay will use the
definition suggested by Arnold and Quelch(1998)who saw it as countries that satisfy two
standards,first is a rapid pace of economics increasing,and second is government policies supporting
economic liberalisation and the adoption of a free–market system.
This essay attempts to focus on five main characteristics of emerging markets which consists
of:first,high growth and high returns,second,increasing of investment,third,high
volatility,fourth,capital markets are less mature than developed countries,and the last characteristic
is lower than average per capita.These characteristics would be explained in details and be given
some examples to support them,and in comparison with mature fair,followed by a discussion of the
impact about the new markets to country.
The background of 'emerging markets'
First of all, before the emerging markets began to growth rapidly, it have gone through a long period
of development,from the second world war to the 80s or 90s twentieth Century, there were thirty or
forty years. Countries such as

The Brooklyn Bridge: Development During The Industrial...
The Brooklyn bridge was a paragon of the forward thinking invention that was developed during the
industrial revolution. A man named John Augustus Roebling was appointed as the chief engineer of
the Brooklyn Bridge. His plan for the bridge was approved in 1869 and the construction of the
bridge started a year later on January 3, 1870. In 1883 it took $15.5 million dollars (around
$379,661,000 dollars today) and 600 workers to construct the bridge. Out of the 600 workers, at
least 20 of them died during the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, including Roebling himself.
After 13 years of construction, the Brooklyn Bridge was finally opened for use on May 24, 1883.
The Brooklyn Bridge had been in the mind of architects since the early 1800s

The Industrial Revolution Caused A Major Development...
The Industrial Revolution caused a major development in social history with major changes in
manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture that had an intense effect on socioeconomic and
cultural conditions in Europe that then spread to North America and eventually around the world,
influencing almost every aspect of everyday life and society. Looking through sources from the time
period, it is easy to see how lives were changed due to the advancements in technology that
improved manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation. After intently studying these phenomena,
many Historians agree that all of these major changes were the main effect of the Industrial
Revolution, but they may disagree on the causes of this event.
Most historians, such as T.S. Asthon and David S. Landees, can agree that the Industrial Revolution
brought on a huge change in society. It changed the way in which people thought, worked, and
performed their everyday activities. However, a number of historians debate over what the actual
cause of the Industrial Revolution was, what it actually impacted and how it did. They also debate
over the actual starting date. Many historians argue that the thing that started off the revolution
occurred when England began to trade with foreign countries. The first time this kind of trade was
seen at a large, impacting scale, was the Triangular Trade. This new trade set up with England,
Europe, Africa, the Americas and the West Indies caused a boom in the economy for

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