The impacts of global aid on education in Ghana, Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam

1. THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL AID ON
EDUCATION IN GHANA, INDONESIA,
MYANMAR, AND VIETNAM
2005-2014

2. PRESENTED BY:
Abepuoring Philip
Agnescia Clarissa Sera
Thet Zaw
Thi Thuy Linh Nguyen

3. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
• Problems
• Solutions
• Impacts
CONTENT
CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION
 Education in the world today has become a right and not a
privilege.
 But the efforts to get good education remain merely a dream
for most developing countries unless supported by donor
agencies through foreign aid
 Partnership between donor agencies and domestic governments
can contribute significantly to improvements in the educational
system.
 Enrolment data, adult literacy rates, school infrastructure and
gender parity in the educational systems of Ghana, Indonesia,
Myanmar and Vietnam from 2005 to 2014.

5. GHANA 2005-2015

6. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED
 Low enrollments: about 12% of children are not
in school
 Poor and inadequate educational infrastructure
 High illiteracy rates: about 42% percent of
Ghanaians, 15 years and above cannot read or
write
 Gender inequality at all levels of education
Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2012

7. INTERVENTIONS
 Rolling out of Free Compulsory Universal Basic
Education (FCUBE)
 Capitation grant and school feeding programme were
instituted 2005
 GETFund to provide funds for school infrastructure
 Increased budgetary support
 Donor supported programmes such as EFA, GESP

8. THE RESULTS

9. ENROLLMENT FIGURES ACROSS
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
• A consistent rise in enrollment across
board
• The years 2009 and 2010 recorded
the highest values for Kindergarten
and Primary school.
• Senior High School and Tertiary level
education have seen a consistent rise
although this increase appears
marginal.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Kindergarten Primary JHS SHS Tertiary
Figure 1 Enrolment across educational level

10. INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
• A rise at all levels over
time, except Primary which
dipped in 2008
• Kindergarten saw the
sharpest rise
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Kindergarten Primary JHS
Figure 2 Infrastructure development

11. ADULT LITERACY
RATES
• Data available for
2005 and 2010
• Positive impact on
literacy rates over
the period
• Significant rise in
female rate
(15.5%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Adults Male Female
2005 2010
Figure 3 Adult Literacy Rates

12. INDONESIA 2005-2015

13. PROBLEMS
 Nearly 3 % of primary aged children in rural areas do
not attend school compared to 1 % in urban areas
 About 45 % children do not enrol in junior secondary
schools
 55 % of primary school teachers hold the minimum
qualifications required by the government
 Still about 10 % illiteracy rates exist among the adult
population
Source : unicef & bps, 2005

14. GLOBAL AID SUPPORTS
Teacher
upgrading
Early
childhood
education
Library
development
Books,
stationery,
teaching aids

15. INDONESIA
PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT (%)
86.7
88.6 89.1 89.1
90.4
95.4 94.9
93.7
80
90
100
2005 2007 2009 2011
Indonesia
World
Source : www.worldbank.org
Figure 4 Primary School Enrolment

16. INDONESIA
SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT (%)
54.8
66.5 66.4
74.8
56.7
59.2 61.3 64.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2005 2007 2009 2011
Indonesia
World
Source : www.worldbank.org
Figure 5 Secondary School Enrolment

17. INDONESIA
RATIO STUDENTS : TEACHER
18.8
16.6 15.9
25 24.3 23.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2007 2009 2011
Indonesia
World
Source : www.worldbank.org
Figure 6 Ratio Students : Teacher

18. INDONESIA
LITERACY RATE 15+ (%)
90.91 91.87 92.58 92.44 93.92
84.3
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Indonesia
World
Source : www.bps.go.id, www.worldbank.org
Figure 7 Literacy Rates Aged 15 and Above

19. MYANMAR 2005-2015

20. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN MYANMAR
1. UNICEF
2. AusAID
3. Multi-Donors Education Fund (MDEF)
4. EU Aid
5. World Vision Myanmar(WV MM)
6. Save the Children (SC)
7. Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA

21. UNICEF
Early Childhood Care & Development
Non-Formal Primary Education program
Cont Learning & Edu Pro
Language enrichment program
Capacity Building program to teachers
Life Skills & HIV/AIDS Prevention Edu
Infrastructure development
147,446 children
614,000 children in 4046 schools
50,250 children
11,750 teachers trained in 25 towns
758,000 text, school kits- 5400 schools
25 townships
20,000 children in 80 townships
Quality basic education program
97 townships, 517 graduated

22. No Indicators 2005-2006 2010-2011 2013-2014
1. Net Enrolment at
▪ Primary School Level
▪ Middle School Level
▪ High School Level
84.6
47.5
31.9
86.4
63.5
32.1
2. Completion Rate by Level
▪ Primary School Level
▪ Middle School Level
▪ High School Level
68.6
65.7
30.3
73.8
74.2
31.0
3. Student-Teacher Ratio
▪ Primary
▪ Middle
▪ High
25:1
35:1
24:1
29:1
35:1
25:1
4. Adult Literacy Rate 91.0 92.7 95.1

23. VIETNAM 2005-2015

24. PROBLEMS
 High percentage of out of school and dropped out
school children in minority children and children with
disability groups.
 The academic results of them also lower than the
counterparts.
(UNICEF 2013)

25. 25
Figure 8: Percentage of out-of-school children aged 5 in 2009
(Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

26. 26
Figure 9: Percentage of out-of-school children of primary school age in 2009
(Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

27. 27
Figure 10 : Percentage of out-of-school children of lower secondary school
age in 2009 (Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

28. REASONS
 Lacks of schools and low quality schools in remote areas
 Language system in Vietnam education
 Difficulties of children with disability and partly disability
▪ teaching methods are not suitable
▪ discrimination
(UNICEF 2010)
28

29. SOLUTIONS - ~ 2.8 MILLION USD
1. Building schools in remote areas
 1,100 village kindergartens
 1,000 primary schools
2. Pilot Mother Tongue-based Bilingual Education (MTBBE) in 3 provinces
 Bilingual education materials
 Bilingual trained teachers
3. Resource centres for inclusive education
4. HIV education
 Booklet “Facts on Children and HIV and AIDS
 Distributing the booklet to 3,000 schools in 63 provinces, and
networks of people living with HIV
(UNICEF 2010)
29

30. RESULTS
1. Increased enrolment of children in remote areas
Millions children can enroll in new schools
2. MTBBE students has better results in both Mother tongues and
Vietnamese compared to non-MTBBE students
Example:
Results in Vietnamese language listening comprehension
MTBBE students : 17/20
non-MTBBE students : 12/20
 Expectation: 1600 students in 2016
(UNICEF 2013)
30

31. CONCLUSION
These changes recorded across the areas of education assessed could
therefore be attributed to the combined effects of foreign aid and
increased domestic funding over the period as:
 Ghana’s enrolment, literacy and educational infrastructure increased;
 Global aid improved teachers’ skill as well as access to primary and
secondary education in Indonesia;
 Myanmar’s: literacy level at 95.1%; 256 new schools built and over
500 people trained in Child protection (all supported by UNICEF)
 Vietnam recorded increased enrollment and improved school results
through support from UNICEF

32. REFERENCES
Ministry of Education, Myanmar 2014, Education for All 2015 National
Review: Myanmar, Ministry of Education, Naypyitaw.
UNICEF, Education and Youth, viewed 16 February 2015
<http://www.unicef.org/indonesia/education.html>
UNICEF 2010, UNICEF Annual Report for Vietnam 2010, UNICEF.
UNICEF 2010, Unicef annual report for Myanmar 2010, Yangon.
UNICEF 2013, Out-of-school children in Viet Nam: A country study,
UNICEF, Hanoi.
32

33. REFERENCES
UNICEF 2014, Unicef annual report for Myanmar 2013, Yangon
Statistics Indonesia, Education Indicators, viewed 15 February 2015
<http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&d
aftar=1&id_subyek=28&notab=1>
Worldbank, Indicators for Education in Indonesia 2004-2013, viewed
15 February 2015
<http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR/countries/ID-
4E-XN?display=graph>
33

34. THANK YOU Any
question ?