This document provides information about the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding. It discusses:
1) The aim is to understand GI bleeding and provide proper care to patients. Objectives include defining GI bleeding, identifying upper and lower GI bleeding, understanding causes and symptoms, and recognizing diagnostic tests and treatments.
2) GI bleeding can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Upper GI bleeding makes up 70% of cases and lower GI bleeding 30%. Etiologies, signs, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management are discussed for both upper and lower GI bleeding.
3) Workup may include history, physical exam, blood tests, endoscopy, angiography, and imaging. Management focuses on res
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to any bleeding that originates in the GI tract, ranging from microscopic to massive bleeding. GI bleeding can occur from the mouth to the anus and have various causes including ulcers, cancers, and vascular abnormalities. Signs of upper GI bleeding include vomiting blood while signs of lower GI bleeding include bloody stool. Management may involve blood transfusions, endoscopy, and surgery to control active bleeding.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. GI bleeding is classified as upper or lower depending on its location in the GI tract. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, and cancers. Lower GI bleeding is often caused by diverticulosis, cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, angiodysplasia, polyps, and hemorrhoids. Symptoms include vomiting blood, black stools, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, endoscopy or colonoscopy, and lab tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include IV fluids, blood transfusions, surgery, or
Vomiting blood, also known as hematemesis, refers to vomiting of significant amounts of blood or contents mixed with blood. It can range from minor to very serious and requires determination of the underlying cause. Common causes include ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, cancer, and side effects of medications like NSAIDs. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications to stop bleeding, endoscopic procedures, surgery, blood transfusions, and lifestyle changes. Complications can include further bleeding, anemia, shock, and aspiration.
Hematemesis- vomiting of blood , a brief studymartinshaji
There can be many causes of hematemesis, such as: bleeding ulcers. prolonged and vigorous retching that causes tears in the esophageal mucosa (known as Mallory-Weiss Syndrome) gastric or intestinal varices.Haematemesis is simply defined as “vomiting blood”. It is caused by bleeding from part of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It has a wide range of possible causes, depending on the site of blood loss and the tissue that is actively bleeding. Hence it is necessary to analyse and treat the condition perfectly , this is brief study about all the aspects hematemesis ,vomiting of blood including etiology, definition,management ,treatment by drugs etc
please comment
thank u
Gastrointestinal bleeding can originate from the upper or lower GI tract. Upper GI bleeding comes from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and is often caused by peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, or Mallory-Weiss tears. Lower GI bleeding originates farther down the digestive tract and is commonly due to diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, polyps, hemorrhoids, or anal fissures. Symptoms of GI bleeding include vomiting blood, bloody stools, fatigue, and weakness. Medical evaluation and tests like endoscopy are needed to determine the source and severity of bleeding so that appropriate treatment such as medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes can be given.
Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur in the upper or lower GI tract and has many potential causes. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, esophageal tears, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, colon polyps, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or proctitis. Signs can include vomiting or passing black stool, and diagnosis involves tests like endoscopy, colonoscopy, or imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, procedures to stop bleeding, fluid replacement, and blood transfusions.
This document provides information about the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding. It discusses:
1) The aim is to understand GI bleeding and provide proper care to patients. Objectives include defining GI bleeding, identifying upper and lower GI bleeding, understanding causes and symptoms, and recognizing diagnostic tests and treatments.
2) GI bleeding can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Upper GI bleeding makes up 70% of cases and lower GI bleeding 30%. Etiologies, signs, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management are discussed for both upper and lower GI bleeding.
3) Workup may include history, physical exam, blood tests, endoscopy, angiography, and imaging. Management focuses on res
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to any bleeding that originates in the GI tract, ranging from microscopic to massive bleeding. GI bleeding can occur from the mouth to the anus and have various causes including ulcers, cancers, and vascular abnormalities. Signs of upper GI bleeding include vomiting blood while signs of lower GI bleeding include bloody stool. Management may involve blood transfusions, endoscopy, and surgery to control active bleeding.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. GI bleeding is classified as upper or lower depending on its location in the GI tract. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, and cancers. Lower GI bleeding is often caused by diverticulosis, cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, angiodysplasia, polyps, and hemorrhoids. Symptoms include vomiting blood, black stools, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, endoscopy or colonoscopy, and lab tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include IV fluids, blood transfusions, surgery, or
Vomiting blood, also known as hematemesis, refers to vomiting of significant amounts of blood or contents mixed with blood. It can range from minor to very serious and requires determination of the underlying cause. Common causes include ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, cancer, and side effects of medications like NSAIDs. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications to stop bleeding, endoscopic procedures, surgery, blood transfusions, and lifestyle changes. Complications can include further bleeding, anemia, shock, and aspiration.
Hematemesis- vomiting of blood , a brief studymartinshaji
There can be many causes of hematemesis, such as: bleeding ulcers. prolonged and vigorous retching that causes tears in the esophageal mucosa (known as Mallory-Weiss Syndrome) gastric or intestinal varices.Haematemesis is simply defined as “vomiting blood”. It is caused by bleeding from part of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It has a wide range of possible causes, depending on the site of blood loss and the tissue that is actively bleeding. Hence it is necessary to analyse and treat the condition perfectly , this is brief study about all the aspects hematemesis ,vomiting of blood including etiology, definition,management ,treatment by drugs etc
please comment
thank u
Gastrointestinal bleeding can originate from the upper or lower GI tract. Upper GI bleeding comes from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and is often caused by peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, or Mallory-Weiss tears. Lower GI bleeding originates farther down the digestive tract and is commonly due to diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, polyps, hemorrhoids, or anal fissures. Symptoms of GI bleeding include vomiting blood, bloody stools, fatigue, and weakness. Medical evaluation and tests like endoscopy are needed to determine the source and severity of bleeding so that appropriate treatment such as medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes can be given.
Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur in the upper or lower GI tract and has many potential causes. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, esophageal tears, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, colon polyps, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or proctitis. Signs can include vomiting or passing black stool, and diagnosis involves tests like endoscopy, colonoscopy, or imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, procedures to stop bleeding, fluid replacement, and blood transfusions.
This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, including its causes, types, diagnostic studies, treatment options, and nursing management. The main causes of upper GI bleeding include drug use, esophageal varices, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and stomach or duodenal cancers. Diagnostic studies involve endoscopy to identify the source of bleeding. Treatment may involve endoscopic therapies, drugs to reduce bleeding, or surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on emergency stabilization and monitoring for signs of ongoing bleeding or complications.
The document discusses various gastrointestinal disorders including intestinal obstructions, peptic ulcer disease, bowel disorders like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and terms related to gastrointestinal bleeding. It provides details on causes, signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and methods to localize sources of bleeding for different gastrointestinal conditions.
Upper GI bleeding refers to bleeding that originates in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Common causes include peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, and gastritis. Risk factors include NSAID/aspirin use and H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, endoscopy, and blood tests. Management depends on risk level and includes hemodynamic stabilization, endoscopy, and treatment of the underlying cause. Outcomes range from full recovery to mortality rates as high as 30% in severe or continuing bleeding cases.
Approach to Management of Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) BleedingArun Vasireddy
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit (hematemesis) or in altered form in the stool (melena). Depending on the severity of the blood loss, there may be symptoms of insufficient circulating blood volume and shock. As a result, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency and typically requires hospital care for urgent diagnosis and treatment. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and some rarer causes such as gastric cancer.
The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine hemoglobin concentration. In significant bleeding, fluid replacement is often required, as well as blood transfusion, before the source of bleeding can be determined by endoscopy of the upper digestive tract with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Depending on the source, endoscopic therapy can be applied to reduce rebleeding risk. Specific medical treatments (such as proton pump inhibitors for peptic ulcer disease) or procedures (such as TIPS for variceal hemorrhage) may be used. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment.
Peptic ulcers form when the lining of the stomach or duodenum is corroded by acidic digestive juices. Common symptoms include abdominal pain relieved by food or antacids. While acid contributes to ulcer formation, infection with H. pylori bacteria is now believed to be the leading cause. Other risk factors include NSAID use, smoking, alcohol, and stress. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and narrowing or obstruction of the stomach outlet. Endoscopy allows visualization and biopsy of ulcers, while treatment aims to eliminate H. pylori infection and reduce acid secretion.
Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus that usually occur in people with liver disease. They develop when blood flow to the liver is blocked, forcing blood to flow through smaller veins not meant to carry large volumes. This can cause the veins to rupture and bleed. Symptoms of bleeding include vomiting blood or black stools. Treatment focuses on preventing further bleeding through medications, procedures to tie off veins, and potentially a liver transplant. Managing liver disease risk factors can help prevent esophageal varices.
Chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and chronic pancreatitis are inflammatory conditions of the liver and pancreas that can develop over many years. Chronic hepatitis refers to ongoing liver inflammation for at least six months caused by viruses like hepatitis B and C. Liver cirrhosis is severe scarring of the liver from chronic liver diseases that can lead to liver failure. Chronic pancreatitis is long-term pancreas inflammation and damage caused by factors like heavy alcohol use, genetics, or pancreatic duct blockages.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a tear in the lining of the esophagus or stomach caused by increased abdominal pressure from vomiting or straining. Symptoms include vomiting blood or dark stools. Diagnosis is usually via endoscopy. Treatment focuses on stopping bleeding through medications or endoscopic procedures. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by hemorrhoids, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include red or dark stools. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and endoscopy. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause and manage blood loss. Both conditions may require interprofessional care coordination and communication to improve outcomes.
An acute abdomen is severe abdominal pain that comes on suddenly and may require immediate medical care. It can be caused by conditions like appendicitis, diverticulitis, gallstones, or intestinal infections. Diagnosis involves examining the patient's medical history and symptoms, as well as tests like blood tests, imaging scans, and surgery if needed. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include pain relievers, surgery, or other medical interventions.
Portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis and liver transplantAnshu Yadav
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure within the portal venous system increases. It is commonly caused by liver cirrhosis and affects 5-10% of patients in developed countries. Cirrhosis results from chronic liver damage and scarring of the liver tissue. It can be caused by alcoholism, viral hepatitis, NASH, or genetic diseases. Common signs include fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, procedures like TIPS or banding of varices, and potentially liver transplantation.
Formation of hard, pebble and stone like structure mainly made up of cholesterol in gall bladder is called cholelithiasis.
Know more about cholelithiasis
This document provides an outline of a lecture on upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. It begins with definitions and discusses the epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of upper GI bleeding. The most common causes are bleeding peptic ulcers, erosive gastritis/esophagitis, and variceal bleeding from liver cirrhosis. The clinical presentation depends on features of blood loss and the underlying cause. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, and upper endoscopy. Treatment involves resuscitation, transfusions, medications, and procedures depending on the identified cause. Complications can be from blood loss, treatment, or the underlying condition. Pro
Peptic Ulcer complications By Abdullah Farooqi GM20-148.pptxshiv847105
The document discusses complications that can arise from peptic ulcers, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. Bleeding occurs when ulcers erode blood vessels, which can lead to vomiting blood or black stools. Perforation happens when an ulcer eats through the stomach or intestinal wall, causing severe abdominal pain and potentially shock. Obstruction develops from scarring that narrows the digestive tract and blocks food passage.
Blood in Stool? – is it a Severe Problem? | Dr. Samrat JankarDr. Samrat Jankar
Uncover the truth about 'Blood in Stool' – a comprehensive guide to understanding the potential severity of this symptom. Learn about causes, warning signs, and when to seek medical attention. Empower yourself with knowledge for informed decisions about your health.
This document provides information on ascites including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and management. Ascites is defined as the accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most often caused by liver cirrhosis (75% of cases), malignancy, or heart failure. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam finding shifting dullness or fluid wave, and abdominal ultrasound or paracentesis. Initial ascites management consists of sodium restriction, diuretics, and large volume paracentesis for refractory ascites.
The document discusses the radiological approach to evaluating acute abdominal pain. It outlines various imaging techniques including plain X-rays, ultrasound, and CT scans. CT is superior for confirming diagnoses, detecting complications like free air or fluid collections. Common causes of abdominal pain by quadrant are described. Key findings on imaging for conditions like bowel obstruction, ileus, pancreatitis and cholecystitis are provided.
This document outlines a presentation on the pathophysiology and management of acute abdomen. It begins with definitions of acute abdomen and types of abdominal pain. Pathophysiological mechanisms including luminal obstruction, inflammation, peritonitis, ischemia and non-specific pain are described. Common causes like appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction and perforated viscus are listed. Immediately life-threatening diagnoses of perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and ruptured ectopic pregnancy are highlighted. Clinical assessment techniques and investigations are outlined. Management principles focusing on ABCs, fluid resuscitation and need for surgery in some cases are emphasized in the take-home message.
The document discusses 8G technology and provides three key points:
1. 8G will provide faster wireless connection speeds than current 5G technology and allow for new applications like virtual reality.
2. Researchers are still working on developing 8G and expect initial deployments around 2030. It may use technologies like terahertz waves to transmit data at 100+ gigabits per second.
3. 8G faces technical challenges around transmitting data at such high frequencies and developing new modulation schemes to improve data rates and network capacity. Extensive testing will still be needed before commercialization.
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding in children beyond infancy. It notes that upper GI bleeding is common in pediatric ICU patients and is a frequent reason for referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. The document then discusses the various etiologies of GI bleeding in children in detail, including gastrointestinal, systemic, genetic, and spurious causes. It provides information on diagnosing and grading GI bleeds and outlines management approaches including initial resuscitation, endoscopic therapies, pharmacotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, including its causes, types, diagnostic studies, treatment options, and nursing management. The main causes of upper GI bleeding include drug use, esophageal varices, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and stomach or duodenal cancers. Diagnostic studies involve endoscopy to identify the source of bleeding. Treatment may involve endoscopic therapies, drugs to reduce bleeding, or surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on emergency stabilization and monitoring for signs of ongoing bleeding or complications.
The document discusses various gastrointestinal disorders including intestinal obstructions, peptic ulcer disease, bowel disorders like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and terms related to gastrointestinal bleeding. It provides details on causes, signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and methods to localize sources of bleeding for different gastrointestinal conditions.
Upper GI bleeding refers to bleeding that originates in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Common causes include peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, and gastritis. Risk factors include NSAID/aspirin use and H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, endoscopy, and blood tests. Management depends on risk level and includes hemodynamic stabilization, endoscopy, and treatment of the underlying cause. Outcomes range from full recovery to mortality rates as high as 30% in severe or continuing bleeding cases.
Approach to Management of Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) BleedingArun Vasireddy
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit (hematemesis) or in altered form in the stool (melena). Depending on the severity of the blood loss, there may be symptoms of insufficient circulating blood volume and shock. As a result, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency and typically requires hospital care for urgent diagnosis and treatment. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and some rarer causes such as gastric cancer.
The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine hemoglobin concentration. In significant bleeding, fluid replacement is often required, as well as blood transfusion, before the source of bleeding can be determined by endoscopy of the upper digestive tract with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Depending on the source, endoscopic therapy can be applied to reduce rebleeding risk. Specific medical treatments (such as proton pump inhibitors for peptic ulcer disease) or procedures (such as TIPS for variceal hemorrhage) may be used. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment.
Peptic ulcers form when the lining of the stomach or duodenum is corroded by acidic digestive juices. Common symptoms include abdominal pain relieved by food or antacids. While acid contributes to ulcer formation, infection with H. pylori bacteria is now believed to be the leading cause. Other risk factors include NSAID use, smoking, alcohol, and stress. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and narrowing or obstruction of the stomach outlet. Endoscopy allows visualization and biopsy of ulcers, while treatment aims to eliminate H. pylori infection and reduce acid secretion.
Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus that usually occur in people with liver disease. They develop when blood flow to the liver is blocked, forcing blood to flow through smaller veins not meant to carry large volumes. This can cause the veins to rupture and bleed. Symptoms of bleeding include vomiting blood or black stools. Treatment focuses on preventing further bleeding through medications, procedures to tie off veins, and potentially a liver transplant. Managing liver disease risk factors can help prevent esophageal varices.
Chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and chronic pancreatitis are inflammatory conditions of the liver and pancreas that can develop over many years. Chronic hepatitis refers to ongoing liver inflammation for at least six months caused by viruses like hepatitis B and C. Liver cirrhosis is severe scarring of the liver from chronic liver diseases that can lead to liver failure. Chronic pancreatitis is long-term pancreas inflammation and damage caused by factors like heavy alcohol use, genetics, or pancreatic duct blockages.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a tear in the lining of the esophagus or stomach caused by increased abdominal pressure from vomiting or straining. Symptoms include vomiting blood or dark stools. Diagnosis is usually via endoscopy. Treatment focuses on stopping bleeding through medications or endoscopic procedures. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by hemorrhoids, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include red or dark stools. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and endoscopy. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause and manage blood loss. Both conditions may require interprofessional care coordination and communication to improve outcomes.
An acute abdomen is severe abdominal pain that comes on suddenly and may require immediate medical care. It can be caused by conditions like appendicitis, diverticulitis, gallstones, or intestinal infections. Diagnosis involves examining the patient's medical history and symptoms, as well as tests like blood tests, imaging scans, and surgery if needed. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include pain relievers, surgery, or other medical interventions.
Portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis and liver transplantAnshu Yadav
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure within the portal venous system increases. It is commonly caused by liver cirrhosis and affects 5-10% of patients in developed countries. Cirrhosis results from chronic liver damage and scarring of the liver tissue. It can be caused by alcoholism, viral hepatitis, NASH, or genetic diseases. Common signs include fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, procedures like TIPS or banding of varices, and potentially liver transplantation.
Formation of hard, pebble and stone like structure mainly made up of cholesterol in gall bladder is called cholelithiasis.
Know more about cholelithiasis
This document provides an outline of a lecture on upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. It begins with definitions and discusses the epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of upper GI bleeding. The most common causes are bleeding peptic ulcers, erosive gastritis/esophagitis, and variceal bleeding from liver cirrhosis. The clinical presentation depends on features of blood loss and the underlying cause. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, and upper endoscopy. Treatment involves resuscitation, transfusions, medications, and procedures depending on the identified cause. Complications can be from blood loss, treatment, or the underlying condition. Pro
Peptic Ulcer complications By Abdullah Farooqi GM20-148.pptxshiv847105
The document discusses complications that can arise from peptic ulcers, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. Bleeding occurs when ulcers erode blood vessels, which can lead to vomiting blood or black stools. Perforation happens when an ulcer eats through the stomach or intestinal wall, causing severe abdominal pain and potentially shock. Obstruction develops from scarring that narrows the digestive tract and blocks food passage.
Blood in Stool? – is it a Severe Problem? | Dr. Samrat JankarDr. Samrat Jankar
Uncover the truth about 'Blood in Stool' – a comprehensive guide to understanding the potential severity of this symptom. Learn about causes, warning signs, and when to seek medical attention. Empower yourself with knowledge for informed decisions about your health.
This document provides information on ascites including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and management. Ascites is defined as the accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most often caused by liver cirrhosis (75% of cases), malignancy, or heart failure. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam finding shifting dullness or fluid wave, and abdominal ultrasound or paracentesis. Initial ascites management consists of sodium restriction, diuretics, and large volume paracentesis for refractory ascites.
The document discusses the radiological approach to evaluating acute abdominal pain. It outlines various imaging techniques including plain X-rays, ultrasound, and CT scans. CT is superior for confirming diagnoses, detecting complications like free air or fluid collections. Common causes of abdominal pain by quadrant are described. Key findings on imaging for conditions like bowel obstruction, ileus, pancreatitis and cholecystitis are provided.
This document outlines a presentation on the pathophysiology and management of acute abdomen. It begins with definitions of acute abdomen and types of abdominal pain. Pathophysiological mechanisms including luminal obstruction, inflammation, peritonitis, ischemia and non-specific pain are described. Common causes like appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction and perforated viscus are listed. Immediately life-threatening diagnoses of perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and ruptured ectopic pregnancy are highlighted. Clinical assessment techniques and investigations are outlined. Management principles focusing on ABCs, fluid resuscitation and need for surgery in some cases are emphasized in the take-home message.
The document discusses 8G technology and provides three key points:
1. 8G will provide faster wireless connection speeds than current 5G technology and allow for new applications like virtual reality.
2. Researchers are still working on developing 8G and expect initial deployments around 2030. It may use technologies like terahertz waves to transmit data at 100+ gigabits per second.
3. 8G faces technical challenges around transmitting data at such high frequencies and developing new modulation schemes to improve data rates and network capacity. Extensive testing will still be needed before commercialization.
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding in children beyond infancy. It notes that upper GI bleeding is common in pediatric ICU patients and is a frequent reason for referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. The document then discusses the various etiologies of GI bleeding in children in detail, including gastrointestinal, systemic, genetic, and spurious causes. It provides information on diagnosing and grading GI bleeds and outlines management approaches including initial resuscitation, endoscopic therapies, pharmacotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
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#فهم_ماكو_درخ
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3. Overview
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a symptom of a disorder in your
digestive tract. The blood often appears in stool or vomit but
isn’t always visible, though it may cause the stool to look black
or tarry. The level of bleeding can range from mild to severe
and can be life-threatening.
4. Symptoms
Vomiting blood, which might be red or might be dark brown and resemble
coffee grounds in texture
Black, tarry stool
Rectal bleeding, usually in or with stooL
Lightheadedness
Difficulty breathing
Fainting
Chest pain
Abdominal pain
5. Causes
Upper GI bleeding
Peptic ulcer
Tears in the lining of the tube that connects your throat to your stomach (esophagus )
Abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices)
Esophagitis
Lower GI bleeding
Diverticular disease
Tumors
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Colon polyps
6. Risk factors
Chronic vomiting.
Alcoholism.
Medications, including but not limited to. Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatories (NSAIDs); commonly used NSAIDs include.
Aspirin. Ibuprofen (Advil) Naproxen (Aleve) Anticoagulants.
Gastrointestinal surgery.
8. Prevention
To help prevent a GI bleed:
Limit your use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Limit your use of alcohol.
If you smoke, quit.
If you have GERD, follow your doctor’s instructions for treating
it.
9. Diagnosis
Blood tests. You may need a complete blood count, a test to see how
fast your blood clots, a platelet count and liver function tests.
Stool tests. Analyzing your stool can help determine the cause of occult
bleeding
Upper endoscopy. This procedure uses a tiny camera on the end of a
long tube, which is passed through your mouth to enable your doctor to
examine your upper gastrointestinal tract.
Imaging tests. A variety of other imaging tests, such as an abdominal CT
scan, might be used to find the source of the bleed
10.
11. Treatment
Inject medicines into the bleeding site.
Treat the bleeding site and surrounding tissue
with a heat probe, an electric current, or a laser.
Close affected blood vessels with a band or clip.
12. Medicines
When infections or ulcers cause bleeding in your GI tract, health
care professionals prescribe medicines to treat the problem
Surgery
When a person has severe acute bleeding or bleeding that does
not stop, a surgeon may need to perform a laparoscopy or a
laparotomy to stop the bleeding.
13. Clinical trials
Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments,
interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect,
treat or manage this condition.
14. Pathogenesis
The main inciting event in the pathogenesis of upper
gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is damage to mucosal
injury. This mucosal injury can occur at various levels of
GI tract. If the damage and bleeding is confined up to
ligament of Treitz, it is defined as upper GI bleeding.
