Related to Remote sensing and GIS

1. Introdu
ction to
GIS

2. Let's consider
a problem !
Ground
Water
Depletion
!

3. Reasons could be??

4. More demand of water
Less recharge of GW
resources

5. • Irregular rainfall patterns
• High Living standards-high water demand
• Urbanization- More runoff than infiltration
• Irrigation

6. Can you guess How many
litres of water is required to
make a pair of jeans?

7. 7600 Lt !

8. What's the solution?

9. As An
administra
tor
•Make sure whatever
rainfall we are having ,
as much as possible of
it infilters into ground
surface and do not
flow as runoff (which
is a waste as from our
problem standpoint)
•How to do that ?

10. Recharge wells,
recharge ponds ,
check dams
Where will be the
sites for these
construction
Solution !

11. Recharge well

12. check dams

13. Continuous contour trenches

15. Who's this guy?

16. Ground Water
Potential

17. •What factors will affect GW Potential of
an area?
•Or what data would you require?

18. First one
would be ??

19. LULC
MAP OF
AREA
WHERE
WOULD
YOU GET
THAT
FROM?

20. Answer
•SOI-Topographical Sheet
•Bhuvan-ISRO Website for
downloading RS Images
•USGS – NASA Website for
downloading RS Images

23. Next one?

24. •Soil Data
•Where would you get that from?

25. Answer
• Soil and land use Survey of India
• ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute

28. •Do we require geological map as
well?

30. Topographic data
•Showing the Elevation
•Slopes

31. Misc.
•Lineament maps- showing joints, fractures
and folds that are present beneath the
surface of earth .
•Water holding capacity of these lineaments
is very good and acts as a good conductor of
water transmission

32. Lineament map-faults and
fissures in rock

33. Hydrological/meterological data
Rainfall Temp.

34. Source of
this data
• IMD
• Hydromet

36. How will you
combine this data?

37. Output
map

38. GIS offers a solution
!

39. GIS
• Is a system designed for storing, analyzing, and
displaying spatial data.
• Geographic relates to the surface of the earth.
• Information is a knowledge derived from study,
experience, or instruction.
• System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex whole.

41. BASIC
ELEMENTS/component
s OF GIS
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Procedures/
Methods
•People

42. Hardware
•Any device (a computer, a
smartphone, a tablet, a
laptop, a monitor, a printer,
a scanner, etc.) that stores
large GIS datasets, GIS
software, and applications
can be referred to as the
hardware.

43. SOftware
• GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to
store, analyze, and display geographic information.
• Key software components are:
• Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic
information ·
• Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and
visualization
• A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools

44. Comm
on gis
softwar
es
• ArcGIS
• QGIS
• SAGA GIS
• MapInfo
• ILWIS
GRASS, Open Street Maps,
PostgreSQL/PostGIS, GeoServer

45. methods/procedures
• An integral part of the GIS framework is the various
techniques used to turn data into digestible and
actionable information for easy interpretation.
• This may include algorithms, statistics, formulas,
and models that are predefined and unique to each
application.

46. methods/
procedures
Step 1 :
State the
problem
Step 2:
Break
the
problem
down
Step 3 :
Explore
the
input
datasets
Step 4 :
Analyse
the data
Step 5 :
Verify
the
results
Step 6 :
Impleme
nt the
results

47. data
•Geographic data and related tabular data
(can be collected manually or purchased
from a commercial data provider)
• Since a GIS incorporates data from
multiple sources, its accuracy defines the
quality of the GIS.

50. What is
the
source of
this data?

51. •Data Types

53. People
• Most important part of a GIS
• Includes decision makers, GIS software experts,
Ground data collection Teams
• Define and develop the procedures used by a GIS

54. •Awesome
People

56. Functions/OPERATIONS of GIS
• Data collection
• Capture data
• Data storing, processing & analysis
• Store data ,Query data ,Analyze data
• Output production
• Display data
• Produce output

57. Data
collection
• Using GPS & RS
• Paper maps are also
sources of data

58. Data storing,
processing &
analysis

59. Output
•Maps, Pie charts, Images,
Graphs
•Statistical reports

60. DEFINITIONS
AND
TERMINOLOG
Y USED IN GIS
• Geographical Entity
• Entities are the things in the real
world
• Objects are the things in digital
world
•How do we
represent real world
entities in GIS?

61. Geogra
phic
Entity
• Real world geographic entities are
represented in the form of objects
(point/ line/polygon) having
spatial data and attribute data.
• Spatial data means representing
the location of the
object(Lattitude, longitude,
Elevation)
• Attribute data is the additional
data associated with the object
other than location. It may be a
text, numerical value etc.

66. What
about
elevation?
•How would be
represent
elevation of a
particular
geographic area?

68. DEM

69. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Simplest form of digital elevation of topography.
• Digital representation of elevation of earth.
• It gives elevation, slope , aspect.
• Where would be use DEM????

70. DEM
•Landslides vulnerability
•Hydrology

71. Attributes
• Attributes are the characteristics of the map features.
• Hold the descriptive information about the geographic
features.
• Attributes are the non-spatial data(location is not
attched to them direcly) .They are considered
characteristics of entity ..
• Also feed the information in the tabular form in GIS

72. Attributes
• A point represents a hotel, a line represents the road
and area represents the boundaries of the lake.
• Each spatial entity may have more than one
attribute associated with it , that is, a point
representing the hotel may have a number of rooms,
standard of accommodation and other related info.

75. Layer
• The visual representation of a geographic dataset
in any digital map.
• Data in a layer is represented with points, lines,
shapes (polygons), or surfaces.
•Layer can be a satellite image as well.
• Maps in a Geographic Information System are
made by combining multiple layers

77. Digitizatio
n
• Digitization is the process
of converting geographic
data into digital form.
• During this process,
spatial data on maps or
images are traced as
points, polylines or
polygons.

82. Common errors in Digitization

84. Digitization error

85. Topology
Spatial relationships between adjacent or neighboring features
which do not change under any transformation.
Adjacency and containment describe the geometric relationships which
exist between area features. Areas can be described as being adjacent
when they share a common boundary.
Containment is an extension of the adjacency that describes area
features which may be wholly contained within another area feature,
such as, an island within a lake.
Connectivity is a geometric property used to describe the linkages
between line features, like road network.

86. Topology

89. •Are there any disadvantage of
topological model ?

90. Categories/
Types of GIS
•2D GIS- GIS data
with only x, y
coordinates

91. 2D GIS

92. 2.5 D
GIS
• 2.5D maps are an upgrade of
2D maps
• In the 2.5 D case, for the pair of x, y
co-ordinates, a third dimension is
integrated which is dependent
upon the x, y cod.
• Third dimension is defined by
predetermined equation:
• z = f (x, y)
• This third dimension could be
anything like height, soil data,
temp data, rainfall data

96. •In 2.5 D ,objects appear to be in 3D, but
in reality map is not 3D.

97. 3D GIS
• In the 3-D case, for the same pair of x, y co-
ordinates,~ z co-ordinate is calculated
independently from the x, y pair.
• Example - Terrain Elevation Models(DEM), TIN

98. 2d to 3D

100. Question
•Is Google street view a 2D, 3D or 2.5 D??
•Is google maps 2d, 2.5D or 3D?

101. • Can there be a 4D GIS?
• If yes, what could be the 4th dimension?

102. It's
Time !
In 4D GIS, file formats
support the collection
of time data—
(Temporal Data)
In the vector data file
type (Google maps),
you can add
timestamps as
attributes in the layer
name.
With raster data files,
(Google earth image)
time information is
usually put into the file

103. WhAt's the use of
4D GIS in civil
engineering?

104. 4D GIS – an alternative to
conventional PERt &cpm
• Construction progress of the project should be
monitored at every time.
• Project monitoring acts as safety step in construction
projects which alerts and advices the organizations
about occurrence of construction failures and delays.
• It includes the process of collecting, analysing, and
recording information regarding the project.

105. 4D GIs in construction planning
and monitoring
• For better understanding of construction sequence
and for providing better visualization of the
construction progress planner makes use of 2D
drawings and integrates it with their corresponding
component schedules in GIS software .
• New advancements in GIS software are use of time
component which helps planners in depicting real
world components.

106. • More the no. Of dimensions, more will be the
data and more complex the algorithms !