The document provides an overview of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), detailing its components, subsystems, and applications. It defines GIS as a computer-based system for managing, analyzing, and displaying spatially referenced data, highlighting the importance of spatial and attribute data types in vector and raster formats. Additionally, it discusses various GIS applications across fields such as agriculture, forestry, and environmental monitoring.

1. GIS & Remote Sensing
BY USING
BASIC AND ADVANCED TOOLS OF
ArcGIS Version 10.7.1
Zelalem Belay
Email:zelalemb212008@gmail.com
Mobile: +251(947-05-55-51)

2. Fundamentals of GIS
CHAPTER ONE

3. GIS stands for
• Geographic relates to the surface of the earth.
• Information is a knowledge derived from study,
experience, or instruction.
• System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex
whole.
• Science is the observation, identification,
description, experimental investigation, and
theoretical explanation of phenomena.

4. • A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a
system for capturing, storing, analyzing and
managing data and associated attributes, which
are spatially referenced to the Earth.
• Is a computer-based tool for mapping and
analyzing geographic phenomenon that exist, and
events that occur, on Earth.
• GIS represents the integration of many subject
areas.
• It is a computer based system used to store,
analyze and display spatial information.

5. …Continue
 The geographical information system is also called as a
geographic information system or geospatial information
system.
 A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool to work
with georeferenced information.
 GIS is a flexible and versatile tool and most disciplines today
use GIS in one way or another.
 A broadly accepted definition of GIS is the one provided by the
National Centre of Geographic Information and Analysis:
 GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to
facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis, modeling,
representation and display of georeferenced data to solve
complex problems regarding planning and management of
resources (NCGIA, 1990)

6. • GIS Subsystems and Functions
• A GI S software has four main functional
subsystems. These are:
→ a data input subsystem;
→ a data storage and retrieval subsystem;
→ a data manipulation and anal y sis subsystem;
and
→ a data output and display subsystem.
1− Data Input: A data input subsystem
allows the user to capture, collect, and
transform spatial and thematic data into digital
form. The data inputs are usually derived
from a combination of hard copy maps,
aerial photographs, remotely sensed images,
reports, survey documents, etc.

7. 2. Data Storage and Retrieval: it organizes the data, spatial and
attribute, in a form which permits it to be quickly retrieved by
the user for anal y sis, and permits rapid and accurate updates
to be made to the database. This component usually involves use
of a database management system (DBMS) for maintaining
attribute data.
3. Data Manipulation and Analysis: it allows the user to define
and execute spatial and attribute procedures to generate derived
information.
 This subsystem is commonly thought of as the heart of a GIS.
4. Data Output: The data output subsystem allows the user to
generate graphic displays,
normally maps, and tabular reports representing derived information
products.

8. 1.2 Components of a GIS
Has five series components that combine to make
the system work.
A. Hardware
This is the computer system on which a GIS operates.
E.g.. Mobile devices, personal computer,server
computer etc…
B. Software
This provides the functions and tools needed to
store, analyze and display geographic information.

9. C. Data :Can be
 geographic and tabular
 Can be purchased from a commercial data provider
or freely accessed.
D. People:Users that use and manipulate GIS technology
 Range from technical specialists who design and
maintain the system
 to those who use it to help them perform their
everyday work.
E. Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed
implementation plan and business rules which are the
models and operating practices unique to each organization.

10. • Guidelines
• Specifications
• Standards and
• Procedures
Methods can be :-

11. GIS technology utilizes two basic types of data.
1. Spatial data: Describes the absolute and relative
location of geographic features
 Spatial data :refers to information that is
associated with a location or place
 Attribute data: It describes the characteristics
of the spatial features.
This is Descriptive data. It identifies what the
map data is.

1.3. GIS data types

12.  Can be quantitative and/or qualitative in nature.
 Is often referred to as tabular data
 Attribute values in GIS are stored as relational table.
 Each features (point, line and polygon)within each
GIS layer will be represented as a recorded in a table.

13. Those Spatial and Tabular Data Models are sub divided in to Two
data formats.
These are:- vector and raster data formats
1. Vector data formats: describes the boundaries of real world
objects using 2d geometric types.
 Geographic entities encoded using the vector data model are
called features.
 Features are vector objects of type point, line and polygon.
 Easy to create and store.
 Easy to retrieve and render on a screen.
 may result in gaps or over laps of polygon.
 In the vector data model features on the earth are represented as:
point, line , polygon.
…1. Introduction

14. 1. point: the smallest spatial entity.
represented by a single (x, y) coordinate pair.
Points are zero dimensional and consists of
coordinate pairs.
Examples:-
Gas wells, light poles, building, accident
location, and survey points, etc.

15.  2. line: an ordered set of coordinate pairs.
 have a starting point, an ending point,
 Starting points and ending points for a line are
sometimes referred to as nodes,
 while intermediate points in a line are referred to as
vertices.
 A long, straight line may be represented by two
coordinate pairs,
 one at the start and one at the end of the line.
 Curved linear entities are most often represented as a
collection of short and straight small lines.
 Lines are one dimensional and consists of points
 Line layers can be represent rivers, road, water system,
telephone line, electric lines etc…

16. 3. polygon
 represented by closed polygons.
 are formed by a set of connected lines, either:-
 one line with an ending point that connects back to the
starting point, or
 as a set of lines connected start-to-end.
 have an interior region and may entirely enclose other
polygons in this region.
 may be adjacent to other polygons and thus share “bordering”
or “edge” lines with other polygons.
 Attribute data may be attached to the polygons, e.g., area,
land cover type, City, ,region, zone, woreda, country ,be
linked to each polygon.

17. Raster data: Raster representation divides the world into arrays
of cells and assign attributes to the cells.
Raster data can be obtained from remote sensing and/or from
scanning of the hard copy maps.
2. Raster Data Format

18.  Raster data models incorporate the use of a grid-cell data structure where the
geographic area is divided in to cells identified by row and column.
 Raster data models are the natural means to represent “continuous” spatial
features or phenomena. Elevation, precipitation, slope, and pollutant
concentration are examples of continuous spatial variables.
Raster versus vector data representation.
…Raster Data Format

19. Georeferencing is the process of defining exactly where on
the earth's surface an image or raster dataset
was created.
• Longitude is the angle measured from the Greenwich
meridian.
is the angle east or west of the prime meridian
Greenwich
•Latitude is the angle measured between the equatorial plane
and the normal line of the ellipsoid.
is the angle north or south of the equatorial plane
1.4. Georeferencing

20.  Is a system that tries:-
• to portray(represent) the surface of the earth OR a
portion of the earth on a flat piece of paper OR
computer screen.
 A coordinate reference system (CRS) then defines,
• how the two dimensional, projected map in your GIS
is related to real places on the earth.
 There are two types of CRS
A.Geographic Coordinate Systems
B. Projected coordinate reference systems
Coordinate reference systems

21. A.Geographic Coordinate Systems
 Use degrees of latitude and longitude
 Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator and divide the earth into
180 equally spaced sections from North to South (or South to North).
 The reference line for latitude is the equator and each hemisphere is
divided into ninety sections, each representing one degree of
latitude.
Geographic coordinate system
with lines of latitude parallel to
the equator and lines of
longitude with the prime
meridian through Greenwich.
Ethiopia is located at
3 degree and 14.8 degree latitude, 3
3 degree and 48 degree longitude

22. B. Project Coordinate Systems
 A two-dimensional coordinate reference system is commonly
defined by two axes.
• The horizontal axis is normally labelled X, and the vertical axis is
normally labelled Y.
 In a three-dimensional coordinate reference system, another axis,
normally labelled Z, is added.
Projected coordinate reference systems. Two-
dimensional with X and Y coordinates
(left) and three-dimensional with X, Y and Z
coordinates (right).
The Universal Transverse Mercator zones

23. 1.5. Application areas of GIS
Agriculture: crop type classification, crop condition assessment, crop
yield estimation, mapping of soil characteristics, etc.
Forestry: forest cover type discrimination, agroforestry mapping,
forest inventory, biomass estimation, etc.
Environmental monitoring: Determination of effects of natural
disasters, Monitoring environmental
effects of man's activities
Land Use Mapping: Classification of land uses (capability and
suitability), monitoring urban growth,
Mapping of transportation networks
Water Resources: Determination of water boundaries and surface
water area and volume
Geology: mapping rock types, geologic units
Socio-economic infrastructure: To determine best location, to
evaluate the existing infrastructure

24. In the fields of Applications Indicated Above GIS
can be Applied in Different ways. It can be through:
Mapping Locations: can be used to map locations. GIS allows the creation of
maps through automated mapping, data capture, and
surveying analysis tools.
Mapping Quantities: forest People map quantities, like where the most and least
are, to find places that meet their criteria and take action,
or to see the relationships between places. This gives an
additional level of information beyond simply mapping the
locations of features.
Mapping Densities: While you can see concentrations by simply mapping the
locations of features, in areas with many features it may be
difficult to see which areas have a higher concentration than
others.
Finding Distances: GIS can be used to find out what's occurring within a set
distance of a feature.
Mapping and Monitoring Change: GIS can be used to map the change in an area
to anticipate future conditions, decide on a
course of action, or to evaluate the results of
an
action or policy.

25. 1.6. Data Sources for GIS applications
1. Digitized and Scanned data: a cost-effective, though
indirect, method of obtaining existing paper maps
2. Databases (spatial and non-spatial): capable of
storing large amount of data with a number of useful
functions
3. Remote sensing: use of Earth orbiting satellites and
airborne sensors to capture information about the
surface and atmosphere below.
4. GPS field sampling of attributes: a system of Earth-
orbiting satellites transmitting precisely timed signals
to a special electronic device.