Giralda, Alhambra
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The Giralda tower in Seville was originally constructed in the late 12th century as a minaret for the city's main mosque under Moorish rule. After the Christian reconquest of Seville in the late 15th century, a bell tower was added to the top of the minaret, increasing its total height to almost 100 meters and transforming it into the bell tower of the new cathedral. The tower remains the most iconic landmark in Seville.
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The document provides an overview of the Alhambra palace complex located in Granada, Spain. It describes the uncertain early history of buildings on the site. In the 13th century, Yusuf ibn Nasr began construction of the existing citadel structures. Over the next two centuries, the Nasrid dynasty rulers expanded the palace city until the Christian reconquest in 1492. The architecture features ornate decorative elements like arabesques, sebka patterns, and azulejo tiles within palaces, courtyards and halls in the complex.
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The document provides an overview of the Alhambra palace complex located in Granada, Spain. It describes the uncertain early history of buildings on the site. In the 13th century, Yusuf ibn Nasr began construction of the existing citadel structures. Over the next two centuries, the Nasrid dynasty rulers expanded the palace city until the Christian reconquest in 1492. The architecture features ornate decorative elements like arabesques, sebka patterns, and azulejo tiles within palaces, courtyards and halls in the complex.
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The Alhambra palace in Granada, Spain was built in the Moorish architectural style. It features Islamic design elements like column arcades, fountains, reflecting pools, geometric patterns, Arabic inscriptions, and painted tiles. The original construction was ordered by the king of Granada and continued by his son, Muhammad II. The decoration includes carved stucco, tiles with floral designs, and Quranic inscriptions. The central courtyard is surrounded by 124 white marble columns and features a tiled square and colonnade along with fountains and pools.
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The Alhambra is a 14th century palace and fortress complex in Granada, Spain built by Moorish rulers. It consists of various palaces like the Comares Palace and gardens like the Generalife. After the Christian conquest in 1492, it was altered but still reflects Islamic culture. It is considered one of Spain's most important monuments and a top tourist destination, receiving millions of visits each year.
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CHAPTER 6Central Islamic LandsFor reasons provided in .docx
CHAPTER 6
Central Islamic Lands
For reasons provided in the Prologue to Part II of this vol-
ume, the presentation of the medieval arts in central Islamic-
lands has been divided into two sections.
The first section deals with the rule of the Fatimid
dynasty, which began in Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia)
around 908, moved its capital to Egypt in 969 under the
leadership of the brilliant caliph al-Mu
f
izz, and ruled from
there an area of shifting frontiers which, at its time of great-
est expanse, extended from central Algeria to northern
Syria, the middle Euphrates valley, and the holy places of
x\rabia. Its very diminished authority, affected by internal
dissensions and by the Crusades, was eliminated by Saladin
in 1 171. The dynasties dependent on them vanished from
North Africa by 11 59, while Sicily had been conquered by
the Normans in 1071.
The second section focuses on the art of the whole area in
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (at least until 1260), but
only on its eastern part, essentially the Mesopotamian val-
ley, in the eleventh. Several interlocking dynasties were
involved in struggles and competitions which were as con-
stant as they are difficult to describe and to recall. The lands
of Iraq, the Jazira, Syria, Anatolia, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia,
and Yemen were a mosaic of feudal rules enriched by the
overall prosperity of the area, much involved in the elimina-
tion of the Crusaders' states, and largely committed to the
revival of Sunnism and the destruction of what they consid-
ered to be a Shi ite heresy. Although ideological opponents
of the Fatimids, these feudal rulers shared with them both
taste and material culture, and the visual distinctions
between the arts of the two realms is not always easy to
demonstrate.
part 1
The Fatimids in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria
The arts of this period of some 250 years are difficult to
define on account of regional differences and of the growing
complexity of Fatimid contacts with the rest of the Muslim
world, the Christian West, Byzantium, and even India and
China. The Fatimid era is North African, Egyptian, Syrian,
and Arabian; but it is also Mediterranean and pan-Islamic.'
Politically, and in many ways culturally and artistically,
Fatimid power and wealth were at their highest before the
middle of the eleventh century. Shortly after 1050, however,
in the middle of the long reign of the caliph al-Mustansir
(1036-94), financial difficulties, famines, droughts, and
social unrest led to two decades of internal confusion out of
which order was not re-established until the 1070s. At the
same time, in North Africa, an attempt by local Berber
dynasties to shake off Shi'ite allegiance led to a new invasion
by Arab tribesmen and to a thorough change of economic
and political structure,
2
as Tunisia and western Algeria lost
much of their agricultural wealth and entered by the twelfth
century into a western rather than eastern Islamic and
Mediterranean cultural sphere. Dur ...
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Giralda, Alhambra
- 1. The Giralda tower was originally a Minaret, constructed by the Moors between 1184 and 1197 up to 76 m. in height. After the reconquest in 1568 the Christians fitted the minaret with the bell tower, reaching a total height of almost 100 m. The Giralda tower is the most emblematic monument of Seville The Giralda is the most emblematic monument of Seville Originally the minaret of the former mosque was crowned by three golden spheres that fell and disappeared in the 16th century after an earthquake. Several designs were proposed to substitute them.
- 2. A masterpiece of Almohad art The subtle, delicate decoration exemplifies perfectly the principles of the Almohad religious movement. It is rigorous, austere and against all forms of luxury. This was the origin of an artistic trend that linked beauty with simplicity. The Giralda Tower of Sevilla and the Kutubiyya of MarrakechThe Koutoubia tower in Marrakesh, built just before the Giralda tower, served as a model for the latter. Each one of its four sides is divided into three vertical sections decorated in sebka brick. This pattern, when repeated, forms a network of diamond shaped multileaved arcs. You can climb the 70m bell chamber up a 34 story ramp with a slope that decreases toward the top to facilitate easy climbing.
- 3. The Alhambra is located on a strategic point, with a view over the whole city and the meadow (la Vega), and this fact leads to believe that other buildings were already on that site before the Muslims arrived. The complex is surrounded by ramparts and has an irregular shape. It limits with the valley of the river Darro on its northern side, with the valley of al-Sabika on its southern side and with the street Cuesta del Rey Chico on the eastern side. The Cuesta del Rey Chico is also the border between the neighbourhood of the Albaicin and the gardens of the Generalife, located on top of the Hill of the Sun (Cerro del Sol). The first historical documents known about the Alhambra date from the 9th century and they refer to Sawwar ben Hamdun who, in the year 889, had to seek refuge in the Alcazaba, a fortress, and had to repair it due to the civil fights that were destroying the Caliphate of Cordoba, to which Granada then belonged. This site subsequently started to be extended and populated, although not yet as much as it would be later on, because the Ziri kings established their residence on the hill of the Albaicin.
- 4. The castle of the Alhambra was added to the city's area within the ramparts in the 9th century, which implied that the castle became a military fortress with a view over the whole city. In spite of this, it was not until the arrival of the first king of the Nasrid dynasty, Mohammed ben Al-Hamar (Mohammed I, 1238-1273), in the 13th century, that the royal residence was established in the Alhambra. This event marked the beginning of the Alhambra's most glorious period. First of all, the old part of the Alcazaba was reinforced and the Watch Tower (Torre de la Vela) and the Keep (Torre del Homenaje) were built. Water was canalised from the river Darro, warehouses and deposits were built and the palace and the ramparts were started. These two elements were carried on by Mohammed II (1273- 1302) and Mohammed III (1302-1309), who apparently also built public baths and the Mosque (Mezquita), on the site of which the current Church of Saint Mary was later built.
- 5. Yusuf I (1333-1353) and Mohammed V (1353-1391) are responsible for most of the constructions of the Alhambra that we can still admire today. From the improvements of the Alcazaba and the palaces, to the Patio of the Lions (Patio de los Leones) and its annexed rooms, including the extension of the area within the ramparts, the Justice Gate (Puerta de la Justicia), the extension and decoration of the towers, the building of the Baths (Baños), the Comares Room (Cuarto de Comares) and the Hall of the Boat (Sala de la Barca). Hardly anything remains from what the later Nasrid Kings did.