EOC review questions

1. Getting Ready for EOC!!!
Objective 2
Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body
Systems

2. Objective 1: The nature of science
Lab Safety and Equipment
Measurement
Representing Data

3. Lab Safety and Equipment
Scientific Method:
1. Observation
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Experiment
6. Conclusion

4. Lab Safety Rules
 1. Read, understand and follow all safety instructions.
 2. Follow directions and only use equipment that you
need.
 3. Locate safety equipment.
 4. Pour acid to water, not water to acid.
 5. Use water to wash chemicals off eyes and skin.
 6. Keep correct spatula/stopper with the right
container.
 7. Report accidents, spills, broken glass to teacher.
 8. No eating, drinking or directly smelling chemicals.
 9. Keep hair and clothing away from fire.
 10. Point test tubes away from yourself and others.

5. Equipment
 Match the equipment to its correct description.
 1. C
 2. D
 3. E
 4. F
 5. H
 6. B
 7. J/I
 8. K
 9. L
 10. M
 11. N
 12. A
 13. G

6. Measurement
Accuracy: how close you can get to the
correct (true) value.
Precision: how consistent you can get the
original value, known as repeatability.Measurement SI Unit Tools
Volume Liters(L) Graduate Cylinder
Length Meters (m) Ruler/Meter Stick
Force Newton’s (N) Spring scale
Temperature Celsius (°C) Thermometer
Mass Gram (g) Balance

7. Levels of Organization
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

8. Chloroplasts
Central
Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
Cyotplasm
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane

9. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

10. How do things go in and out of the cell?
 Diffusion
Molecules move from
areas of high
concentration to an areas
of less concentration.
i.e. from where there are a
lot of them to where there
are none…
Ex. Mom is mopping in
the kitchen and you can
smell it in your room…the
Pine Sol molecules have
diffused across the house!

11. Osmosis:
Another way a cell maintains homeostasis
 Water moving in and out of
cells…
Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution
More water in cell than out
Cell Shrinks 
Hypo”hippo” tonic Solution
More water outside cell than in
 cell swells and blows up 
Isotonic Solution
Equal amounts of water in and
out of cell  Cell is Happy 

12. Moving the Big Stuff!!
 Large molecules are more difficult to get
passed the “Bouncer  AKA cell membrane”
 Passive Transport
“easy” no energy

13. Moving the Big Stuff
 Some molecules are still too big!!
 “Bouncer Needs Some Help”
 Active Transport
 Not so easy
 Need Energy  ATP!!

14. Cell Cycle: Cells Have to Reproduce
 Organisms must:
Grow
Repair
Reproduce
Eukaryotes…
More complicated!!
Prokaryotes
(Binary Fission…simple!!)

15. Photosynthesis:
Energy from the Sun

16. Cellular Respiration:
Energy from food!!

17. ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells
Light
Water

18. Macromolecules
 Nucleic Acids
Genetic Info
 Proteins
Structure and Enzymes
 Carbohydrates
Source of Energy
 Lipids
Storage of Energy

19. Nucleic Acids
 DNA
Double Stranded
Composed of
nucleotides:
 Deoxyribose Sugar
 Phosphate
 Nitrogen Bases
• A-T G- C
Is the “Blueprint for the
building”
 RNA
Single Stranded
Composed of
nucleotides
Ribose Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Bases
• A-U, G-C
Is the “Construction
Worker who builds
Proteins”

20. Replication:
Copying DNADNA
 Cells Copy DNA before they divide
 Occurs in nucleus
 A=T, G=C (visa/versa)
 Sometimes mistakes occur 
 Mutations:
 Changes in DNA

21. Transcription:
From DNAmRNA
 Uses DNA info to make
mRNA
 Occurs in Nucleus
 No T in mRNA only U
 A=U
 T=A
 G=C
 C=G
 Mistakes in replication
are carried on through
transcription!! 

22. Translation: The Finale
mRNA  Protein
 Occurs in Cytoplasm
 Players:
Ribosomes
Amino Acids
mRNA
Protein
 Mutations during
replication and
transcription make
wacked out proteins that
may not work well!!
 Wanna know how to
make a protein?

23. Okay Solve the Puzzle
 Find the protein:
-AUG CCA UUA
Met – Pro – Leu
-AUG GGU UCA
Met – Gly – Ser
-AUG ACU UUU
Met – Thr – Phe

24. Genetics
 DNA makes up Genes
 There are two parts to every gene called Alleles
 Each allele is either:
Dominant: Expressed (Capital Letter T)
Recessive: Not Expressed (lower-case letter t)
 If both alleles are dominant then the gene is
Homozygous dominant (TT)
 If both alleles are recessive then the gene is
Homozygous recessive (tt)
 If one is dominant and the other is recessive then its
Heterozygous (Tt)

25. Genetics
Genotype
That Gene stuff again ex. TT, Tt, tt
Phenotype
What it looks like  Tall, Short…big nose…little
nose
You get the idea!!!

26. Examples of Monohybrid Crosses
 The P generation pea
plants consist of TT tall
plants and tt- short
plants. Tall is
dominant over short.
Cross a tall plant and a
short plant
 Genotype Ratio:
4Tt
 Phenotype Ratio:
4 Tall Plants
 Probabilities:
Being Tall: 4 out of 4
Being Short: 0 out of 4
Cross: TT X tt
T T
t
t
T t T t
T t T t

27. Examples of Monohybrid Crosses
 Cross two F1
generation plants
 Our last cross only
produced one genotype
Tt
 Genotype Ratio:
1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt
 Phenotype Ratio:
3 Tall Plants: 1 Short
 Probabilities:
Being Tall: 3 out of 4
Being Short: 1 out of 4
Cross: Tt X Tt
T t
T
t
T T T t
T t t t

28. Levels of Organization
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

29. Human Body Systems

30. Circulatory System
Major Structures
heart, blood
vessels, blood,
lymph
Functions
transports
nutrients, wastes,
hormones, and
gases

31. Digestive System
Major Structures
 mouth, throat,
esophagus, stomach,
liver, pancreas, small and
large intestines
Functions
 extracts and absorbs
nutrients from food;

32. Immune System
Major Structures
 white blood cells, lymph
nodes and vessels, skin
Functions
 defends against
pathogens and diseases
Stuff that makes you
Sick!!! 

33. Integumentary System
Major Structures
 skin, nails, hair
Functions
 protects against injury,
infection, and fluid loss;
helps regulate body
temperature

34. Muscular System
Major Structures
 skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscle tissues
Functions
 moves limbs and trunk;
moves substances
through body; provides
structure and support

35. Nervous System
 Major Structures
brain, spinal cord,
 Functions
Regulates behavior;
maintains homeostasis;

36. Respiratory System
Major Structures
 lungs, nose, mouth,
trachea
Functions
 moves air into and out of
lungs; controls gas
exchange between blood
and lungs

37. Skeletal System
Major Structures
 bones and joints
Functions
 protects and supports
the body and organs;
interacts with skeletal
muscles; produces red
blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets

38. Endocrine System
Major Structures
 hypothalamus, pituitary,
pancreas, pineal, adrenal,
thyroid, parathyroid,
testes, and ovaries
Functions
 regulates body
temperature, metabolism,
development, and
reproduction; maintains
homeostasis; regulates
other organ systems

39. Taxonomy:
Classifying and Organizing
 Eight Levels
1. Domain - Broadest level DID
2. KINGDOM - KING
3. PHYLUM - PHILLIP
4. CLASS - COME
5. ORDER - OVER
6. FAMILY - FOR
7. GENERA - GOOD
8. SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI
- Species can interbreed and produce
offspring

40. Classifications
There are only 2 Domains:
Prokayota - All Bacteria
Eurkaryota - Everything Else
There are 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

41. Cell Membranes
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Protists:
Uni/Multicellular
Autotro/Heterotrophs
Membrane-bound
organelles
Prokaryotes:
Bacteria
Cell Wall
Unicellular Only
Auto/heterotrophs
Eukaryotes
Cell Wall
Autotrophs
Membrane-
Bound
Organelles
Eurkaryotes
Heterotrophs
Membrane-
Bound
organelles
Eukaryotes
Cell Wall
Heterotrophs
Membrane-bound
Organelles
Multi/Unicellular

42. DNA/
RNA
•I can not
reproduce
on my own
•I’m Non-living
•I’m just a
Little “Robot”
•I cause HIV,
Influenza,
Small Pox
Bacteria vs. Viruses:
Living vs. Non-Living
•I can reproduce
though Binary
Fission
•I’m Alive
•I have all this
Cool cell stuff
Inside!!
•I cause strep,
Staph, E. coli,
Diptheria…Yuck!
Killer T-cells (really big
White blood cells) are
Our arch-enemies!!

43. Virus…”How it’s All Done”
Attaches Injects Viral
DNA
Forces cell to
build virus parts
Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!
Virus explode
Out of cell

44. Evolution:
Change over Time
 Fossil
Preserved or
mineralized remains or
imprint of organism that
lived long ago

45. How do we know evolution has occurred?
 Homologous Structures
Structural features with a
common evolutionary
origin
 Vestigial Structures
Body structure in a
present-day organism that
no longer serves its original
purpose, but was probably
useful to an ancestor.

46. Natural Selection:
Decent with Modification
 Natural Selection
Organisms best adapted to
their environment will survive,
reproduce and pass on their
“super genes”!!
Ex. A strange mutation
occurs which makes a moth
white…well it snows. Who
survives best the white moth
or the black moth!!

47. Adaptations
 Mimicry
 A structural adaptation that enables
one species to resemble another
species
 Copying…to stay alive!!
 Camouflage
 Adaptation that enables species to
blend with their surroundings
 Animals INCOGNITO!!

48. Adaptations:
Those Pesky Bacteria Again
 Bacteria have this funny way of repelling all of our
modern antibiotics and antibacterial chemicals
 Because they reproduce so rapidly new mutations occur
often
 These new mutations often lead to RESISTANCE TO
ANTIBIOTICS OR ANTIBACTERIALS!!!

49. Extinctions: Organisms go Bye-Bye!
Extinction
One species goes BYE BYE!!
Mass Extinction
Many species go BYE BYE!!

50. •Ecology
•Begins with the
SUN
•Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

51. Energy Transfer
 Producers
Autotrophs
Gather energy from
the sun
(Photosynthesis)
Have the most
energy!!
 Consumers
Heterotrophs
Have to consume (eat)
other organisms in
order to survive

52. Energy Pyramid
Tertiary Consumer
.1% Energy
Smallest Biomass
Secondary Consumer
1% Energy
Even Smaller Biomass
Primary Consumer
10% Energy
Smaller Biomass
Producers
100% Energy
Large Biomass

53. Food Web:
Arrows point to where the energy is flowing

54. Draw as many food chains as possible!!

55. Food Web
Arrows point to
Where energy is flowing!!

56. Water Cycle

57. Levels of Organization
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

58. Living or Not
 Biotic
Living
Fungus
 Abiotic
Not Living
Virus

59. Ecosystems
 Organism
• An individual living
thing that is made
of cells, uses
energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops

60. Ecosystem
 Population
A group of
organisms, all of
the same species,
which interbreed
and live in the
same place at the
same time.

61. Ecosystem
Habitat is the place a
plant or animal lives
It’s home!!
Niche is an organism’s
total way of life
Kinda…like its day job!!

62. Symbiosis
Interactions between species can become
so intimate that one or both become
dependent on the other
PARASTISM
COMMENSALISM
MUTALISM

63. Parasitism
One species
benefits at the
expense of the
other.
Ex. Leech sucking
your blood!!!

64. Commensalism
One species
benefits while the
other is unaffected
Ex. Epiphytes are
plants that grow on
trees. They do not
harm or help the
trees that live on.

65. Mutualism
 Both species benefit
Ex. Insects and birds
often eat the nectar
made by flowers and
while doing so they will
get pollen attached to
their feet. When they fly
away they spread the
pollen onto nearby
flowers which aides in
the reproduction of the
plant.

66. Predation
 Organisms eating
other organisms
Ouch..that’s gotta
sting a little!!

67. Parts of the Plant
 Roots
water and minerals are
absorbed (taproots vs
fibrous roots)

68. Leaves
 Photosynthetic organ
of the plant, used to
convert sunlight into
food
 Stomata: pores within
the leaf that open to let
CO2 in and O2 out.
Guard cells open and
close.
 Cuticle: waxy covering
on leaf that prevents
water loss