2. Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of
carbohydrate metabolism.
It is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting
from the inadequate production or ineffective
use of insulin.
5. Pregestational DM: type 1 or 2 DM that
existed before pregnancy occurred.
Gestational DM (GDM): glucose intolerance
with onset during pregnancy.
6. Effect of pregnancy on Diabetes
Pregnancy has been called a diabetogenic state in
which the need for glucose is increased, creating a
resistance to insulin.
Maternal insulin dose not cross placenta.
By the 10th
weeks of gestation the fetus must secrete
his own insulin.
During the first trimester maternal glucose levels
decrease as result of fetal demand for rapid cell
division, N&V.
7. During the 2nd
and the 3rd
trimester rising levels of
hormones ( estrogen, progesterone, human
placental lactogen, cortisol, and insulinase) increase
insulin resistance through their action as insulin
antagonists.
Maternal insulin demands increases 3 folds.
During labor, with increased energy needs, the DM
mother may require more insulin.
Pp decrease in insulin requirements.
Maternal tissues quickly regain their nonpregnant
sensitivity to insulin.
8. Pregestational DM
Pregnancy will affect glycemic control.
Pregnancy may accelerate the progress of vascular
complications.
OHA cannot be taken during pregnancy.
During the 1st
trimester, the mother’s blood glucose
levels are usually reduced and she may need less
insulin.
Insulin resistance continues to rise until the last few
weeks of pregnancy.
9. Risks and complications
Fetal complications
1. Maternal hyperglycemia may cause fetal
anomalies.
2. Macrosomia and impaired fetal lung functions
( RDS) can occur.
3. At birth hypoglycemia may occur in the neonate.
4. Polycythemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperbilirubinemia,
thrombocytopenia.
10. Two babies born to
diabetic mothers in the
Rijks hospital 1956.
One mother attended the
center throughout
pregnancy, the other
didn’t.
12. Assessment and management
The advised care plan:
1. Monitoring diet.
2. Exercise.
3. Insulin administration.
Assess the emotional status.
Her knowledge of DM to determine her educational
needs.
Physical examination include ECG to assess her
cardiovascular status.
13. Diet
The recommended diet is based on blood glucose
levels.
Average diet may be 30-35 kcal/kg of body weight in
the 1st
trimester, and 35kcal/kg in the 2nd
and 3rd
trimester with carefully planned snacks.
About all women 1500-2000 kcal.
A large bed time snack is recommended to prevent
overnight hypoglycemia.
40-50% of calories should be complex, high fiber
carbohydrates, 20% protein, 30-40% from fats
14. The woman is taught signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
and home care of such events.
Vitamins and folic acid in the form of prenatal vitamins is
recommended.
Exercise: individually prescribed exercise according to the
prepregnant life style is recommended. Proper exercise
enables muscle activity to help normalize glucose levels.
15-30 minutes of walking 4-6 time per week .avoid vigorous
exercise ,must performed after meal ,if uterine contraction was
felt, the exercise should be stopped immediately .
15. Insulin therapy : In 1st
trimester the insulin
dosage reduce to avoid hypoglycemia.
0.7units /kg
In 2nd
&3rd
trimester the insulin dosage
0.8units /kg in 18-26 week
0.9units /kg in 27-36 week
1unit /kg in 37 week
16. Gestational DM
GDM is diabetes mellitus defined as carbohydrate
intolerance of variable severity, with the first
recognition during pregnancy.
Some women with GDM exhibit the classical S&S of
diabetes, including excessive thirst, hunger,
urination, and weakness.
The routine urine analysis showing glucoseuria.
The risk of congenital malformation and
spontaneous abortion is less than pregestational
DM.
GDM is usually diagnosed in the 2nd
half of
pregnancy.
17. Diet often controls gestational diabetes, however 10-
15% of women with GDM will require insulin to
maintain glycemic control.
S&S of GDM may disappear a few weeks after the
birth of the newborn. However 35-50% of women will
show deterioration of CHO metabolism in the next 15
years of life.
18. Screening During Pregnancy
The usual time to screen is between 24-28 weeks gestation.
Glucose challenge test commonly given for GDM is the 50-g, 1-
hour diabetes challenge test.
If the plasma glucose 1 hour after ingestion 50 g glucose is
greater than 140 mg/dl, a follow up oral glucose tolerance testis
performed for more accurate evaluation.
Oral glucose tolerance Test ( OGTT) gold standard test.
Fasting BS before test, give100g glucose (3 hr) 1,2,3 hr BS
sample.
19. )OGTT)
Positive for GDM two or more levels are met or
exceeded
Fasting Less than 95 mg/dl
1-hr Less than 180 mg/dl
2-hr Less than 155 mg/dl
3-hr Less than 140 mg/dl
20. Glucose monitoring
Aim of therapy strict BS control.
Fasting BS 65-105mg/dl ( Euoglucemia)
The goal of glucose monitoring is to maintain a level
between 80-120 mg/dl postprandial level.
The evaluation of glycemic control is based a
glycosylated hemoglobin( HbA1c) level. Measuring
the amount of glucose attached to HbA determine
the glycemic control for the preceding 2-3 months.
Monitor daily blood glucose at home.
Fasting + postprandial glucose weekly.
22. Insulin therapy:
Pregestational DM and GDM could be
managed by diet and exercise.
Up to 20% need insulin.
FBS more than 105 insulin should be started.
23. Elective induction of labor may be planned between
38-40 weeks in well controlled diabetic woman.
Intrapartum care: during labor and birth monitor BS
every 2 hrs, range between 80-120, glucose IVF not
commonly used.
C/s birth is common because of CPD.
PP care: most GDM return to normal BS levels after
birth. ( 50% next pregnancy may develop GDM).
24. Fetal surveillance
Prenatal fetal assessment is essential during
pregnancy and labor.
Tests include a biophysical profile, kick
count, nonstress test.
Editor's Notes
Two babies born to diabetic mothers in the Rijkshospital, Copenhagen, 1956 (reproduced from reference). One large fat baby weighing 4.7 kgs at 38 weeks gestation was born to a diabetic mother who had not attended the centre until two days before the baby was born. This mother's blood glucose was clearly much too high throughout the pregnancy. The other baby weighed only 2.05 kg, born rather earlier at 36 weeks. The mother had attended regularly throughout the pregnancy.
In Belgium Dr J P Hoet, an obstetrician, had started doing 50 g GTT in pregnancy after World War 2.
It was reported in a letter to the British Medical Journal (1 February 1879) from a doctor in Torpoint, Cornwall, UK, that a child born on Christmas Day 1852 weighed 9.5 kg (21 lb).The world record for big babies is held by an unnamed Canadian baby, who was born in 1879 and lived for just 11 hours. At birth, it weighed a massive 10.5kg - making it roughly the size of an average 14 month old