1) Germplasm refers to plant material like seeds, flowers, cells or tissues that is preserved to maintain genetic diversity for crop improvement.
2) Scientists store germplasm in gene banks by freezing or slowing the growth of plant material so it remains dormant.
3) Storing germplasm is important for developing new crop varieties that are drought tolerant, produce higher yields, or have other desirable traits. It provides a backup of genetic resources for agriculture.
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
embryo culture production of haploid plantKAUSHAL SAHU
Embryo culture is an in vitro technique.
Zygotic embryo culture has proven itself an invaluable method in plant science for both pure and applied research.
This is useful technique in plant tissue culture where embryo abortion is reported at early stage and seed setting is failed.
Here immature embryo, ovary or ovule is rescued ( separated ) and cultured.
Embryo rescues, it is actually embryo culture.
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
A novel method for triploid plant production, Increases yield of timber and fuel, Rescuing Embryos from Incompatible Crosses, Overcoming Dormancy and Shortening Breeding Cycle
Haploid culture are known to be culture the anther/pollen and ovary/ovule of plants.
Make sporophyte with the help of gametophyte.
One set of chromosome
Recessive mutation is easily detectable
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
embryo culture production of haploid plantKAUSHAL SAHU
Embryo culture is an in vitro technique.
Zygotic embryo culture has proven itself an invaluable method in plant science for both pure and applied research.
This is useful technique in plant tissue culture where embryo abortion is reported at early stage and seed setting is failed.
Here immature embryo, ovary or ovule is rescued ( separated ) and cultured.
Embryo rescues, it is actually embryo culture.
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
A novel method for triploid plant production, Increases yield of timber and fuel, Rescuing Embryos from Incompatible Crosses, Overcoming Dormancy and Shortening Breeding Cycle
Haploid culture are known to be culture the anther/pollen and ovary/ovule of plants.
Make sporophyte with the help of gametophyte.
One set of chromosome
Recessive mutation is easily detectable
Boost your Garden Yields with Companion Planting TechnologiesKailis35k
Boost your Garden Yields with Companion Planting Technologies. Increase your garden's production by 250 percent or more.
Includes a downloadable Companion Planting Chart. Many Links to books, web sites and much more
This slides briefly summarize some of my research studies, which include studies on oomycetes, biological controls and plant growth-promoting bacteria, and pathogenic nematodes. The overall goal of the seminar was to show how our understanding of the various plant associating microbes can facilitate better crop production to ensure more food security.
1. NEWS 498EDIT THISKaroline Kastanek<br />LOCATED IN BFC<br />Brief #3 – GermplasmApril 09, 2010<br />Germplasm: agriculture’s insurance policy<br />Imagine if a dab of paint from each Leonardo da Vinci painting could be stored and used to duplicate each of his paintings. Just a dab of paint touched to a blank canvas and, “voila” – an exact replica of the Mona Lisa grows out from the dab of paint! That dab of paint is what germplasm is for an entire plant species, except there is a bit more than just “voila.” <br />Germplasm is a piece of plant material suspended in growth. For example, scientists may collect a plant’s seed, flower bud, cell or tissue and freeze or suspended its growth. Just as da Vinci produced more than just one painting, a plant species has more than one variety, or genetic variability. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Web site said, “Well-documented plant genetic diversity in germplasm collections provides plant breeders and other scientists with the raw materials necessary for crop improvement and other research efforts.” <br />After harvesting germplasm, scientists keep it alive in a dormant stage until they need it. Molecular Plant Biotechnology’s Web site said that scientists can use liquid nitrogen to lower the plant material’s temperature and thus, suspend plant material growth. Scientists can also reduce the oxygen concentration in the storage area or give germplasm hormones to slow its growth.<br />To improve crop traits, scientists all over the world store germplasm. “INTSORMIL scientists have stored and used germplasm as seed since inception of the program,” said Dr. Yohe, director of INTSORMIL. Yohe said that these scientists preserve germplasm in seed form in dry, cold storage places such as the facility in Lubbock, Texas. This collection of sorghum, millet and other small crop material has helped INTSORMIL scientists develop new crop varieties that can survive adverse climate conditions such as drought, cold temperatures and soil low in nutrients. <br />Don Lee, an agronomy professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, explained that the greatest genetic diversity of a plant can be found in its place of origin. Thus, INTSORMIL scientists harvest most of their sorghum and pearl millet germplasm from Africa. As more uses of sorghum and pearl millet develop, scientists are also constantly experimenting to find varieties with higher yield potential for more uses than just grain.<br />For example, Ismail Dweikat, an INTSORMIL scientist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, uses transgenetics to study sorghum cellulose. The transgenetic process occurs when scientists select a gene from one plant species and insert it into the DNA strand of another plant species. More foliage on a sweet sorghum plant increases its content of cellulose, a main component used to produce biofuels.<br />Transgenetics may work well for increasing foliage in sorghum, but not necessarily for seed. Some scientists are saving germplasm to combat what Lee calls “genetic escape.” Lee said that when scientists genetically modify crops like sorghum harvested for seed (grain sorghum), the herbicide-resistant genes may crossbred into weeds in the same family as the crop. <br />For example, if a U.S. farmer plants transgenetic grain sorghum unharmed by herbicide in his or her field, the grain sorghum could crossbreed with its relative and noxious weed, shattercane. After crossbreeding with the transgenetic grain sorghum, the shattercane seed also becomes tolerant to the herbicide. This makes it harder for farmers to control shattercane in their fields. In effect, scientists store germplasm to make better sorghum. It’s like insurance for genetic diversity.<br />Just as Mona Lisa has her place in the Louvre, germplasm has its place in agriculture.<br />