This document provides an overview of basic German phrases, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, including:
- Common greetings, farewells, and phrases for asking questions
- Pronunciation of vowels, diphthongs, and consonants that differ from English
- Gender of nouns and cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) nouns take
- Definite and indefinite articles as well as demonstrative adjectives
Our website : http://goo.gl/zCWBxe
Our mobile app :
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.teachme.german
German is your way to learn german grammar and german vocabulary.
The german courses are organised and by categories. In german vocabulary section you find german words about : Transportation, clothes, places, family members,school, work, holiday, food, furniture...etc
Also there is german grammar courses about german pronunciation, german phrases, german tenses.
we start with basic german language and then we go to the advanced level.
Follow the german courses and you will realize progress in your german language. Go ahead and Enjoy !
http://goo.gl/zCWBxe
don't forget to install our mobile app
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.teachme.german
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to lessons on the French language from Wikibooks. The introduction discusses French as a Romance language descended from Latin and outlines its history and current usage. It then provides advice for studying French, noting that it requires commitment to a regular practice schedule and immersion in the language and culture. The document also covers the French alphabet and rules for pronouncing final consonants and the liaison between words.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in three levels of French language instruction. Level 1 covers basic phrases, pronunciation, the alphabet, nouns and articles, vocabulary, subject pronouns, verbs like être and avoir, numbers, days, months, directions and more. Level 2 builds on this with topics like the imperfect tense, transportation, clothing, future tenses, adjectives and sports. Level 3 covers more advanced grammar like the passive voice, object pronouns, the subjunctive mood and Quebec French. The document is a comprehensive overview of the content in a French curriculum.
This document provides a pronunciation guide and drills for Vietnamese. It includes:
- An overview of the Vietnamese alphabet and phonology, outlining the consonants and vowels.
- Tables showing the pronunciation of each letter compared to English.
- Examples of consonant and vowel combinations in Vietnamese words along with their English meanings.
- A set of 34 practice drills that provide example words to demonstrate different consonant and vowel sounds and combinations. The goal is to help English speakers learn correct Vietnamese pronunciation.
Linking verbs in english and turkish, yuksel goknel, 2015goknely
This document discusses linking verbs in English and Turkish. It notes that in Turkish, subject allomorphs are attached to verb phrases and auxiliary allomorphs follow main verbs in succession. In English, auxiliary verbs are considered bound morphemes as they do not convey meaning without a following verb. The document also discusses Turkish vowel and consonant harmony rules, noting that words follow either a front or back vowel harmony sequence. Suffixes attached to borrowed words follow the vowels of the last syllable.
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknelgoknely
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregularities in English pronoun forms.
The document provides a lesson on pronouncing the /t/ and /d/ sounds in English. It explains that the mouth position is the same for both sounds, with the tip of the tongue placed behind the teeth. The difference is that /t/ is voiceless while /d/ is voiced. It provides examples of words containing these sounds and sentences to practice pronunciation. It also notes exceptions where the /t/ sound may be omitted in certain contexts like between vowels or before /n/.
Modal verbs in english and modal allomorphs in turkish, yuksel goknel (revise...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
1. The document discusses modal verbs in English and corresponding modal allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of how modal verbs are used in English to change verbs into interrogative or negative forms, while in Turkish modal meanings are expressed through suffixes added after the main verb.
2. Several Turkish modal allomorphs are described, including suffixes that can indicate rumor, possibility, certainty, or negation. Complex verb conjugations in Turkish are formed through a sequence of suffixes attaching in a specific order.
3. Examples are given of English modal verbs and their Turkish translations, demonstrating how modal meanings expressed by separate words in English are integrated into verb morphology in Turkish through suffixation.
Our website : http://goo.gl/zCWBxe
Our mobile app :
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.teachme.german
German is your way to learn german grammar and german vocabulary.
The german courses are organised and by categories. In german vocabulary section you find german words about : Transportation, clothes, places, family members,school, work, holiday, food, furniture...etc
Also there is german grammar courses about german pronunciation, german phrases, german tenses.
we start with basic german language and then we go to the advanced level.
Follow the german courses and you will realize progress in your german language. Go ahead and Enjoy !
http://goo.gl/zCWBxe
don't forget to install our mobile app
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.teachme.german
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to lessons on the French language from Wikibooks. The introduction discusses French as a Romance language descended from Latin and outlines its history and current usage. It then provides advice for studying French, noting that it requires commitment to a regular practice schedule and immersion in the language and culture. The document also covers the French alphabet and rules for pronouncing final consonants and the liaison between words.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in three levels of French language instruction. Level 1 covers basic phrases, pronunciation, the alphabet, nouns and articles, vocabulary, subject pronouns, verbs like être and avoir, numbers, days, months, directions and more. Level 2 builds on this with topics like the imperfect tense, transportation, clothing, future tenses, adjectives and sports. Level 3 covers more advanced grammar like the passive voice, object pronouns, the subjunctive mood and Quebec French. The document is a comprehensive overview of the content in a French curriculum.
This document provides a pronunciation guide and drills for Vietnamese. It includes:
- An overview of the Vietnamese alphabet and phonology, outlining the consonants and vowels.
- Tables showing the pronunciation of each letter compared to English.
- Examples of consonant and vowel combinations in Vietnamese words along with their English meanings.
- A set of 34 practice drills that provide example words to demonstrate different consonant and vowel sounds and combinations. The goal is to help English speakers learn correct Vietnamese pronunciation.
Linking verbs in english and turkish, yuksel goknel, 2015goknely
This document discusses linking verbs in English and Turkish. It notes that in Turkish, subject allomorphs are attached to verb phrases and auxiliary allomorphs follow main verbs in succession. In English, auxiliary verbs are considered bound morphemes as they do not convey meaning without a following verb. The document also discusses Turkish vowel and consonant harmony rules, noting that words follow either a front or back vowel harmony sequence. Suffixes attached to borrowed words follow the vowels of the last syllable.
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknelgoknely
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregularities in English pronoun forms.
The document provides a lesson on pronouncing the /t/ and /d/ sounds in English. It explains that the mouth position is the same for both sounds, with the tip of the tongue placed behind the teeth. The difference is that /t/ is voiceless while /d/ is voiced. It provides examples of words containing these sounds and sentences to practice pronunciation. It also notes exceptions where the /t/ sound may be omitted in certain contexts like between vowels or before /n/.
Modal verbs in english and modal allomorphs in turkish, yuksel goknel (revise...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
1. The document discusses modal verbs in English and corresponding modal allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of how modal verbs are used in English to change verbs into interrogative or negative forms, while in Turkish modal meanings are expressed through suffixes added after the main verb.
2. Several Turkish modal allomorphs are described, including suffixes that can indicate rumor, possibility, certainty, or negation. Complex verb conjugations in Turkish are formed through a sequence of suffixes attaching in a specific order.
3. Examples are given of English modal verbs and their Turkish translations, demonstrating how modal meanings expressed by separate words in English are integrated into verb morphology in Turkish through suffixation.
The document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. In Turkish, verbs are made into infinitives through various suffixes added to the verb, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives and gerunds. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, while gerunds function as nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate how Turkish infinitives correspond to either English infinitives or gerunds in different sentence structures and functions.
This document provides vocabulary lists and grammar explanations from 7 chapters of a Latin textbook. It defines vocabulary words with part of speech and English definitions. It also explains key grammatical concepts like noun and verb endings, noun and adjective agreement, case usage, and conjugations. The summaries focus on the essential grammatical information and concepts covered in each chapter, without copying directly from the text.
- The document discusses the simple past and present perfect tenses in Turkish.
- In Turkish, the "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" tense covers both the simple past and present perfect tenses in English.
- This tense uses the time morpheme "[Dİ]" which has eight allomorphs that are added to verb roots and stems according to vowel harmony rules.
Conditional sentences in english and turkishgoknely
1. The document discusses conditional sentences in English and Turkish. It describes the different types of conditional sentences based on whether the condition is real or unreal, and whether it refers to the present or past.
2. It provides examples of conditional sentences in Turkish using different verb structures depending on the type of condition. It also notes how pronouns are often implied through subject allomorphs.
3. Examples are given to illustrate each type of conditional sentence, with translations to English. Various uses of conditional sentences are also explained.
The document contains definitions and examples for several English words:
- Above is defined as an adverb or preposition meaning higher than, more than, or at a level greater than. Examples include "The kettle was above the fire."
- At all is defined as an adverb meaning in any way or of any type. Examples include "I don’t like him at all" and "He’s had no food at all."
- Last is defined as final or at last meaning finally. An example is "He tried hard and at last he could solve the problem."
The document provides part of speech, definitions, transliterations and examples for each word defined. It appears to
This document provides an overview of basic Italian phrases, vocabulary and grammar. It covers topics such as verbs for doing and making, work and school related vocabulary, prepositions of place, countries and nationalities, verbs for coming and going, conjugating regular verbs, reflexive verbs, irregularities in regular verbs, and how to form the present perfect tense. The document is intended as a tutorial for someone learning Italian as a second language.
This document provides a contrastive list of English and Turkish verbs. It notes that some English verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, while Turkish has fewer such verbs. The document then lists examples of frequently used English verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive, along with their Turkish equivalents and how their forms change. It provides the verbs in sentences and notes syntactic differences between English and Turkish, such as how objects and subjects are marked.
MORPHEMES, THEIR ALLOMORPHS AND SYLLABLES AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN TURKISHOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses morphemes, syllables, and interrogative sentences in Turkish. It begins by defining morphemes and explaining how they can have allomorphs that are pronounced differently but carry the same meaning. It then describes how the Turkish sound system rearranges morphemic sequences into pronounceable syllables. The rest of the document provides examples of how morphemes combine based on vowel and consonant rules. It also categorizes four types of interrogative sentences in Turkish - yes/no questions, choice questions, tag questions, and questions using question words. Throughout, it uses colored underlining to identify subjects, verbs, objects, and other parts of speech in the example sentences.
- The document discusses the simple past and present perfect tenses in Turkish.
- In Turkish, the "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" tense covers both the simple past and present perfect tenses in English.
- This tense uses the time morpheme "[Dİ]" which has eight allomorphs that are added to verb roots based on vowel harmony rules.
Linking verbs in turkish and their english equivalents, yuksel goknelOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses linking verbs and morphology in English and Turkish. It notes that:
1. Turkish verb phrases contain a subject allomorph attached to the main verb, unlike in English. Turkish verbs are also arranged differently, with the main verb followed by auxiliary allomorphs.
2. Turkish uses allomorphs instead of auxiliary verbs to convey tense and aspect. Vowel and consonant harmony rules govern how suffixes are attached in Turkish.
3. Turkish has two vowel harmony chains - one for back vowels and one for front vowels - that determine vowel sequences in words. Consonants are classified as voiced or unvoiced, and consonant harmony also applies when suffixes are attached.
Modal verbs in english and modal allomorphs in turkish, yuksel goknel (revise...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses modal verbs in English and corresponding modal allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of how modal verbs in English are used to change verbs into interrogative or negative forms, while in Turkish modal meanings are expressed by suffixes added after the main verb. Some key points:
- Modal verbs in English like can, may, must are used before main verbs, while Turkish uses suffixes called allomorphs attached after main verbs.
- Turkish allomorphs follow the main verb and include negation, modal meaning, tense, and subject, in that order.
- Examples show how English modal verbs map to Turkish allomorphs, like "can" to "-(y)abil", and how they
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknel signedOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregular forms in English. It analyzes examples to demonstrate these differences between the two languages.
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish infinitives are formed by adding various suffixes to verbs, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing") which can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
2) Both Turkish infinitives and English gerunds can be used as subjects, objects, objects of prepositions, or subject complements in sentences.
3) Some English present participles formed with "-ing" can be used as adjectives, with Turkish equivalents using suffixes like "-en/-an".
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish forms infinitives by adding suffixes like "-mek" to verbs, while English uses both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing").
2) Turkish infinitives always function as nouns, while English infinitives and gerunds can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
3) Both languages use infinitives and gerunds in similar grammatical roles like subjects, objects, and after prepositions, but Turkish only uses infinitives while English uses both.
Interrogative sentences in turkish, yuksel goknelgoknely
This document discusses different types of interrogative sentences in English and Turkish. It describes:
1) Yes/no questions in Turkish which use question allomorphs like "mi, mı, mü, mu" and can be formed with subject allomorphs or added after statements.
2) Choice questions which expect alternative answers between two options.
3) Tag questions which are added after positive or negative statements.
4) Questions using question words within statements. It provides examples of interrogative sentences in various Turkish verb tenses and forms.
The circumflex accent (^) in Turkish languageHalit Demir
In writing, a circumflex ‘düzeltme işareti’ (ˆ) is placed above
the vowels a and u to show vowel length, or to indicate palatalizing of the preceding consonant k, l, or g.
This document provides spelling tips and tricks for over 100 words in English. It explains origins and etymologies, common misspellings to avoid, and mnemonic devices or rules to remember correct spellings. For example, it notes that "colonel" is pronounced like "kernel" despite a different spelling, and that "truly" should not contain an "e". Overall, the document aims to help improve spelling through memorization of spelling patterns and exceptions.
Turkish Grammar - English-Turkish cognatesHalit Demir
Cognates are words that have a similar spelling, pronunciation, and meaning across two languages.In preparing this glossary, 3000 core (basic) English words has been taken as a reference. There may be some other words that can be added.
This document provides resources for learning Farsi/Persian, including virtual Farsi keyboards, videos demonstrating letter writing, exercises to practice reading and writing letters in initial, middle, and final positions, and conversations to practice verbs and relationships in the present tense. It includes vocabulary lists, conversation models, questions, and images to support learning grammar structures like the verb "to be" and possessive constructions using the ezāfe. The focus is on building foundational literacy and communication skills in Farsi.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining a positive attitude, even in tough work environments. It defines attitude as one's mindset or outlook, and identifies three components that make up attitudes: cognitions, affections, and behaviors. Maintaining a positive attitude depends on managing one's self-talk, choosing positive behaviors, and influencing one's environment with small acts like smiling and complimenting others. Examples are given of how successful figures like Abraham Lincoln were able to overcome failures and hardships through perseverance and a positive mindset. The document encourages taking responsibility for one's own attitude and choosing to view challenges optimistically rather than giving up.
The document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. In Turkish, verbs are made into infinitives through various suffixes added to the verb, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives and gerunds. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, while gerunds function as nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate how Turkish infinitives correspond to either English infinitives or gerunds in different sentence structures and functions.
This document provides vocabulary lists and grammar explanations from 7 chapters of a Latin textbook. It defines vocabulary words with part of speech and English definitions. It also explains key grammatical concepts like noun and verb endings, noun and adjective agreement, case usage, and conjugations. The summaries focus on the essential grammatical information and concepts covered in each chapter, without copying directly from the text.
- The document discusses the simple past and present perfect tenses in Turkish.
- In Turkish, the "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" tense covers both the simple past and present perfect tenses in English.
- This tense uses the time morpheme "[Dİ]" which has eight allomorphs that are added to verb roots and stems according to vowel harmony rules.
Conditional sentences in english and turkishgoknely
1. The document discusses conditional sentences in English and Turkish. It describes the different types of conditional sentences based on whether the condition is real or unreal, and whether it refers to the present or past.
2. It provides examples of conditional sentences in Turkish using different verb structures depending on the type of condition. It also notes how pronouns are often implied through subject allomorphs.
3. Examples are given to illustrate each type of conditional sentence, with translations to English. Various uses of conditional sentences are also explained.
The document contains definitions and examples for several English words:
- Above is defined as an adverb or preposition meaning higher than, more than, or at a level greater than. Examples include "The kettle was above the fire."
- At all is defined as an adverb meaning in any way or of any type. Examples include "I don’t like him at all" and "He’s had no food at all."
- Last is defined as final or at last meaning finally. An example is "He tried hard and at last he could solve the problem."
The document provides part of speech, definitions, transliterations and examples for each word defined. It appears to
This document provides an overview of basic Italian phrases, vocabulary and grammar. It covers topics such as verbs for doing and making, work and school related vocabulary, prepositions of place, countries and nationalities, verbs for coming and going, conjugating regular verbs, reflexive verbs, irregularities in regular verbs, and how to form the present perfect tense. The document is intended as a tutorial for someone learning Italian as a second language.
This document provides a contrastive list of English and Turkish verbs. It notes that some English verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, while Turkish has fewer such verbs. The document then lists examples of frequently used English verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive, along with their Turkish equivalents and how their forms change. It provides the verbs in sentences and notes syntactic differences between English and Turkish, such as how objects and subjects are marked.
MORPHEMES, THEIR ALLOMORPHS AND SYLLABLES AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN TURKISHOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses morphemes, syllables, and interrogative sentences in Turkish. It begins by defining morphemes and explaining how they can have allomorphs that are pronounced differently but carry the same meaning. It then describes how the Turkish sound system rearranges morphemic sequences into pronounceable syllables. The rest of the document provides examples of how morphemes combine based on vowel and consonant rules. It also categorizes four types of interrogative sentences in Turkish - yes/no questions, choice questions, tag questions, and questions using question words. Throughout, it uses colored underlining to identify subjects, verbs, objects, and other parts of speech in the example sentences.
- The document discusses the simple past and present perfect tenses in Turkish.
- In Turkish, the "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" tense covers both the simple past and present perfect tenses in English.
- This tense uses the time morpheme "[Dİ]" which has eight allomorphs that are added to verb roots based on vowel harmony rules.
Linking verbs in turkish and their english equivalents, yuksel goknelOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses linking verbs and morphology in English and Turkish. It notes that:
1. Turkish verb phrases contain a subject allomorph attached to the main verb, unlike in English. Turkish verbs are also arranged differently, with the main verb followed by auxiliary allomorphs.
2. Turkish uses allomorphs instead of auxiliary verbs to convey tense and aspect. Vowel and consonant harmony rules govern how suffixes are attached in Turkish.
3. Turkish has two vowel harmony chains - one for back vowels and one for front vowels - that determine vowel sequences in words. Consonants are classified as voiced or unvoiced, and consonant harmony also applies when suffixes are attached.
Modal verbs in english and modal allomorphs in turkish, yuksel goknel (revise...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses modal verbs in English and corresponding modal allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of how modal verbs in English are used to change verbs into interrogative or negative forms, while in Turkish modal meanings are expressed by suffixes added after the main verb. Some key points:
- Modal verbs in English like can, may, must are used before main verbs, while Turkish uses suffixes called allomorphs attached after main verbs.
- Turkish allomorphs follow the main verb and include negation, modal meaning, tense, and subject, in that order.
- Examples show how English modal verbs map to Turkish allomorphs, like "can" to "-(y)abil", and how they
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknel signedOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregular forms in English. It analyzes examples to demonstrate these differences between the two languages.
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish infinitives are formed by adding various suffixes to verbs, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing") which can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
2) Both Turkish infinitives and English gerunds can be used as subjects, objects, objects of prepositions, or subject complements in sentences.
3) Some English present participles formed with "-ing" can be used as adjectives, with Turkish equivalents using suffixes like "-en/-an".
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish forms infinitives by adding suffixes like "-mek" to verbs, while English uses both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing").
2) Turkish infinitives always function as nouns, while English infinitives and gerunds can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
3) Both languages use infinitives and gerunds in similar grammatical roles like subjects, objects, and after prepositions, but Turkish only uses infinitives while English uses both.
Interrogative sentences in turkish, yuksel goknelgoknely
This document discusses different types of interrogative sentences in English and Turkish. It describes:
1) Yes/no questions in Turkish which use question allomorphs like "mi, mı, mü, mu" and can be formed with subject allomorphs or added after statements.
2) Choice questions which expect alternative answers between two options.
3) Tag questions which are added after positive or negative statements.
4) Questions using question words within statements. It provides examples of interrogative sentences in various Turkish verb tenses and forms.
The circumflex accent (^) in Turkish languageHalit Demir
In writing, a circumflex ‘düzeltme işareti’ (ˆ) is placed above
the vowels a and u to show vowel length, or to indicate palatalizing of the preceding consonant k, l, or g.
This document provides spelling tips and tricks for over 100 words in English. It explains origins and etymologies, common misspellings to avoid, and mnemonic devices or rules to remember correct spellings. For example, it notes that "colonel" is pronounced like "kernel" despite a different spelling, and that "truly" should not contain an "e". Overall, the document aims to help improve spelling through memorization of spelling patterns and exceptions.
Turkish Grammar - English-Turkish cognatesHalit Demir
Cognates are words that have a similar spelling, pronunciation, and meaning across two languages.In preparing this glossary, 3000 core (basic) English words has been taken as a reference. There may be some other words that can be added.
This document provides resources for learning Farsi/Persian, including virtual Farsi keyboards, videos demonstrating letter writing, exercises to practice reading and writing letters in initial, middle, and final positions, and conversations to practice verbs and relationships in the present tense. It includes vocabulary lists, conversation models, questions, and images to support learning grammar structures like the verb "to be" and possessive constructions using the ezāfe. The focus is on building foundational literacy and communication skills in Farsi.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining a positive attitude, even in tough work environments. It defines attitude as one's mindset or outlook, and identifies three components that make up attitudes: cognitions, affections, and behaviors. Maintaining a positive attitude depends on managing one's self-talk, choosing positive behaviors, and influencing one's environment with small acts like smiling and complimenting others. Examples are given of how successful figures like Abraham Lincoln were able to overcome failures and hardships through perseverance and a positive mindset. The document encourages taking responsibility for one's own attitude and choosing to view challenges optimistically rather than giving up.
This document lists many common irregular verbs in English and provides their present, past, and past participle forms along with their meanings. It includes irregular verbs such as arise/arose/arisen, come/came/come, become/became/become, understand/understood/understood, get/got/gotten, forget/forgot/forgotten, ride/rode/ridden, write/wrote/written, wear/wore/worn, tear/tore/torn, sell/sold/sold, tell/told/told, give/gave/given, forgive/forgave/forgiven, forbid/forbade/forbidden, spend/spent/spent, send
The document provides an overview of the proposed Navajo-Hopi Little Colorado River Water Rights Settlement. It discusses the history of water rights claims in the region and definitions of key terms. The settlement would recognize the Navajo Nation's federal reserved water rights to surface and groundwater in the Little Colorado River system. It would fund infrastructure projects to deliver water to Navajo communities and establish management plans for shared aquifers and washes. Passing federal settlement legislation is necessary to authorize the projects and finalize the agreement in state court. The alternative is continuing litigation over Navajo water rights claims without guaranteed funding for water projects.
Eisuke Suzuki is the CEO of MessageLeaf Inc., a company that provides a service called MessageLeaf. Based on data shown, MessageLeaf saw a significant increase in daily pageviews for websites using its service after launching in October. The document also discusses how MessageLeaf allows for private feedback that feels more personal than alternatives like email or likes. It provides examples of conversations where readers provide thoughtful feedback, and writers discuss topics around developing strength and adapting to changes.
This document is a bill to approve a settlement of water rights claims between the Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, and their allottees in the State of Arizona. It would ratify and confirm a settlement agreement between these parties and the United States to resolve any claims to water from the Little Colorado River system and other areas in Arizona. It would also authorize the Secretary to carry out obligations under the settlement agreement, including constructing municipal water projects, and appropriate funds to fulfill obligations to the Native American parties.
The document provides an overview of the federal budget process and opportunities for the Navajo Nation to participate and advocate for their budget priorities at different stages. It outlines the timeline and key steps, including the President's budget proposal to Congress, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations bills drafted by committees, and final approval of appropriation bills. It also identifies the current members of the Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah congressional delegations relevant to Navajo Nation advocacy.
Lydia is a 12-year-old girl who enjoys anime, traveling, and playing with her Tentacool. She lives in an apartment with her family and visits a physiotherapy center twice a week to do exercises, bringing Tentacool along. After her exercises, she and a tired Tentacool take the bus home, hungry to eat with her brother George.
Hand gestures can have very different meanings across cultures. The speaker provides examples of common gestures and how their meanings vary, such as how a peace sign with the palm facing inward in Australia implies "go screw yourself." It is important to understand the cultural meanings of gestures when traveling internationally to avoid unintended offenses. The document outlines various gestures like thumbs up/down, OK signs, snapping fingers, and more, explaining how their implications differ greatly between regions and can even be considered rude insults. Cross-cultural communication requires awareness of these subtle but important cultural nuances in body language.
This document provides an overview of the English vowel system compared to the Spanish vowel system. It notes that English has 12 vowel sounds while Spanish only has 5. It then proceeds to describe each English vowel sound in detail, including typical spellings, examples of words, and similarities or differences to Spanish vowel sounds to aid Spanish speakers in pronunciation. Tips are also provided for some of the most challenging vowels for Spanish learners.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines weak and strong syllables and provides examples of different types of weak syllables based on their vowel sounds or syllabic consonants. It also discusses how weak syllables are pronounced compared to strong syllables and their role in keeping the stress-timed rhythm of English speech.
This document provides an overview of basic German grammar and vocabulary organized into 100+ sections. It covers pronunciation, the alphabet, nouns and cases, articles, pronouns, verbs like "to be" and "to have", useful words, question words, numbers, phrases, days/months, directions, colors and more. The level of detail is aimed at beginner German language learners to build foundational knowledge of core grammatical structures and common words.
Consonants positional variation, processes & strategiesJacqueline Trademan
This document discusses how consonant sounds vary based on their positional context and the surrounding sounds. It provides examples of phonemes and allophones, and how consonants are influenced by their position in words. Key points include: voiceless stops are aspirated initially but not medially; word-final stops are often unreleased; nasals and liquids can function as syllabic consonants; /l/ has light and dark allophones depending on position; consonant clusters are common initially and finally in English words but have restrictions on combinations; and clusters undergo processes like devoicing, affrication, reduction, and resyllabification.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a weak syllable as having one of four possible vowel sounds at its center: schwa (ə), a close front vowel like i, a close back vowel like u, or a syllabic consonant. It provides many examples of words containing weak syllables and discusses how weak forms are important for both producing and comprehending spoken English.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a weak syllable as having one of four possible vowel sounds at its center: schwa (ə), a close front vowel like i, a close back vowel like u, or a syllabic consonant. It provides many examples of words containing weak syllables and discusses how weak forms are important for both producing and comprehending spoken English.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a weak syllable as one that has a reduced vowel sound like schwa (ə), a close front vowel like i, a close back vowel like u, or a syllabic consonant. It provides many examples of words containing weak syllables and discusses how weak forms are important for both producing and comprehending English speech due to the influence on rhythm. Teaching weak forms can help improve foreign students' pronunciation and listening skills.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a weak syllable as one that has a reduced vowel sound like schwa (/ə/) or one of three other vowel types. It provides many examples of words containing weak syllables based on their spelling patterns. The document also discusses weak forms in English, where unstressed words are pronounced differently than their stressed counterparts. Teaching weak forms is important for both improving students' English pronunciation and listening comprehension.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a weak syllable as one that has a reduced vowel sound like schwa (/ə/) or one of three other vowel types. It provides many examples of words containing weak syllables based on their spelling patterns. The document also discusses weak forms in English, where unstressed words are pronounced differently than their stressed counterparts. Teaching weak forms is important for both improving students' English pronunciation and listening comprehension.
The document discusses allophonic variation and provides examples of allophones. It explains that allophones are different pronunciations of the same phoneme that are conditioned by their phonetic environment. There are two types of allophonic variation: free variation, where allophones can be substituted freely, and complementary distribution, where they cannot replace each other. It also discusses processes like devoicing, fronting, and retraction that affect allophones. The document then covers phonemic transcription versus phonetic transcription and a broad phonetic transcription. It includes sections on morphophonology and how morphemes are realized differently based on phonetic rules.
This document discusses English diphthongs and their pronunciation. It covers the main diphthongs in English like /ei/, /ou/, /ai/, /aʊ/, /əʊ/, /ɪə/, /εə//eə/, /oə/, and /ʊə/. For each diphthong, it provides the pronunciation, spelling patterns, and examples of words containing that diphthong sound. It also briefly mentions triphthongs occurring in English like /aiə/, /eiə/, /auə/, /əuə/, and /oiə/ with examples words containing those sounds.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. Weak syllables tend to be unstressed and may contain reduced vowel sounds like schwa. They often occur in function words like "the" and prefixes/suffixes. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The types of segments that can make up syllables and examples of words with different syllable structures are provided.
English Pronunciation guide - Easy LearningAkshayMayur
The presentation will help you to understand basics of English pronunciation easily. However, the success depends on how much you practice along with just reviewing this presentation. In case you have any question please write to me.
Ipa transcription practice 5th lectureFaiza Sandhu
This document provides information on phonetic transcription and IPA symbols. It includes charts of English vowels and consonants and their typical phonetic transcriptions. It then discusses exercises to practice distinguishing vowel and consonant sounds, including lessons on vowel digraphs and diphthongs, as well as rules for transcribing suffixes like -ed and -s. The document also covers diacritic marks used to indicate modifications in consonant articulation, such as dentalization, palatalization, and velarization.
1) Phonological processes are sound changes that occur in spoken language. This document discusses several English phonological processes including aspiration of consonants, flapping of /t/ and /d/, vowel lengthening before voiced consonants, and assimilation which causes sounds to become more similar to neighboring sounds.
2) The document also covers sound changes involving insertion, deletion, or modification of sounds within words through processes like epenthesis, metathesis, apocope, syncope, and apophony which involve internal changes to indicate grammatical information.
3) Examples of sound changes from other languages like Spanish and Tagalog are provided to illustrate how these phonological processes can vary across languages.
This document discusses various topics related to phonology and syntax. Regarding phonology, it examines concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, and how sounds change in connected speech through processes like assimilation, deletion, and epenthesis. It provides examples of these concepts in languages like English, Spanish, German, and Japanese. The document also briefly introduces syntax and defines it as the arrangement of words and phrases to form understandable sentences. It notes some syntactic elements like word order, clauses, transitivity, and objects. Finally, it poses questions about identifying grammatical weaknesses in one's target language and making a plan to improve that aspect.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines weak syllables as those with reduced vowels, often schwa, and lists common spelling patterns that indicate weak vowels. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The relationship between syllable stress and word forms (strong vs. weak) is also explained, with examples of how stress affects pronunciation and meaning.
Consonants are speech sounds made by partially or completely blocking the vocal air stream. Most consonants have a single sound, but some like c can make multiple sounds. A comprehensive list follows of all consonant sounds and the letters that represent them. Digraphs are combinations of two letters that represent a single sound, like ph making the /f/ sound. When two consonants are blended together and you can hear both individual sounds, it is called a consonant blend.
This document provides an overview of basic English phonetics. It discusses why the study of phonetics is important, defines phonetics as the study of human speech, and notes there are regional variations in English pronunciation. It describes the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent sounds and covers English vowels, diphthongs, consonants, semivowels, stress, silent letters, and connected speech. It also identifies some of the main difficulties Spanish speakers face in pronouncing English sounds correctly.
The document discusses plural nouns in English. It explains that most nouns form the plural by adding -s, but there are exceptions. Nouns ending in consonant + y change the y to i and add -es. Nouns ending in a vowel + y just add -s. Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh add -es. Nouns ending in f or fe change to -ves. There are also irregular plural forms that do not follow rules like mouse/mice and woman/women. The document also discusses countable vs. uncountable nouns and provides examples of each category.
1. German I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar <br />Click on the play button to listen to the mp3s through Yahoo Media Player without having to download them. If you'd like to download the mp3s, use the DownThemAll add-on for Firefox to download all the mp3s at once instead of right-clicking on each link. Recordings done by a native speaker of German from Austria.<br />I've also recommended some books from Amazon, or if you'd like to take courses in Germany or Switzerland, check out ESL Languages.<br />1. Basic Phrases <br />Guten Morgengoot-en mor-genGood MorningGuten Taggoot-en tahkHello/Good DayGuten Abendgoot-en ah-bentGood EveningGute Nachtgoot-eh nakhtGood NightTag / Hallo / Servustahk / hah-loh / sair-voohsHi / Hello / Hi & Bye (Southern Germany & Austria)Auf Wiedersehenowf vee-dair-zaynGoodbyeGrüß dich / Grüß Gott!Hello! / Greetings! (Southern Germany & Austria)Tschüs / Tschautchews / chowBye! Gehen wir!geh-en veerLet's go!Bis späterbiss shpay-terSee you laterBis baldbiss bahltSee you soonBis morgenbiss mohr-genSee you tomorrowBittebih-tuhPleaseDanke (schön / sehr) dahn-kuh shurn/zairThank youBitte schönbih-tuh shurnYou're welcomeEs tut mir leid.ehs toot meer liteI'm sorryEntschuldigen Sieehnt-shool-dih-gun zeeExcuse meVerzeihungPardon meWie geht es Ihnen?vee gayt es ee-nenHow are you? (formal)Wie geht's?vee gaytsHow are you? (informal)(Sehr) Gut / So lalazair goot / zo lahlah(Very) Good / OKSchlecht / Nicht Gutshlekht / nisht gootBad / Not goodEs geht.ess gateI'm ok. (informal)Ja / Neinyah / nineYes / NoWie heißen Sie?vee hie-ssen zeeWhat's your name? (formal)Wie heißt du?vee hiesst dooWhat's your name? (informal)Ich heiße...ikh hie-ssuhMy name is... [I am called...]Es freut mich.froyt mikhPleased to meet you.Gleichfalls.glykh-falsLikewise. Herr / Frau / Fräuleinhair / frow / froi-lineMister / Misses / MissWoher kommen Sie?vo-hair koh-men zeeWhere are you from? (formal)Woher kommst du?vo-hair kohmst dooWhere are you from? (informal)Ich komme aus...ikh koh-muh ows...I'm from...Wo wohnen Sie?vo voh-nen zeeWhere do you live? (formal)Wo wohnst du?vo vohnst dooWhere do you live? (informal)Ich wohne in...ikh voh-nuh in I live in...Wie alt sind Sie?vee alt zint zeeHow old are you? (formal)Wie alt bist du?vee alt bisst dooHow old are you? (informal)Ich bin ____ Jahre alt.ikh bin ____ yaa-reh altI am ____ years old.Sprechen Sie deutsch?shpreck-en zee doytchDo you speak German? (formal)Sprichst du englisch?shprikhst doo eng-lishDo you speak English? (informal)Ich spreche (kein)...ikh shpreck-uh kineI (don't) speak...Verstehen Sie? / Verstehst du?fehr-shtay-en zee / fehr-shtayst dooDo you understand? (formal / informal)Ich verstehe (nicht).ikh fehr-shtay-eh nikhtI (don't) understand.Ich weiß (nicht).ikh vise nikhtI (don't) know.Können Sie mir helfen?ker-nen zee meer hell-fenCan you help me? (formal)Kannst du mir helfen?kahnst doo meer hell-fenCan you help me? (informal)Natürlich / Gernenah-tewr-likh / gair-nuhOf course / GladlyKann ich Ihnen helfen?kahn ikh ee-nen hell-fenMay I help you? (formal)Kann ich dir helfen?kahn ikh deer hell-fenMay I help you? (informal)Wie bitte?vee bih-tuhWhat? Pardon me?Wie heißt ___ auf deutsch?vee heist ___ owf doytchHow do you say ___ in German?Wo ist / Wo sind... ?voh ist / voh zintWhere is / Where are... ?Es gibt...ess geeptThere is / are...Was ist los?vahs ist lohsWhat's the matter?Das macht nichts.dass makht nikhtsIt doesn't matter.Das ist mir egal.dass ist meer eh-gahlI don't care.Keine Angst!ky-nuh ahngstDon't worry!Ich habe es vergessen.ikh hah-buh ess fehr-geh-senI forgot. Jetzt muss ich gehen.yetz mooss ikh geh-enI must go now.Ich habe Hunger / Durst.ikh hah-buh hoong-er / dirstI'm hungry / thirsty.Ich bin krank / müde.ikh bin krahnk moo-duhI'm sick / tired.Ich habe Langeweile.ikh hah-buh lahn-guh-vy-luhI'm bored.Ich möchte / Ich hätte gern...ikh merkh-tuh / ikh heh-tuh gairnI'd like...Das gefällt mir.dahs geh-fehlt meerI like it.Prima / Toll / Super!pree-mah / tohl / zoo-pairGreat / Fantastic!Gesundheit!geh-soont-hytBless you!Herzlichen Glückwunsch!herts-likh-en glewk-voonshCongratulations! Sei ruhig!zy roo-hikhBe quiet! (informal)Willkommen!vil-koh-menWelcome! Viel Glück!feel glewkGood luck!Schauen Sie mal! / Schau mal!show-en zee mal / show malLook! (formal / informal)Bitte schön?Yes? / What would you like to order?Was darf's sein?What can I get you? / How can I help you?Sonst noch etwas?Anything else?Bitte schön.Here you go. (handing something to someone)Zahlen bitte!The check, please!Stimmt so.Keep the change.Ich bin satt.I'm full.Mir ist schlecht.I feel sick.Es tut mir weh.It hurts.Ich liebe dich.ikh leeb-uh dikhI love you. (informal)Du fehlst mir.I miss you. (informal)Alles ist in Ordnung.Everything is fine.Wie wäre es mit ... ?How about...?Was für ein...?What kind of (a)...?Nicht wahr?[general tag question]<br />Ich is not actually pronounced ikh, unless you are speaking a northern dialect of German. If you are speaking a southern dialect, then it is more like ish. There is no equivalent sound in English. In standard German, it is somewhere between ish and ikh. Technically, it is a voiceless palatal fricative and its voiced counterpart is the y sound in yes.<br />2. Pronunciation <br />German VowelsEnglish Pronunciation[i]vielmeet, eat[y]kühlee rounded / long vowel[ɪ]Tischmitt, it[ʏ]hübschih rounded / short vowel[e]Teemate, wait[ø]schönay rounded / long vowel[ɛ]Bettmet, wet[œ]zwölfeh rounded / short vowel[a]Mannmop, not[ɑ]kamah / longer vowel than [a][u]gutboot, suit[ʊ]mussput, soot[o]Sohncoat, goat[ɔ]Stockcaught, bought[ə]bittecut, what[ɐ]Wetteruhr / also short vowel like [ə]<br />Highlighted vowels do not exist in English.<br />Notice that words spelled with ö and ü can be pronounced with a long or short vowel, so determining the pronunciation based on the spelling is not possible. The other umlauted letter, ä, is generally pronounced as [e], though it can be pronounced as [ɛ] in some dialects. A general rule for pronunciation, however, states that the short vowels / ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ ɔ / must be followed by a consonant, whereas the long vowels / i y u e ø o / can occur at the end of the syllable or word.<br />German DiphthongsEnglish Pronunciation[aɪ]ein, meineye, buy, why[aʊ]auf, kaufencow, now, how[ɔɪ]neu, Gebäudetoy, boy, foil<br />German Consonants<br />There are a few German consonants that do not exist in English, and some consonant combinations that are not common in English. Notice that the pronunciation of the German r changes according to the location in the countries that speak German, i.e. [R] in northern Germany and [r] in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.<br />SpellingIPASample wordsHow to pronounce:ch (with vowels e and i)[ç]Chemie, mich, nichtMake yuh sound voiceless (no vibration of vocal cords)ch (with vowels a, o, u)[x]Buch, lachen, kochenMake kuh sound a fricative (continuous airflow)pf[pf]Apfel, Pferd, PfannePronounce together as one soundz[ts]Zeit, Zug, TanzPronounce together as one soundj[j]ja, Januar, Jungeyuhqu[kv]Quote, Quiz, Quittekvst / sp (at beginning of syllable)[ʃt] / [ʃp] Stadt, sprechensht / shpsch[ʃ]schenken, schlafenshth[t]Theater, Throntv[f]Vater, verbotenfw[v]Wasser, warmvß[s]Straße, großss (before vowel)[z]Salz, seit, Sitzz<br />In addition, the sounds [b], [d], and [g] lose their voicing at the end of a syllable, so they are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts [p], [t], and [k], respectively. However, the spelling does not reflect the pronunciation.<br />Stress<br />Stress generally falls on the first syllable of the word, except in words borrowed from other languages, where the stress falls on the last syllable (especially with French words.)<br />3. Alphabet <br />aahjyohtsessbbaykkahttayctsayleluooddaymemvfoweaynenwvayfeffoohxeeksggayppayyirp-se-lonhhahqkooztsetieerehr<br />There is another letter in written German, ß (es-zet), pronounced like [s]. However, this letter is only used after long vowels or diphthongs, and it is not used at all in Switzerland. <br />4. Nouns & Cases <br />All nouns have a gender in German, either masculine, feminine or neuter. There really isn't a lot of logic to which nouns are which gender, so you must memorize the gender of each noun. <br />1. Male persons or animals, the seasons, months, and days are all masculine, as are nouns ending in -ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or and -us. <br />2. Female persons or animals, and numerals are all feminine, as are nouns ending in -a, -anz, -ei, -enz, -heit, -ie, -ik, -in, -keit, -schaft, -sion, -sis, -tät, -tion, -ung and -ur. <br />3. Young persons or animals, metals, chemical elements, letters of the alphabet, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, continents, countries and provinces are all neuter, as are nouns that end in -chen, -icht, -il, -it, -lein, -ma, -ment, -tel, -tum, and -um. Nouns referring to things that end in -al, -an, -ar, -ät, -ent, -ett, -ier, -iv, -o and -on, as well as most words with the prefix ge- and most nouns ending in -nis and -sal are also neuter. <br />All nouns in German are capitalized in writing. <br />All nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives) have a case depending on what function they serve in the sentence. These may seem strange, but remember that English uses cases also; however, we would say direct object instead of accusative, or indirect object instead of dative. Although these cases may make learning new words difficult, they actually help with word order because the position of words in a sentence is not as fixed in German as it is in English. And the reason for that is because words can occur in these four cases: <br />Nominativesubject of the sentenceThe girl is reading.Accusativedirect objectsWe see the mountain.I bought a gift.Dativeindirect objectsWe talk to the guide.I gave my mom a gift.Genitiveindicates possession or relationshipThe book of the girl.The dog's tail.<br />The nouns you look up in a dictionary will be in the nominative case. <br />5. Articles & Demonstratives <br />Definite Articles (The) MasculineFeminineNeuterPluralNominativeder (dare)die (dee)das (dahs)dieAccusativeden (dane)diedasdieDativedem (dame)derdemdenGenitivedes (dess)derdesder<br />Indefinite Articles (A, An) MasculineFeminineNeuterNom.ein (ine)eine (ine-uh)einAcc.einen (ine-en)eineeinDat.einem (ine-em)einer(ine-er)einemGen.eines (ine-es)einereines<br />Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those) This / TheseThat / ThoseMasc.Fem.Neu.Pl.Masc.Fem.Neu.Pl.Nom.dieserdiesediesesdiesederdiedasdieAcc.diesendiesediesesdiesedendiedasdieDat.diesemdieserdiesemdiesendemderdemdenGen.diesesdieserdiesesdieserdesderdesder<br />Jener is an older word found in written German that was used to mean that or those, but today in spoken German the definite articles are used. Dort or da may accompany the definite articles for emphasis. Das is also a universal demonstrative and therefore shows no agreement. Notice the last letter of each of the words above. They correspond to the last letters of the words for the definite articles. Words that are formed this same way are called der-words because they follow the pattern of the der-die-das declension. Other der-words are: jeder-every, and welcher-which. Mancher (many) and solcher (such) are also der-words, but they are used almost always in the plural. <br />6. Subject (Nominative) Pronouns <br />Subject Pronouns ichikhIwirveerwedudooyou (familiar)ihreeryou (all)er, sie, es, manair, zee, ess, mahnhe, she, it, onesie, Siezeethey, you (formal)<br />Man can be translated as one, we, they or the people in general. When referring to nouns as it, you use er for masculine nouns, sie for feminine nouns and es for neuter nouns. However, the definite articles der, die and das can be substituted for er, sie and es to show more emphasis. <br />7. To Be, to Have, & to Become <br />Present tense of sein - to be (zine) I amich binikh binwe arewir sindveer zintyou are (familiar)du bistdoo bihstyou (plural) areihr seideer zidehe/she/it iser/sie/es istair/zee/ess isstthey/you (formal) aresie/Sie sindzee zintPast tense of sein I was ich war ikh var we werewir waren veer vah-ren you were (familiar)du warst doo varst you (plural) wereihr wart eer vart he/she/it was er/sie/es war air/zee/es var they/you (formal) weresie/Sie waren zee vah-ren <br />Present tense of haben - to have (hah-ben)ich habehah-buhwir habenhah-bendu hasthahstihr habthahbter/sie/es hathahtsie/Sie habenhah-benPast tense of habenich hattehah-tuhwir hattenhah-tendu hattesthah-testihr hattethah-teter/sie/es hattehah-tuhsie/Sie hattenhah-ten<br />Present tense of werden - to become (vair-den)ich werdevair-duhwir werdenvair-dendu wirstveerstihr werdetvair-deter/sie/es wirdveertsie/Sie werdenvair-denPast tense of werden ich wurdevoor-duhwir wurdenvoor-dendu wurdestvoor-destihr wurdetvoor-deter/sie/es wurdevoor-duhsie/Sie wurdenvoor-den<br />Haben is frequently used in expressions that would normally take to be in English.Ich habe Hunger. = I am hungry.Ich hatte Durst. = I was thirsty.Ich habe Langeweile. = I am bored.Ich hatte Heimweh. = I was homesick.Ich habe Angst. = I am afraid. <br />In everyday speech, the final -e on the ich conjugations can be dropped: ich hab' or hab' ich <br />8. Useful Words <br />andundoontisn't it?nicht wahr?nikht vahrbutaberah-bertoo badschadeshah-duhverysehrzairgladlygerngehrnoroderoh-derimmediatelysofortzoh-fortherehierheresure(ly)sicher(lich)zikh-er-likhalsoauchowkhbut, rathersondernzohn-dehrnbothbeideby-duhfinallyschließlichshleess-likhsomeetwaseht-vahssright!stimmtshtimtonlynurnooranywayüberhauptoo-ber-howptagainwiedervee-derenoughgenugguh-nookhopefullyhoffentlichhoh-fent-likhexact(ly)genauguh-nowbetweenzwischenzvish-ensometimesmanchmalmahnch-malthereforedeshalbdes-halpalwaysimmerim-era lot, manyviel(e)feel(uh)nevernieneereallywirklichveerk-lishoftenoftohfttogetherzusammentsoo-zah-menof courseklarklahrallalleahl-luhperhapsvielleichtfee-likhtnowjetztyetsta littleein bisschenine biss-khensoalsoal-zoha littleein wenigine vay-nikhanothernoch einnohkh inenot at allgar nichtgar nikhtalreadyschonshonenot a bitkein bisschenkine biss-khen<br />Es gibt is commonly used to mean there is/are and it is always followed by the accusative case. <br />9. Question Words <br />WhowervehrWhom (acc.)wenvainWhatwasvahsWhom (dat.)wemvaimWhywarumvah-roomHow comewiesovee-zoWhenwannvahnWhere fromwohervo-hairWherewovohWhere towohinvo-hinHowwieveeWhichwelche/-r/-svelsh-uh/er/es<br />10. Numbers / Die Nummern <br />0nullnool 1einsines1sterste2zweitsvy2ndzweite3dreidry3rddritte4vierfeer4thvierte5fünffewnf5thfünfte6sechszecks6thsechste7siebenzee-bun7thsiebte8achtahkht8thachte9neunnoyn9thneunte10zehntsayn10thzehnte11elfelf11thelfte12zwölftsvurlf12thzwölfte13dreizehndry-tsayn13thdreizehnte14vierzehnfeer-tsayn14thvierzehnte15fünfzehnfewnf-tsayn15thfünfzehnte16sechzehnzeck-tsayn16thsechzehnte17siebzehnzeep-tsayn17thsiebzehnte18achtzehnahkh-tsayn18thachtzehnte19neunzehnnoyn-tsayn19thneunzehnte20zwanzigtsvahn-tsikh20thzwanzigste21einundzwanzigine-oont-tsvahn-tsikh21steinundzwanzigste22zweiundzwanzigtsvy-oont-tsvahn-tsikh22ndzweiundzwanzigste23dreiundzwanzigdry-oont-tsvahn-tsikh23rddreiundzwanzigste24vierundzwanzigfeer-oont-tsvahn-tsikh24thvierundzwanzigste30dreißigdry-sikh30thdreißigste40vierzigfeer-tsikh40thvierzigste50fünfzigfewnf-tsikh50thfünfzigste60sechzigzekh-tsikh60thsechzigste70siebzigzeep-tsikh70thsiebzigste80achtzigahkh-tsikh80thachtzigste90neunzignoyn-tsikh90thneunzigste100(ein)hundertine-hoon-duhrt 1,000(ein)tausendine-tow-zuhnt <br />Sometimes zwo (tsvoh) is used instead of zwei to avoid confusion with drei when talking on the telephone. The use of commas and periods is switched in German, though a space is commonly used to separate thousandths, i.e. 1,000 would be 1 000. When saying telephone numbers, you can either say each number individually or group them in twos. For years, you use the hundreds: 1972 is neunzehn hundert zweiundsiebzig; or the thousands: 2005 is zwei tausend fünf. <br />Wann sind Sie geboren? When were you born?Ich bin in 1982 geboren. I was born in 1982. <br />11. Days of the Week / Die Tage <br />MondayMontagmohn-tahkTuesdayDienstagdeens-tahkWednesdayMittwochmit-vockThursdayDonnerstagdon-ers-tahkFridayFreitagfry-tahkSaturday(N & E Germany)SamstagSonnabendzahms-tahkzon-nah-bentSundaySonntagzon-tahkdayder Tag (-e)dehr tahkmorningder Morgen (-)mawr-gunafternoonder Nachmittag (-e)nakh-mih-tahkeveningder Abend (-e)ah-buntnightdie Nacht (ä, -e)nahkttodayheutehoy-tuhtomorrowmorgenmawr-guntonightheute Abendhoy-tuh ah-buntyesterdaygesterngeh-stairnlast nightgestern Abendgeh-stairn ah-buntweekdie Woche (-n)voh-kuhweekenddas Wochenende (-n)voh-ken-en-duhdailytäglichteh-glikhweeklywöchentlichwer-khent-likh<br />To say on a certain day or the weekend, use am. Add an -s to the day to express quot;
on Mondays, Tuesdays, etc.quot;
All days, months and seasons are masculine so they all use the same form of these words: jeden - every, nächsten - next, letzten - last (as in the last of a series), vorigen - previous. In der Woche is the expression for quot;
during the weekquot;
in Northern and Eastern Germany, while unter der Woche is used in Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland. <br />12. Months of the Year / Die Monate <br />JanuaryJanuaryah-noo-ahr(Austria)Jänneryeh-nerFebruaryFebruarfay-broo-ahrMarchMärzmehrtsAprilAprilah-prilMayMaimyJuneJuniyoo-neeJulyJuliyoo-leeAugustAugustow-goostSeptemberSeptemberzehp-tehm-berOctoberOktoberok-toh-berNovemberNovemberno-vehm-berDecemberDezemberdeh-tsem-bermonthder Monat (-e)moh-nahtyeardas Jahr (-e)yaarmonthlymonatlichmoh-naht-likhyearlyjährlichjehr-likh<br />To say in a certain month, use im. <br />Wann hast du Geburtstag? When is your birthday? Mein Geburtstag ist im Mai. My birthday is in May. <br />13. Seasons / Die Jahreszeiten <br />Winterder Winterdehr vin-terSpringder Frühlingdehr frew-lingSummerder Sommerdehr zom-merAutumnder Herbstdehr hehrpst<br />To say in the + a season, use im. <br />14. Directions / Die Richtungen <br />rightrechtsleftlinksstraightgeradeausNorthder NordenSouthder SüdenEastder OstenWestder Westen<br /> <br />im Norden = in the Northnach Osten = to the Eastaus Westen = from the West<br />15. Colors & Shapes / Die Farben & Die Formen <br />orangeorangesquaredas Viereckpinkrosacircleder Kreispurpleviolett / lilatriangledas Dreieckblueblaurectangledas Rechteckyellowgelbovaldas Ovalredrotoctagondas Achteckblackschwarzcubeder Würfelbrownbraunspheredie Kugelgraygrauconeder Kegelwhiteweißcylinderder Zylindergreengrünturquoisetürkis beigebeige silversilber goldgold <br />Because colors are adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe if they are placed before the noun. However, not all adjectives agree, such as colors ending in -a or -e; nor do they agree when they are used as predicate adjectives. More about Adjectives in German III. To say that a color is light, put hell- before it, and to say that a color is dark, put dunkel- before it.<br />Das Viereck ist braun. The square is brown.Das Rechteck ist hellblau. The rectange is light blue.<br />16. Time / Die Zeit <br />What time is it?Wie spät ist es?vee shpayt isst ess(It is) 2 AMEs ist zwei Uhr nachtsess ist tsvy oor nahkts2 PMEs ist zwei Uhr nachmittagstsvy oor nahk-mih-tahks6:20Es ist sechs Uhr zwanzigzex oor tsvahn-tsikhhalf past 3Es ist halb vierhahlp feerquarter past 4Es ist Viertel nach vierfeer-tel nahk feerquarter to 5Es ist Viertel vor fünffeer-tel for fewnf10 past 11Es ist zehn nach elftsyan nahk elf20 to 7Es ist zwanzig vor siebentsvahn-tsikh for zee-bunnoonEs ist nachmittagnakh-mih-tahkmidnightEs ist mitternachtmih-ter-nahkin the morningmorgens / frühmawr-guns / frewin the eveningabendsaah-buntsIt's exactly...Es ist genau...ess ist guh-nowAt 8.Um 8 Uhr.oom akht oorearly(ier)früh(er)frew(er)late(r)spät(er)shpayt(er)<br />Official time, such as for bus and train schedules, always uses the 24 hour clock. Notice that halb + number means half to, not half past, so you have to use the hour that comes next.<br />17. Weather / Das Wetter <br />How's the weather today?Wie ist das Wetter heute?vie ist dahs vet-ter hoy-tuhIt's hotEs ist heißess isst hiseIt's coldEs ist kaltess isst kahltIt's beautifulEs ist schöness isst shernIt's badEs ist schlechtess isst shlehktIt's clearEs ist klaress isst klahrIt's icyEs ist eisigess isst ise-ikhIt's warmEs ist warmess isst varmIt's sunnyEs ist sonnigess isst zohn-ikhIt's windyEs ist windigess isst vin-dikhIt's cloudyEs ist bewölktess isst beh-verlktIt's hazyEs ist dunstigess isst doons-tikhIt's muggyEs ist schwüless isst schvoolIt's humidEs ist feuchtess isst foikhtIt's foggyEs ist nebeligess isst neh-beh-likhIt's snowingEs schneitess schniteIt's rainingEs regnetess rayg-netIt's freezingEs friertess freertIt looks like rain.Es sieht nach Regen aus.es seet nahkh ray-gen owsThe weather is clearingDas Wetter klärt sich auf.dahs vett-er klairt sikh owf<br />18. Family / Die Familie <br />Parentsdie ElternRelativeder Verwandte (-n)Motherdie Mutter (ü)Mander Mann (ä, -er)Fatherder Vater (ä)Sir / Misterder Herr (-en)Sonder Sohn (ö, -e)Woman / Ma'am / Mrs. / Ms.die Frau (-en)Daughterdie Tochter (ö)Husbandder Ehemann (ä, -er)Brotherder Bruder (ü)Wifedie Ehefrau (-en)Sisterdie Schwester (-n)Boyder Junge (-n)Grandparentsdie GroßelternGirldas Mädchen (-)Grandfatherder Großvater (ä)Grandpader Opa (-s)Grandmotherdie Großmutter (ü)Grandmadie Oma (-s)Grandchildrendie EnkelkinderDadder VatiGrandsonder Enkel (-)Momdie MuttiGranddaughter die Enkelin (-nen)Friend (m)der Freund (-e)Niecedie Nichte (-n)Friend (f)die Freundin (-nen)Nephewder Neffe (-n)Partner / Significant Other (m)der Partner (-)Cousin (m)der Vetter (-n)Partner / Significant Other (f)die Partnerin (-nen)Cousin (f)die Kusine (-n)Marital Statusder FamilienstandUncleder Onkel (-)SingleledigAuntdie Tante (-n)MarriedverheiratetSiblingsdie GeschwisterDivorcedgeschiedenBabydas Baby (-s)MalemännlichGodfatherder Pate (-n)FemaleweiblichGodmotherdie Patin (-nen)Childdas Kind (-er)Step-der/die Stief-Toddlerdas Kleinkind (-er)-in-lawder/die Schwieger-Teenagerder Teenager (-)Brother-in-lawder Schwager (ä)Adultder Erwachsene (-n)Sister-in-lawdie Schwägerin (-nen)Twinder Zwilling (-e)<br />The letters in parentheses indicate the plural form of the noun. Notice that sometimes an umlaut is placed over the main vowel of the word in the plural. For example, der Mann is singular (the man) and die Männer is plural (the men). For step- and -in-law relations, just add Stief- or Schwieger- before the main person, except in the case of brother-in-law and sister-in-law noted above. The plurals follow the pattern for the main person, i.e. die Schwiegermutter (singular) and die Schwiegermütter (plural) <br />19. To Know People & Facts <br />kennen - to know peoplewissen - to know factsich kenneken-nuhwir kennenken-nunich weißvisewir wissenvih-sundu kennstkenstihr kenntkentdu weißtvistihr wisstvihster/sie/es kenntkentsie/Sie kennenken-nuner/sie/es weißvisesie/Sie wissenvih-sun<br /> <br />Kennen is a regular verb, while wissen is irregular in the present tense. You must use the subject pronouns (ich, du, er...); however, I will leave them out of future conjugations. <br />20. Formation of Plural Nouns <br />Plural nouns in German are unpredictable, so it's best to memorize the plural form with the singular. However, here are some rules that can help: <br />1. Feminine nouns usually add -n or -en. Nouns that end in -in (such as the female equivalents of masculine nouns) add -nen.<br />eine Lampezwei Lampeneine Türzwei Türeneine Studentinzwei Studentinneneine Gabel zwei Gabeln<br />2. Masculine and neuter nouns usually add -e or -er. Many masculine plural nouns ending in -e add an umlaut as well, but neuter plural nouns ending in -e don't. Plurals that end in -er add an umlaut when the stem vowel is a, o , u or au.<br />MasculineNeuterein Rockzwei Röckeein Heftzwei Hefteein Mannzwei Männerein Buchzwei Bücher<br />3. Masculine and neuter singular nouns that end in -er either add an umlaut or change nothing at all. Many nouns with a stem vowel of a, o, u or au add an umlaut. Masculine and neuter singular nouns that end in -el also add nothing at all (with three exceptions: Pantoffel, Stachel, Muskel).<br />MasculineNeuterein Bruderzwei Brüderein Fensterzwei Fensterein Kegel zwei Kegel ein Mittel zwei Mittel <br />4. Nouns that end in a vowel other than an unstressed -e and nouns of foreign origin add -s.<br />ein Hobbyzwei Hobbysein Hotelzwei Hotels<br />