The document provides details about various industries in Pakistan. It discusses the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries and gives examples of each. It also describes various manufacturing processes, including those involved in steel production using a blast furnace. Key industries in Pakistan include cotton, iron and steel, natural gas extraction, and dairy farming. Small, medium, and large-scale industries are all important to Pakistan's economy.

1. The Intellect School
Boys wing
geography Presentation
GRADE VII
CHAPTER
MORE ABOUT INDUSTRY
Pages 62 - 84

2. An industry is a group of manufacturers or
businesses that produce a particular kind of
goods or services.

4. Raw Material
• Raw materials are materials that have not been processed. They are in the form in which
they are found in nature without anything done to them. Raw materials are made into other
things.
• Raw materials usually come from:
• A plant or tree
• An animal
• A mine
• Examples of raw materials:
• Grains such as wheat and rice
• Vegetables such as carrots and onions
• Meat such as beef and chicken
• Wood from a tree
• Honey from a bee's nest
• Minerals or metal from a mine
• Crude oil

6. Industries can be grouped into three main categories
The primary industry produces the raw materials
that we need to make everyday products. For
example, a farmer who harvests vegetable crops is
a primary industry business or worker.
Secondary industry is responsible for taking those
raw materials and producing a final product that we
can consume such as cars, sports goods, or toys.
Then finally, there is the tertiary industry which
provides services for others, using these finished
products. This could be nursing, transportation or
banking.

7. How important is each of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in
Pakistan?
All the primary, Secondary and Tertiary industries contribute to
the country’s output of goods and services.
The total value of all these goods and services in a country is
called it’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Fig.4.2 in your textbook shows that the Tertiary industry as a
whole is the largest contributor to the GDP of Pakistan.
Most of the share from primary industries comes from agriculture.
However, Pakistan can no longer be called an agricultural
country.
The graphs Figs. 4.3 and 4.4 give two reasons for this. Can you
tell what these reasons are?
Fig.4.3: Employment in agriculture as a percentage of total
employment.

9. How important is each of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries
in Pakistan?
Most of the share from primary industries comes from agriculture.
The drop in employment in agriculture, shown in Fig.4.3, is related to
the movement of people from villages to towns and cities.
This movement results in the growth of towns and cities and also the
growth of services such as education, medical facilities, hotels,
cinemas, restaurants, parks and play areas.
The tertiary sector also supports manufacturing in the secondary
sector, with services such as banking, financing, insurance,
transport, and advertising.
In 2012 1/3 of all workers in Pakistan were employed in the Tertiary
sector which has jobs for the unskilled, medium-skilled, and highly
skilled.

10. Factors that may influence the development of an industry
The machinery in factories runs on electricity. Pakistan’s electricity is
generated in thermal power stations, i.e. power stations that burn coal,
oil, or gas, to help generate electricity.
Fig.4.5 shows a thermal power station that fuel also has to be burned
and that the power station has a chimney. The burning fuel has to heat
the winter enough to make the water turn into steam.
Why doesn’t a HEP station also have a chimney?
(No fuel is burnt, the water turns the turbines).
1. Water is pumped into a narrow pipe.
2. Water in the pipe is heated in the boiler house by using coal, oil, or
gas.
3. The water turns to steam.
4. The force of the steam turns the turbine.
5. The shaft of the turbine rotates the generator.
6. Electricity is produced by the generator.

11. Fig 4.5: A thermal power station

12. Fig.4.6: Factors affecting Secondary Industry
1 Capital: businesses need money in order to get started.
2 Raw Materials:
3 Labour: the skill level and cost of workers is important.:
4 Transport and Communication:
5 Water and power supplies: often needed in the manufacture of
goods.
6 Political Stability: If there is a threat of war then a foreign company
that was thinking of expanding its factory may decide not to do so.
7 Management: If there is poor management then the goods produced
may be of poor quality as a result business is likely to fail.
8 Markets: If there are small markets for the goods, then the factory will
do little business and will probably have to close.
9 Government Policies:

13. Markets and Management also have an influence on Primary and Tertiary
industries. These industries must make sure that their customers are
satisfied. They have to do this in different ways as shown by Pakistan’s
Primary Marble Extraction Industry and Tertiary Fruit Exporting Industry.
Markets in Italy for marble blocks from Pakistan.
In 2004 importers in Italy of blocks of marble extracted from quarries in
Pakistan explained that they needed bigger blocks that had been extracted
carefully. Marble should be cut in the quarry and not blasted by using
explosives so that there was little wastage when manufacturing marble
products.
In order to satisfy the customers in Italy, it was necessary for the Marble
Extraction Industry to plan to
▪ Improve the transport facilities in order to be able to transport bigger
blocks,

14. Markets in Iran for fruit from Pakistan
In 2004 importers in Iran of Kinoo and mangoes grown in
Pakistan wanted to continue to import the fruit. The Iranian
Quarantine Department needed a guarantee that the fruit was
not contaminated by fruit flies after it was harvested and
during transport.
The Pakistan Horticulture Development and Export Board
was able to satisfy the IQD that the cold storage facilities
were good enough to prevent such contamination. As a
result, Iran agreed to allow the import of fruit from Pakistan.

15. Rock Salt
Why is salt important?
a) Humans and animals:
All humans and animals need salt. Adults need about 250g in
their bodies to maintain a normal amount of blood and to be
able to digest food.
b) Industries
Salt is used in many ways in thousands of products. It is
used for preserving food, especially meat, but the largest
amount is used in the chemical industries including those
associated with tanning, dyeing, bleaching, soap, glass,
glazing pottery, and fertilizers.

16. What is Rock salt?
Seawater is salty and when it evaporates it leaves the salt
behind.
Countries like Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, India, and
China, have deposits of rock salt. These rocks are made of
salt and are deep underground and a long way from the
coast.
Millions of years ago salt was deposited when ancient
oceans evaporated.
Then erosion of the land led to layers of sedimentary rocks
burying the salt deposits and they turned into rock.
Earth movements then lifted all these rocks high above sea

17. Khewra Salt Mine
Khewra Salt mine is the most important salt mine in
Pakistan.
The salt has been mined for hundreds of years.
It is estimated that there are still 220 million tonnes
of rock salt.
At present 325,000 tonnes are mined every year.
2/3 of the output goes to chemical industries in
Pakistan, the rest is for human and animal
consumption, for making lamps, vases, and other
ornaments, and for export.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of a once-living organism that
accumulate on the Earth's surface. If sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented,
forming sedimentary rock. :
Silt is sand, soil, mud, etc., that is carried by flowing water and that sinks to the bottom of a river,

18. How was natural gas formed?

19. Where is natural gas extracted?
The map Fig 4.8 shows the four most important places for
gas production.
Gas was discovered at Sui in 1952 and it produces twice as
much as Mari, the 2nd
most important producer.
Gas wells at Pirkoh (1977) and Kandhkot (1987) together
produce only half of Mari’s output.
What proportion of Sui’s output is produced by Pirkoh and
Kandhkot together? A quarter or 25%.

20. How is natural gas distributed?
The map Fig 4.8 shows the pipelines through which
the gas flows.
These pipelines are expensive to build and maintain
because they are so long and go through
uninhabited areas. A large amount of capital is,
therefore required for the construction and
maintenance of this network of pipelines.

21. What are the markets for natural gas?
Gas is used in homes, industries,
especially fertilizer factories, and
gas-fired electricity power stations, such
as the one at Guddu.

22. Will Pakistan always produce natural gas?
✔It is believed that there are huge reserves of gas in
Baluchistan and international exploration and development
companies would be interested in drilling there to try to
locate the gas.
✔These companies have reported problems overreaching
agreements with the tribal chiefs in Baluchistan to drill for
gas because the tribal people do not welcome such
companies.

23. If there is a shortage of gas in Pakistan in the future what do you think
may be the results?
✔There are fears in Pakistan that there will be a serious
shortage of gas in the future.
✔A stop on the expansion of industries and generation of
electricity could even lead to a decline and we will be
dependent on imports.
✔As a result the government has had discussions with
Qatar, Iran, and Turkmenistan.
Fig 4.9 shows the possible suppliers of gas to Pakistan.

24. Fig 4.13 shows that people may have different opinions
about the rate at which a country should extract its oil
to use or sell.
Man: We have got oil, let’s sell it and develop our
economy now.
Lady: Let’s keep some of our oil in the ground as
demand rises, and the world runs short, the price can
only get higher in the long term.

25. Oil production in Saudi Arabia
•Saudi Arabia has oil wells on land as shown in Fig 4.7 and
4.10.
•Saudi Arabia and some other countries, including Nigeria,
Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam, also have off-shore wells
as shown in Fig 4.10.
•Fig 4.11 shows that Saudi Arabia was the world’s largest
producer of oil in 2014.
•Fig 4.12 shows that Saudi Arabia has the world’s 2nd
largest
known reserves of oil.

26. Think about it - discuss
1. What is the TOTAL of the reserves of oil shown in table
Fig 4.12?
1396 billion barrels of oil.
2. Which of the countries are in the Middle East?
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and UAE.
3. What is the TOTAL of the reserves in the Middle East?
774 billion barrels
4. What proportion of the TOTAL is in the Middle East?
About half of the world’s oil production is in the Middle East.

27. A Dairy farm
•Milk is the output of another primary activity. It is an
important foodstuff and also a raw material for dairies
which process it into pasteurized milk, ice cream, yogurt,
flavored milk, cheese, and butter.
•Pakistan is in the top ten countries in the world for milk
production and in 2015 it provided about 11% of Pakistan’s
GDP.
•There are several ways in which its products could be
improved and the Pakistan Dairy Association was set up in
1986 to provide training for milk producers.
• Their training covers animal health and vaccinations,
fodder requirements and milk yields, animal housing, and
hygiene.

28. Secondary Industry
Examples of secondary manufacturing
industries of different scales are:
a) Small-scale: engineering in Punjab
b) Medium-scale: Sterling Plywood Industry in
Karachi Processing Industries in Malaysia
and Sri Lanka.
c) Large-scale: iron and steel in Pakistan and
Japan.

29. Small-scale manufacturing and household industries
•A household or cottage industry is one in which the
owner works and is helped by family members. No
workers are employed.
•A small-scale industry is one which:
a) Employs fewer than 50 workers and does not use
electric power.
b) Employs no more than 20 workers and uses
electric power.

30. Small – scale engineering in the Punjab
•An example of the small-scale manufacturing
industry in many towns and villages in Punjab is the
engineering industry.
•Fig 4.14 shows this engineering industry as a
system.
•Three factors that have been particularly important
in small-scale engineering in the Punjab are:
a) The labour supply
b) Government polices
c) The market

31. Factors that have been important in small-scale engineering in Punjab
1. The labor supply
After Pakistan was founded many Muslims in the Indian section of
Punjab migrated to Pakistan. These people had a metal-working
tradition for several generations. So now a large labor force of metal
workers spread in Punjab who either opened or looked for work in
metal workshops.
2. Government policies
In the 1960s the Government of Pakistan began to encourage farmers
to be more productive in three ways:
a) Loans to farmers
b) Government training centres
c) The small industries corporation

32. Factors that have been important in small-scale engineering in Punjab
3. The Market
Between 1950 and 1960 about 750 tube wells were installed
in Punjab each year. Between 1960 and 1970 about 16,000
tube wells were installed each year.
This large increase in the demand for tube wells led to the
growth of the small-scale engineering industry i.e. an
increase in the market?
To overcome water shortage problems for irrigation farmers
could provide their own supplies of water for irrigation from
tube wells.

33. The medium–scale manufacturing industry
1. Sterling Plywood Industries
Many of Pakistan’s furniture and wood
industries are small-scale and carried out in
small workshops with a few workers. However,
the sterling plywood industry is a
medium-scale industry with about 80 workers.
It is in the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate
(SITE) shown on the map Fig 4.24.

34. Let’s visit the factory!
Step 1: Seasoning and drying
Step 2: Peeling and sawing
Step 3: Drying the veneer
Step 4: Gluing
Step 5: Pressing the doors
Step 6: Lacquering
Fig 4.18 In your textbook shows The Industrial
System of Sterling Plywood Industries

35. The medium-scale manufacturing industry
2. Processing Industries on Plantations
a) Rubber processing on a rubber plantation in
Malaysia
Acid is added to the latex in the tanks. The latex
becomes spongy and thick.
Slabs of thick latex are rolled into thin sheets.
The thin sheets of latex are hung on racks to dry.
The dried sheets are smoked.

36. The medium-scale manufacturing industry
b) Tea processing on a res plantation in Sri Lanka
The leaves are spread on trays.
Hot air is blown by fans onto the leaves to reduce the
moisture content.
The withered leaves are thrown round in a machine to
break them up.
The rolled leaves are spread on trays to ferment.
After drying the tea is ready for packing.
The tea is packed in large wooden tea-chests ready for
exporting.

37. The medium-scale manufacturing industry
c) Palm oil processing on an oil palm plantation
The bunches of oil palm fruits are sterilized by
high-pressure steam to kill bacteria.
The sterilized fruits are separated from the stalks.
The palm fruit is cooked in steam to soften it.
The palm oil is extracted and purified.
The purified oil is pumped into storage tanks.
Palm oil is used as a raw material in factories that make soap,
margarine, cooking oil, ghee, and candles.

38. Large-Scale manufacturing industry
Cotton, iron and steel, oil refining,
fertilizers, and cement are some of the
large-scale manufacturing industries
in Pakistan.

39. What is a Blast furnace
• Coke is a solid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air so that the volatile
components are driven off.
• Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted
•The Blast Furnace is a large steel structure about 30
meters high. It is lined with refractory firebricks that can
withstand temperatures approaching 2000o
C.
The furnace gets its name from the method that is used
to heat it. Pre-heated air at about 1000o
C is blasted into
the furnace through nozzles near its base.
• stony waste matter separated from metals during the smelting or refining of ore.
• "the burning liquid iron was forming a scum of slag“
• Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy to produce a metal from its ore. Smelting uses
heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, ...

40. Process in a blast furnace
1. The steelmaking process starts with the processing of raw
iron ore.
2. The rocks that are mined containing raw iron ore are extracted
using magnetic rollers.
3. This fine iron ore is then processed into clumps that can be
put inside a blast furnace.
4. Coke made from coal, and limestone is mixed with iron ore
clumps and heated together in a blast furnace.
5. This process produces molten iron it runs (smelting) and
cools. The cooled iron is called a pig iron it is brittle and is
mixed with other metals to be converted into steel.
6. The steel is then made into sheets, pipes or wires, etc.

41. Making Iron
•Rock containing iron ore is dug out of the earth in open-cut
mines. The rock is crushed and the iron ore removed.
•The iron ore is then put into a special furnace called a blast
furnace. Charcoal, made from coal, and limestone are put
into the furnace with the iron ore and the air is blasted into
it. It gets very hot! The iron ore melts and the liquid iron
runs out and cools. This process is called smelting. The
cooled iron is called 'pig iron.
•The ‘pig iron’ is used to make wrought iron for garden
furniture, some tools, and horseshoes.

42. Steel is made from pig iron
•In a different kind of furnace that works very fast,
the pig iron is melted and some kinds of stuff are
part of the pig iron, called silica, phosphorous, and
sulphur are removed. If silica, phosphorous, and
sulphur are left in they make the steel weak. The
liquid steel cools as bars or rods which are later
rolled and flattened into sheets for building ships,
machinery, and cans, or made into steel girders for
building skyscrapers and bridges.

43. IRON AND STEEL IN Japan
•Japan is the world’s largest producer of iron and steel even
though, like Pakistan, it has to import all the raw material.
•Iron-ore and coal are imported from Australia.
•Much of iron and steel is used in Japan’s industries for
making cars, ships, machinery, tools, and electrical goods.
•Do you know the names of any Japanese car
manufacturers?
•Pakistan imports goods from Japan. Many of them are
made from iron and steel.
•Japan also exports many goods to the USA, South Korea,
China, and the countries of the European community.
• The EU countries are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.

44. Informal Sector
•Informal activities included:
•(a) Farming, market gardening, self-employed artisans,
shoemakers, tailors, etc.
•(b) Working in construction, housing, road building.
•(c) Small scale distribution, e.g. petty traders, street
hawkers, etc.
•(d) Other services, e.g. barbers, shoe-shiners, etc.
•(e) Rag pickers, moneylenders, brokers are considered as a
part of an informal economy.

45. Formal Sector
Formal Sector Examples:
•In this sector all jobs with specific working
hours and regular wages and the worker’s job
is assured
•It is a licensed organization and is liable to
pay taxes.
•Banks and other corporations come under
formal sectors
•It is also described as the grey economy.

46. Manufacturing Industry in Pakistan

47. Tertiary Industry
Examples of service industry in Pakistan
a) Carpet Cleaning:
The carpet cleaner doesn’t sell or make the carpets. He carries out the service of
cleaning them for people who pay him to do it. It is a small-scale service industry in the
informal sector of Tertiary industries.
b) Remittances from Pakistanis working abroad:
The remittances from Pakistanis working abroad are counted as a service. They have
sent money home to their families in Pakistan. This money has made it possible for
members of some of their families at home, to start a business.
c) Banking:
The Bank operates accounts, it is serving a lot of people in that way. It provide services
like providing loans, cheque payments, discounting on bills of exchange, collecting and
paying the credit instruments, guarantee by banks, consultancy, credit cards, funds
remittance.

48. The large-scale tourist industry in Singapore
Most of Singapore’s visitors are from Japan
and other Asian countries.
Singapore lies at a convenient point between
Europe and Australia, Japan, and other
countries in east and south-east Asia.
The government of Singapore has decided to
encourage the tourist industry by setting up
the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board in the
1960s. As a result, the number of visitors grew
staggeringly.

49. Factors influencing Singapore’s Tourist Industry

50. Think About it - discuss

51. The effects of industry on the environment
Primary Industry:
(a) Agriculture
Agriculture turns a natural environment into a human environment by the removal of
natural vegetation. The removal of the natural vegetation may lead to soil erosion.
The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can cause serious health effects.
(b) Mining and Quarrying
Mining will cause an area that is a natural environment, to change into a human
environment.
Quarrying alters the landscape by digging it away.
(c) Forestry
The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil
erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a
host of problems for indigenous people.

52. Secondary Industry
Most industrial activities make noise. Even in a small
metal-working workshop, there may be a lot of noise from
cutting, hammering, and grinding the metal.
Large factories also indirectly cause more noise and air
pollution as well as dust, and obnoxious smells.
Many industries release sulfur dioxide and other harmful
gases into the air.
The burning of coal and oil in thermal electricity stations
pollutes the air with oxides of nitrogen. Buses and trucks
also pollute the environment by releasing carbon dioxide…

53. Types of pollution caused by industries in Pakistan
•The Sindh and Landhi Industrial Trading Estates in Karachi
discharged pollutants into the Malir and Layari rivers. As a
result, six species of marine animals have become extinct.
•The Pak-Arab Fertilizer Factory at Multan had discharged
highly polluting waste into the Multan Canal. This polluted
water affected crops and killed livestock that drank it.
•Over 100 leather tanneries in the city of Kasur, near Lahore,
had caused serious water pollution. As a result, a waste
treatment plant was to be built with money from the
Tanneries Association, the Government, and some
International Agencies.

54. Tertiary Industry
Pages 99-101
Individual Activity
Students need to read these pages thoroughly and highlight important
points for better understanding

55. Questions
• Q.1 Define Industry and discuss the 3 main categories industries can be divided into.
• Q.2a Which industry as a whole is the largest contributor to the GDP of Pakistan?
• Q.2b Why there is a decline in employment in Pakistan’s agriculture?
• Q.2c How would you think the tertiary sector supports manufacturing in the secondary sector?
• Q.3 How does the Thermal Power Station work?
• Q.4 Explain any five factors affecting the secondary industry.
• Q.5 How did the Marble Extraction Industry of Pakistan plan to satisfy the importers of blocks of marble in
Italy?
• Q.6 How did the Pakistan Horticulture department was able to satisfy the IQD demand?
• Q.7 How was natural gas formed?
• Q.8 From which part of Pakistan natural gas is extracted?
• Q.9 How is natural gas distributed and what are the markets of natural gas?
• Q.10 Do you think will Pakistan always produce natural gas?

56. • Q.11 What may be the results if there is a gas shortage in
Pakistan?
• Q.12 Name the possible suppliers of gas to Pakistan in the future.
• Q.13 Name the countries with the most oil reserves in the world.
• Q.14 Name the countries with the most oil reserves in the Middle
East.
• Q.15 What do you know about the cottage or household industry?

57. • Q.16 What is a small-scale industry?
• Q.17 Explain the factors that have been particularly important in small-scale
engineering in Punjab.
• Q.18 Describe the rubber processing on a rubber plantation in Malaysia.
• Q.19 Explain the tea processing on a tea plantation in Sri Lanka.
• Q.20 Explain palm oil processing on a palm oil plantation in Malaysia.

58. • Q.21 What is the importance of palm oil in factories?
• Q.22 Explain the processes in a blast furnace.
• Q.23 How steel is made?
• Q.24 Draw a labelled structure of the Manufacturing Industry in Pakistan.
• Q.25 Draw a chart showing types of Industry and workers in manufacturing
industries.

59. • Q.26 Explain some examples of the service industry in Pakistan.
• Q.27 Mention 10 factors influencing Singapore’s tourist industry.
• Q.28 What are some factors that may influence the development of the
tourist industry in the northern mountains of Pakistan?
• Q.29 Explain the effects of the primary industry on the environment.
• Q.30 What harm do industrial activities cause to the environment?
• Q.31 Explain the types of pollution caused by industries in Pakistan.