Concepts for selectivity exam.

1. Geography
Glossary

2. Dictionaries and web sites
• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/glossary/
• http://geography.about.com/od/geographyglossary/Geography
• http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/geography-g
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography
• http://www.saskschools.ca/~qvss/technology/geographic_files
• http://www.tuition.com.hk/geography/ ***
• http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/horizons/ ***
• http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/

3. First part
• Treaty of Rome
• European Union
• Autonomous region

4. Second part
• Old mountain massif • Macizo antiguo
• Bending mountain range • Cordillera de plegamiento
• Sedimentary basin • Cuenca sedimentaria
• Marsh • Marisma
• Desertification • Desertificación
• Karst landscape • Modelado kárstico
• Drainage basin • Cuenca hidrográfica
• Fohn effect • Efecto Föhn
• Watershed • Divisoria de agua
• Potential vegetation • Vegetación potencial
• • Centro or anticyclone and depres
Action centre (high and low pressure areade acción (anticiclón
y borrasca)

5. Third part
• Census • Censo/Padrón
• Population density • Densidad de población
• Real population growth • Crecimiento real de la
• Demographic transition población
• Life expectancy • Transición demográfica
• Ageing population process• Esperanza de vida
• Resultant migration • Envejecimiento de la
• Rural-urban migration población
• Saldo migratorio
• Active population
• Éxodo rural
• Población activa

6. Fourth part
• Old part • Casco antiguo
• Urban widening area/ • Ensanche
ensanche
• CBD • CBD
• Urban hierarchy • Jerarquía urbana
• Metropolitan area • Área metropolitana
• Conurbation • Conurbación
• Diffuse urbanization / unfinished urbanization/ sprawl
• Urbanización difusa
• Pendulum like movements
• Urban Planning General Law • Movimientos pendulares
• Plan General de Ordenación
Urbana

7. Fifth part
• Intensive farming • Agricultura intensiva
• Extensive farming • Agricultura extensiva
• Intensive husbandry • Ganadería intensiva
• Extensive husbandry • Ganadería extensiva
• Farming exploitation • Explotación agraria
• Agrarian landscape • Paisaje Agrario
• CAP (Common Agricultural • PAC (Política Agraria
Policy) Común)
• Industrial restructuring • Reestructuración industrial
• Industrial relocation • Deslocalización industrial
• High-tech industry • Industria de alta tecnología
• Tertiary sector primacy • Terciarización
(Tertiarization) • Desarrollo Sostenible
• Sustainable development • Infraestructuras de
• Transportation transporte
infrastructure

8. Treaty of Rome
• The Six (Belgium, the Federal
Republic of Germany, France,
Italy, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands) decided, on 25
March 1957 with the Treaty of
Rome, to build a European
Economic Community (EEC)
based on a wider common
market covering a whole range
of goods and services.
• The Treaty of Rome
established a common market
(based on the 4 freedoms),
common policies and a
customs union (part of the first
of the 3 pillars).
1st part

9. European Union
• What is the European Union?
A unique economic and political
partnership between 27 democratic
European countries.
• What are its aims?
Peace, prosperity and freedom for its 498
million citizens — in a fairer, safer
world.
• What results so far?
Frontier-free travel and trade, the euro (the
single European currency), safer food
and a greener environment, better
living standards in poorer regions, joint
action on crime and terror, cheaper
phone calls, millions of opportunities to
study abroad … and much more
besides.
1st part

10. Autonomous region
• An autonomous community
(Comunidad Autónoma in Spanish) is
the first-level political division of the
Kingdom of Spain, established in
accordance with the Spanish
Constitution. The second article of the
constitution recognizes the rights of
"regions and nationalities" to self-
government and declares the
"indissoluble unity of the Spanish
nation”.
• Political power in Spain is channeled
by a central government and 17
autonomous communities. These
regional governments are responsible
for schools, universities, health, social
services, culture, urban and rural
development and, in some places,
policing. There are also two
autonomous cities.
1st part

11. Old mountain massif
• Massif= A large
mountain mass or
compact group of
connected mountains
forming an independent
portion of a range.
• With time and due to
the effect of the erosion
those massifs are not
very high.
• Relieves are vigorous
but with mild forms.
2nd part

12. Bending mountain range
• They present varied
architectural relief, such
as:
– especially stepover width,
– total amounts of strike-slip
displacement,
– reactivation of older
structures,
– tectonic setting, and the
angular relation between
fault trace and maximum
horizontal stress.
2nd part

13. Sedimentary basin
• It refers to refer to any
geographical feature
exhibiting subsidence and
consequent infilling by
sedimentation.
• As the sediments are
buried, they are subjected
to increasing pressure
and begin the process of
lithification.
2nd part

14. Marsh *
• In geography, a marsh, or
morass, is a type of wetland
that is subject to frequent or
continuous flood.
• Typically the water is shallow
and features grasses, rushes,
reeds, typhas, sedges, and
other herbaceous plants.
• Woody plants will be low-
growing shrubs. A marsh is
different from a swamp, which
has a greater proportion of
open water surface and may
be deeper than a marsh.
2nd part

15. Desertification
• The spread of
desert, or desert
conditions, from an
established desert
area into the
surrounding area.
• A function both of
– physical factors such
as reduced rainfall,
and
– human factors such
as resource
depletion due to
increased
population.
2nd part

16. Karst landscape
• Karst is a unique landscape
formed by the underground
erosion of rocks such as
limestone and marble that
dissolve in water. Rainwater,
made acidic by carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and soil,
slowly infiltrates cracks in
limestone and marble, dissolving
the rock and enlarging the
openings. If these openings
become large enough for
humans to enter, they are
termed caves. Caves, however,
form only a tiny part of most
karst areas. Karst openings
support unique ecosystems that
include plants, bacteria, crickets,
spiders, fish, and small
mammals adapted to this dark
but little changing environment.
2nd part

17. Drainage basin
• The area from which a river
channel receives water.
• Drainage basins are separated
by geographical boundaries
such as mounds, hills, ridges,
or mountains, that are known
as water or drainage divides.
The divides aid with
determining the direction of the
flow of the water, whereas
landscape, weather, soil type,
and plant life will influence the
content and movement of the
flow.
2nd part

18. Fohn effect *
• The Föhn wind draws warm air up
from the south which rises up over
the mountains. As the air lifts it
slowly cools, and moisture
condenses over the mountains.
Dry air changes temperature much
more quickly than moist air, so as
the air in the Föhn descends down
the leeward side of the mountains,
it warms more rapidly than it
cooled. The air therefore reaches
a higher temperature at the end of
its descent than before it started
rising.
• As a result, in leeward locations,
under the influence of the Föhn,
temperatures can rise by as much
as 15 to 20 degrees Celsius
2nd part

19. Watershed
• All lands enclosed by
a continuous
hydrologic drainage
divide and lying
upslope from a
specified point on a
stream. Also referred
to as Water Basin or
Drainage Basin
2nd part

20. Potential vegetation
• Potential vegetation can
be thought of as the
vegetation that would
exist at a given location
had human forms of land
use never existed.
• In other words, if farms
and cities weren't around,
this dataset would be an
accurate description of
the planet's land cover.
2nd part

21. Action centre
• High and low pressure area or
anticyclone and depression
• Anticyclone: a stable, generally
subsiding air mass producing
high pressure, warming
conditions. The resultant fall in
relative humidity leads to clear
skies.
• Depression: weather system of
the mid-latitudes, where warm,
tropical air meets cold, polar
air causing the tropical air to
rise and thus creating an area
of low pressure. Characterized
by a circular pattern of isobars,
a warm front, a cold front and
inward blowing, anti-clockwise
winds.
2nd part

22. Census
• A census is the procedure of
systematically acquiring and
recording information about
the members of a given
population.
• It is a regularly occurring and
official count of a particular
population.
• The term is used mostly in
connection with national
population and housing
censuses; other common
censuses include agriculture,
business, and traffic.
• the first modern census was
carried out in 1768 by Conde
de Aranda, under the reign of
Carlos III.
3rd part

23. Population density
• It is a measurement
of population per unit
area or unit volume. It
is frequently applied
to living organisms,
and particularly to
humans.
3rd part

24. Real population growth
• Population growth is the
change in a population over
time, and can be quantified as
the change in the number of
individuals of any species in a
population using "per unit time"
for measurement.
• In demography, population
growth is used informally for
the more specific term
population growth rate (see
below), and is often used to
refer specifically to the growth
of the human population of the
world.
3rd part

25. Demographic transition
• The Demographic
transition model (DTM) is
a model used to
represent the transition
from high birth and death
rates to low birth and
death rates as a country
develops from a pre-
industrial to an
industrialized economic
system.
3rd part

26. Life expectancy
• Life expectancy is the expected (in
the statistical sense) number of
years of life remaining at a given
age.
• It is denoted by ex, which means
the average number of
subsequent years of life for
someone now aged x, according
to a particular mortality
experience.
• The life expectancy of a group of
individuals is heavily dependent
on the criteria used to select the
group.
• Life expectancy is usually
calculated separately for males
and females.
• Females live longer than males.
3rd part

27. Ageing population process
• It occurs when the
median age of a country
or region rises.
• Population ageing is a
shift in the distribution of
a country's population
towards older ages. This
is usually reflected in an
increase in the
population's mean and
median ages, a decline in
the proportion of the
population composed of
children, and a rise in the
proportion of the
population that is elderly.
3rd part

28. Resultant migration
• Migration refers to
directed, regular, or
systematic movement
of a group of objects,
organisms, or people,
including:
– Emigration
– Immigration
• Calculation:
Resultant migration= immigration - emigration
3rd part

29. Rural-urban migration
• Rural-urban migration is
the movement of people
from the countryside to
the city.
• This causes two things to
happen:
– 1. Urban growth - towns
and cities are expanding,
covering a greater area of
land.
– 2. Urbanisation - an
increasing proportion of
people living in towns and
cities.
3rd part

30. Active population
• Economically active
population comprises all
persons of either sex who
furnish the supply of
labour for the production
of economic goods and
services as defined by
the United Nations
System of National
Accounts during a
specified time-reference
period.
3rd part

31. Old part
• First urban areas
• Nowadays are
populated by low
classes
• Touristy function
• Old buildings =
heritage
4rt part

32. Urban widening area or
ensanche
• It is used to name the
development areas of
Spanish cities around the
end of the 19th century,
when the demographic
explosion and the
Industrial Revolution
prompted the tearing
down of the old city wall
and the construction of
neighborhoods under grid
plans.
4rt part

33. CBD
• A centrally-located (in
space and/or time)
zone of an urban
area, containing the
principal commercial,
professional, retail
and governmental
functions.
4rt part

34. Urban hierarchy
• Classification of the
cities of one region in
function of the offered
services and its
central position.
• The central places of
first order are the
smallest and more
numerous whereas
those of higher order
are fewer.
4rt part

35. Metropolitan area
• A metropolitan area is a
large population center
consisting of a large
metropolis and its adjacent
zone of influence, or of
more than one closely
adjoining neighboring
central cities and their zone
of influence.
• One or more large cities
may serve as its hub or
hubs, and the metropolitan
area is normally named
after either the largest or
most important central city
within it.
4rt part

36. Conurbation
• A conurbation is a region
comprising a number of
cities, large towns, and other
urban areas that, through
population growth and
physical expansion, have
merged to form one
continuous urban and
industrially developed area.
In most cases, a conurbation
is a polycentric urban
agglomeration, in which
transportation has developed
to link areas to create a
single urban labour market
or travel to work area.
4rt part

37. Diffuse urbanization / unfinished
urbanization / sprawl
• The unplanned
uncontrolled growth of
urban areas into the
surrounding
countryside.
4rt part

38. Pendulum like movements
• The term refers to the
periodic movement of the
population daily, weekly,
monthly,
• These pendulum
migration are common
nowadays due to the
development of means of
communication.
• In relation to these
movements appear
commuter-towns.
4rt part

39. Urban Planning General Law
• Law establishing the
rules for building in
urban areas.
4rt part

40. Intensive farming
• Intensive farming or
intensive agriculture is
an agricultural production
system characterized by
the high inputs of capital,
labour, or heavy usage of
technologies such as
pesticides and chemical
fertilizers relative to land
area.
5th part

41. Extensive farming
• Extensive farming or
Extensive
agriculture (as
opposed to Intensive
farming) is an
agricultural production
system that uses
small inputs of labour,
fertilizers, and capital,
relative to the land
area being farmed.
5th part

42. Intensive husbandry
• The branch of agriculture
concerned with the care and
breeding of domestic animals
such as cattle, hogs, sheep,
and horses.
• Controlled cultivation,
management, and production
of domestic animals, including
improvement of the qualities
considered desirable by
humans by means of breeding.
Animals are bred and raised
for utility (e.g., food, fur), sport,
pleasure, and research.
5th part

43. Extensive husbandry
• Extensive systems are
based on the use of an
ecosystem modified by
humans.
• It does not require high
amounts of energy.
• It contributes to maintain
the agro systems.
• In arid climates it can
help to keep vegetation,
avoiding erosion.
• It helps to prevent fires
when controlled.
5th part

44. Farming exploitation
• A tract of land
cultivated for the
purpose of
agricultural
production.
• It can also be devoted
to the raising and
breeding of domestic
animals.
5th part

45. Agrarian landscape
• Agricultural landscapes show a
wide range of ecological
conditions and can differ
considerably in their biodiversity
depending on abiotic factors,
such as soil condition, water
availability, climate, and slope,
and management factors, such
as type, intensity, and scale of
use.
• Grasslands are one of the most
important habitats for
biodiversity in agricultural
landscapes, but extensively
used vineyards, orchards, and
old fields are also of
considerable importance for a
range of species, including many
that have become very rare.
5th part

46. CAP (Common Agricultural
Policy)
• The common
agricultural policy
(CAP) is a system of
European Union
agricultural subsidies and
programmes.
• The CAP combines a
direct subsidy payment
for crops and land which
may be cultivated with
price support
mechanisms, including
guaranteed minimum
prices, import tariffs and
quotas on certain goods
from outside the EU.
5th part

47. Industrial restructuring *
• In the context of the end
of the 1973 crisis, it was a
collection of policies to
transform secondary the
sector and a complement
to re-industrialization.
• It supposed to dissmantle
the iron industry
developed during
Franconism and made
obsolete after the crisis.
5th part

48. Industrial relocation
• It is the process of
changing the location of
some industries due to
the saturation, land high
prices and the increase of
the importance of
complementary activities
that had led to a process
of terciarization of
economy.
5th part

49. High-tech industry
• The high-tech sector of the
economy develops or uses the
most advanced technology
known, it is often seen as
having the most potential for
future growth. This perception
has led to high investment in
high-tech sectors of the
economy.
• High-tech startup enterprises
receive a large portion of
venture capital. However, if, as
has happened in the past,
investment exceeds actual
potential, then investors can
lose all or most of their
investment.
5th part

50. Tertiary sector primacy
(Tertiarization)
• Term used to refer to the
development of the
tertiary (service) sector
and the growing
proportion of employment
(both of men and,
particularly, of women)
represented by this sector
as compared with the
primary and secondary
sectors.
5th part

51. Sustainable development
• Sustainable development is
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs. It contains
within it two key concepts:
– the concept of needs, in
particular the essential needs
of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be
given; and
– the idea of limitations imposed
by the state of technology and
social organization on the
environment's ability to meet
present and future needs."
5th part

52. Transportation infrastructure
• Transport provisions in a location;
the services and facilities of
conveyance other than those of
utilities and communication as
they support ongoing economic
activity in an area.
• Transportation may be seen as a
header for a category of location
data, for example, on a community
profile. Transportation along with
communications infrastructure,
demographics, real estate and
taxes and incentives are arguably
the most sought after information
by prospects.
• Transportation as a item of
location data typically covers
water, air, and ground facilities,
vehicles and services that part of
the infrastructure of an area.
5th part