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SEDIMENTS &SEDIMENTS &
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Relative Percentages ofRelative Percentages of
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
 FromFrom
 Weathering & ErosionWeathering & Erosion
 Precipitation from saturated solutionPrecipitation from saturated solution
 calcite, quartzcalcite, quartz
 Product of evaporationProduct of evaporation
 halite, gypsumhalite, gypsum
 Unconsolidated- NOT cementedUnconsolidated- NOT cemented
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
 Particle sizeParticle size
 Pebbles, cobbles, bouldersPebbles, cobbles, boulders
 Gravel- > 2mmGravel- > 2mm
 Sand- 2mm - 0.063mmSand- 2mm - 0.063mm
 Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mmSilt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm
 Clay- < 0.004Clay- < 0.004
 DepositionDeposition Clay-sizedClay-sized particle vs.particle vs. clay mineralclay mineral
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
 TransportationTransportation
 AbrasionAbrasion
 DepositionDeposition
 Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
 LithificationLithification
 CompactionCompaction
 Decrease inDecrease in pore spacepore space
 for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)
 CementationCementation
 Clastic textureClastic texture
 Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
 CrystallizationCrystallization
 Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
 LithificationLithification
 CompactionCompaction
 Decrease inDecrease in pore spacepore space
 for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)
 CementationCementation
 Clastic textureClastic texture
 Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
 CrystallizationCrystallization
 Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARYTYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKSROCKS
 Clastic or DetritalClastic or Detrital
 Chemical- inorganic precipitation orChemical- inorganic precipitation or
evaporationevaporation
 Biochemical- Organic remainsBiochemical- Organic remains
 shells, charcoal, plant fragmentsshells, charcoal, plant fragments
CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSCLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS
 Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)
 Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
 Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments
 Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)
 Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone
 Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar)
 Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
 Fine-grainedFine-grained MatrixMatrix
 Usually fromUsually from turbidity currentsturbidity currents
CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSCLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS
 Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)
 Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
 Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments
 Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)
 Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone
 Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar)
 Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
 Fine-grainedFine-grained MatrixMatrix
 Usually fromUsually from turbidity currentsturbidity currents
Quartz SandstoneQuartz Sandstone
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARYCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCKSROCKS
 Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks
 Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
 Inorganic varietiesInorganic varieties
 micrite, oolites, travertinemicrite, oolites, travertine
 DolomiteDolomite
 RecrystallizationRecrystallization
 Chert- silicaChert- silica
 EvaporitesEvaporites
 Rock gypsumRock gypsum
 Rock saltRock salt
BIOCHEMICALBIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CoalCoal
 Develops from peatDevelops from peat
 plant fragmentsplant fragments
 LigniteLignite
 Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal
 Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks
 Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
 organic varietiesorganic varieties
 CoquinaCoquina
 Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone
 ChalkChalk
BIOCHEMICALBIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CoalCoal
 Develops from peatDevelops from peat
 plant fragmentsplant fragments
 LigniteLignite
 Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal
 Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks
 Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
 organic varietiesorganic varieties
 CoquinaCoquina
 Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone
 ChalkChalk
SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
 BEDDING-BEDDING-
 Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality
 Bedding planeBedding plane
 Cross-beddingCross-bedding
 Graded bedGraded bed
 Mud cracksMud cracks
 Ripple marksRipple marks
 FossilsFossils
DUNESDUNES
Geo Engg
Geo Engg
Geo Engg
Geo Engg
Geo Engg

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Geo Engg

  • 1. SEDIMENTS &SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
  • 2. Relative Percentages ofRelative Percentages of Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
  • 3. SEDIMENTSEDIMENT  FromFrom  Weathering & ErosionWeathering & Erosion  Precipitation from saturated solutionPrecipitation from saturated solution  calcite, quartzcalcite, quartz  Product of evaporationProduct of evaporation  halite, gypsumhalite, gypsum  Unconsolidated- NOT cementedUnconsolidated- NOT cemented
  • 4. SEDIMENTSEDIMENT  Particle sizeParticle size  Pebbles, cobbles, bouldersPebbles, cobbles, boulders  Gravel- > 2mmGravel- > 2mm  Sand- 2mm - 0.063mmSand- 2mm - 0.063mm  Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mmSilt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm  Clay- < 0.004Clay- < 0.004  DepositionDeposition Clay-sizedClay-sized particle vs.particle vs. clay mineralclay mineral
  • 5. SEDIMENTSEDIMENT  TransportationTransportation  AbrasionAbrasion  DepositionDeposition  Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. SEDIMENTSEDIMENT  LithificationLithification  CompactionCompaction  Decrease inDecrease in pore spacepore space  for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)  CementationCementation  Clastic textureClastic texture  Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide  CrystallizationCrystallization  Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. SEDIMENTSEDIMENT  LithificationLithification  CompactionCompaction  Decrease inDecrease in pore spacepore space  for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)  CementationCementation  Clastic textureClastic texture  Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide  CrystallizationCrystallization  Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
  • 15. TYPES OF SEDIMENTARYTYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSROCKS  Clastic or DetritalClastic or Detrital  Chemical- inorganic precipitation orChemical- inorganic precipitation or evaporationevaporation  Biochemical- Organic remainsBiochemical- Organic remains  shells, charcoal, plant fragmentsshells, charcoal, plant fragments
  • 16. CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSCLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS  Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)  Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments  Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments  Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)  Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone  Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar)  Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)  Fine-grainedFine-grained MatrixMatrix  Usually fromUsually from turbidity currentsturbidity currents
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSCLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS  Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)  Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments  Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments  Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)  Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone  Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar)  Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)  Fine-grainedFine-grained MatrixMatrix  Usually fromUsually from turbidity currentsturbidity currents
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARYCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSROCKS  Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks  Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite  Inorganic varietiesInorganic varieties  micrite, oolites, travertinemicrite, oolites, travertine  DolomiteDolomite  RecrystallizationRecrystallization  Chert- silicaChert- silica  EvaporitesEvaporites  Rock gypsumRock gypsum  Rock saltRock salt
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. BIOCHEMICALBIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS  CoalCoal  Develops from peatDevelops from peat  plant fragmentsplant fragments  LigniteLignite  Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal  Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks  Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite  organic varietiesorganic varieties  CoquinaCoquina  Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone  ChalkChalk
  • 28.
  • 29. BIOCHEMICALBIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS  CoalCoal  Develops from peatDevelops from peat  plant fragmentsplant fragments  LigniteLignite  Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal  Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks  Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite  organic varietiesorganic varieties  CoquinaCoquina  Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone  ChalkChalk
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES  BEDDING-BEDDING-  Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality  Bedding planeBedding plane  Cross-beddingCross-bedding  Graded bedGraded bed  Mud cracksMud cracks  Ripple marksRipple marks  FossilsFossils