This is an PPT about Genome Sequencing.

1. TOPIC:-GENOME SEQUENCING
NAME:- TARUN TIWARI
ROLL NO.:- MCA/25007/18
CLASS:- MCA 2nd SEM.

2. What is Genome Sequencing?
Gnome: One complete set of genetic information (total amount of DNA) from
a haploid set of chromosomes of a single cell in eukaryotes, in a single
chromosome in bacteria, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses.
 “The whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the
DNA”
 In cytogenetic genome means a single set of chromosomes.
 It is denoted by x. Genome depends on the number of ploidy of organism.
• In Drosophila melanogaster (2n = 2x = 8); genome x = 4.
• In hexaploidy Triticum aestival (2n = 6x = 42); genome x = 7.

3.  The genome is found inside every cell, and in those
that have nucleus, the genome is situated inside
the nucleus. Specifically, it is all the DNA in an
organelle.
 The term genome was introduced by H.
Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of
chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes
present in an organism, including a virus.

4. • Nuclear Genomes
• Mitochondrial Genomes
• Chloroplast Genomes
1. Prokaryotic Genomes
2. Eukaryotic Genomes
How is Genomics different from Genetics ?
Genetics as the study of inheritance and genomics as the study of genomes.
–Genetics looks at single genes, one at a time, like a picture or snapshot.
–Genomics looks at the big picture and examines all the genes as an entire
system.

5.  Genome sequencing is the technique that allows researchers to read the
genetic information found in the DNA of anything from bacteria to plants to
animals. Sequencing involves determining the order of bases, the nucleotide
subunits- adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C) and thymine(T), found in DNA.
 Genome sequencing is figuring out the order of DNA nucleotides.

6. •Break genome into smaller fragments
•Sequence those smaller pieces
•Piece the sequences of the short fragments together
STEPS IN GENOME SEQUENCING

7. 1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing
-Useful for sequencing genomes of higher
vertebrates that contain repetitive sequences
2. Whole genome Shotgun Sequencing
-Useful for smaller genomes

8. The method preferred by the Human Genome Project is the hierarchical shotgun sequencing
method.
• Also known as
– The Clone-by-Clone Strategy
– the map-based method
– map first, sequence later
– top-down sequencing
Human Genome Project adopted a map-based strategy
– Start with well-defined physical map
– Produce shortest tiling path for large-insert clones
– Assemble the sequence for each clone
– Then assemble the entire sequence, based on the physical map
1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing

9. 2. WHOLE GENOME SHOTGUN SEQUENCING
The shotgun-sequencing strategy, first proposed by Craig
Venter, Hamilton Smith, and Leroy Hood in 1996, bypasses the mapping stage and
goes right to the sequencing stage.
This method was employed by Celera Genomics, which was a
private entity that was trying to mono-polise the human genome sequence by
patenting it, to do this they had to try and beat the publicly funded project. Whole
genome shotgun sequencing was therefore adopted by them.

10. • A high-priority goal at the beginning of the Human Genome Project was to develop
new mapping and sequencing technologies
AUTOMATED SEQUENCERS
 Perhaps the most important contribution to largescale sequencing was the
development of automated sequencers
 Most use Sanger sequencing method
 Fluorescently labelled reaction products
 Capillary electrophoresis for separation

11. MegaBACE ABI 3700

12.  Computer image of sequence read by automated sequencer

13. Genome sequencing achievement in Bangladesh
 Genome sequencing of Macrophomina phaseolina
- Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil and seed borne fungus
- it can infect more than 500 cultivated and wild plant species.
 Genome sequencing of Jute
-The country first time in world decoded the jute genome.
-Jute was called the Golden Fiber of Bangladesh
as Bangladesh was the largest jute production country of the world.

14. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research
 Molecular Medicine
• improve diagnosis of disease
 Agriculture, Livestock Breeding
• grow disease-, insect-, and drought-resistant crops

15. REFERENCES
• Weaver RF 2005. Molecular Biology. McGraw-Hill International edition, NY.
• Gardner EJ, MJ Simmons and DP Snus tad 1991. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley
and Sons Inc, NY.
• Gupta, P.K. 2007. Genetics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut

16. Thank
You