Abstract— An experiment stand of clonal orchard of masson pine, which included the 123 plus trees of 8 provenances collected from 8 provinces of Southern China, was founded at Jingshan County of Hubei province. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to assess genetic diversity and structure for this clonal seed orchard. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh needle tissue with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System made by Viotechnology Corporation The results indicated that the clonal seed orchard of masson pine had higher genetic diversity. The average genetic diversity of the clonal seed orchard was 0.3169, the Shannon’s information index was 0.4813 respectively, and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 71.0%. Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) within population of Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang were bigger than those of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan. Genetic distances among 8 populations were range from 0.0225 to 0.2175, whereas genetic identities were range from 0.8045 to 0.9777. 8 populations were clustered into 7 clusters, which showed that populations with similar latitude were clustered together and the clustering had nothing to do with geographic distributing. There was not significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance, while the correlation between genetic distance and latitude was more significant.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Genetic diversity in pea germplasm using RAPD MarkersShujaul Mulk Khan
Selection of the genotypes using plasmid assisted technology provides an efficient and useful tool for elaborating genetic relationships among genotypes. In present study, 48 Pea (Pisum sativum var sativum L.) genotypes obtained from different sources were analyzed through 20 RAPD, DNA markers for assessment of intraspecific DNA variations. Results revealed that significant variations were present in minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity. Considerable variations were also recorded in density of some common bands. Maximum and minimum genetic diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found among 08 and 23 comparisons, respectively from banding profile. These variations can be
used further for enhancing variability, a prerequisite for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering (through dendrogram analysis) of genotypes revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin of genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes, respectively. Group A1 and C1 included the most distantly related genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain genetically diverse segregating populations.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Genetic diversity in pea germplasm using RAPD MarkersShujaul Mulk Khan
Selection of the genotypes using plasmid assisted technology provides an efficient and useful tool for elaborating genetic relationships among genotypes. In present study, 48 Pea (Pisum sativum var sativum L.) genotypes obtained from different sources were analyzed through 20 RAPD, DNA markers for assessment of intraspecific DNA variations. Results revealed that significant variations were present in minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity. Considerable variations were also recorded in density of some common bands. Maximum and minimum genetic diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found among 08 and 23 comparisons, respectively from banding profile. These variations can be
used further for enhancing variability, a prerequisite for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering (through dendrogram analysis) of genotypes revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin of genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes, respectively. Group A1 and C1 included the most distantly related genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain genetically diverse segregating populations.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
In last Several years novel genetic and genomics approaches are expended. Genetics and genomics have greatly enhanced our understanding of the structural and functional aspects of plant genomes.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Recombinational variability for combining ability among F4 barbadense lines, ...Yanal Al-Kuddsi
Cotton improvement programmes primarily lay emphasis on development of hybrids, which have contributed in improving the productivity of cotton.
Many population improvement schemes are followed in cross pollinated crops to increase genetic diversity, to create heterotic groups and exploit them.
There is a steep rise in production of long staple cotton, while production of extra long staple, short staple and even medium staple cotton has come down drastically. The success of Interspecific hybrids has lead to overcome the acute shortage of ELS cotton which the country was experiencing during 1970s.
Realizing the need for developing potential interspecific (H×B) hybrids, a details study was initiated at UAS Dharwad during 2007/08 to identify Hirsutum and Barbadense genotypes capable of giving potential interspecific hybrids.
Molecular markers increasingly detect locus differences among genotypes and represent a powerful tool for the assessement of genetic diversity in plant species
Interspecific hybrids are known to be more susceptible to biotic stress. It is hence important to develop Bt version for interspecific hybrid.
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
In last Several years novel genetic and genomics approaches are expended. Genetics and genomics have greatly enhanced our understanding of the structural and functional aspects of plant genomes.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Recombinational variability for combining ability among F4 barbadense lines, ...Yanal Al-Kuddsi
Cotton improvement programmes primarily lay emphasis on development of hybrids, which have contributed in improving the productivity of cotton.
Many population improvement schemes are followed in cross pollinated crops to increase genetic diversity, to create heterotic groups and exploit them.
There is a steep rise in production of long staple cotton, while production of extra long staple, short staple and even medium staple cotton has come down drastically. The success of Interspecific hybrids has lead to overcome the acute shortage of ELS cotton which the country was experiencing during 1970s.
Realizing the need for developing potential interspecific (H×B) hybrids, a details study was initiated at UAS Dharwad during 2007/08 to identify Hirsutum and Barbadense genotypes capable of giving potential interspecific hybrids.
Molecular markers increasingly detect locus differences among genotypes and represent a powerful tool for the assessement of genetic diversity in plant species
Interspecific hybrids are known to be more susceptible to biotic stress. It is hence important to develop Bt version for interspecific hybrid.
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Characterization of Arsenic contaminated Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) through RAPD ...IOSR Journals
Rice being cultivated under anaerobic condition is vulnerable to arsenite, a mobile arsenic speciation Both arsenate and arsenite are highly toxic to human body. Experiments were conducted in Nonaghata (Nadia) and De-ganga (North 24 parganas) with 40 genotypes of rice in Boro season. A few varieties have been identified with low arsenic. Simultaneously some of them were characterized at molecular level by RAPD technique. It is worth to be seen how the low grain and high grain arsenic varieties behave in RAPD fingerprinting. Fourteen out of the 18 decamer random primers showed amplification of genomic DNA in all individuals. A total of 59 fragments were scored, of these fragments, 10 (16.94%) were common to all accessions, 49 (83.06%) were polymorphic and shared by at least eight accessions. It is interesting to mention that the genotypes Azucena and Lemont have already been identified as low grain arsenic genotypes and occupied a distinct different cluster for all primers at the molecular level also. More research is needed in arsenic research in crop plants in different agro climatic situation to have a meaningful and stable conclusion so that the farmers and also the people of West Bengal do not suffer from arsenic hazards at least from the consumption of rice.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
"Genomic approaches for dissecting fitness traits in forest tree landscapes"ExternalEvents
"Genomic approaches for dissecting fitness traits in forest
tree landscapes" presentation by Ciro De Pace, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Austin Journal of Proteomics, Bioinformatics & Genomics is an international, open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publish articles in all fields of proteomics particularly their structures & functions, bioinformatics and genomics. It is a wide-ranging scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. Austin Journal of Proteomics, Bioinformatics & Genomics accepts research articles, letter to editor, mini reviews, review articles, case reports, technical reports, editorials, scientific data, short communication, and rapid communications, etc. on all the aspects of above fields. The Austin Journal of Proteomics, Bioinformatics & Genomics is at the accurate time available, and is generously accessible internationally through internet to share the innovations of the researchers for scholarly advancement in this field.
The aim of the academic journal is to provide a platform for researchers, scientists, physicians, and other health professionals to find latest research information in the areas of proteomics, bioinformatics and genomics. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science. The prominent team of guest editors ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published, with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, surgeons, researchers, scientists, clinicians and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Proteomics, Bioinformatics & Genomics.
Genome Sequencing in Finger Millet
Genome size estimation
SOLiD Sequencing Technology
Illumina Sequencing Technology
Gene prediction and functional annotation of genes
Mining of plant transcription factors and other genes
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp). "Berangan Cv. Intan-...paperpublications3
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Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Genetic Diversity and Structure Analysis of Masson Pine Clonal Seed Orchard
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 95
Genetic Diversity and Structure Analysis of Masson Pine Clonal
Seed Orchard
YouMing Xu1
, AiHua Wan2
, LanHua Guan3
1,2
College of Forestry and Horticulture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070,China
2
Hubei Forest Tree Improvement Center, Wuhan 430070,China
Abstract— An experiment stand of clonal orchard of masson pine, which included the 123 plus trees of 8 provenances
collected from 8 provinces of Southern China, was founded at Jingshan County of Hubei province. Randomly amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to assess genetic diversity and structure for this clonal seed orchard. Total
genomic DNA was extracted from fresh needle tissue with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System made by
Viotechnology Corporation The results indicated that the clonal seed orchard of masson pine had higher genetic diversity.
The average genetic diversity of the clonal seed orchard was 0.3169, the Shannon’s information index was 0.4813
respectively, and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 71.0%. Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles
(Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) within population of
Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang were bigger than those of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan. Genetic distances among
8 populations were range from 0.0225 to 0.2175, whereas genetic identities were range from 0.8045 to 0.9777. 8 populations
were clustered into 7 clusters, which showed that populations with similar latitude were clustered together and the clustering
had nothing to do with geographic distributing. There was not significant correlation between genetic distance and
geographic distance, while the correlation between genetic distance and latitude was more significant.
Keywords— Genetic diversity, Genetic distance, Shannon’s information index, Masson Pine, Clonal Seed Orchard.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since 1940s, forest tree genetic improvement has been performed principally for the purpose of seed orchard establishment,
which is the bridge between breeding and afforestation. At present, seed orchards of more than 80 species of coniferous and
broad-leaved trees have been established, including Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae, Myrtaceae,
Fagaceae, Verbenaceae, Lauraceae, Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae,Aceraceae,Chenopodiaceae etc
(Lai Huanlin and Wang Zhangrong, 1997). Seed orchards are production populations which produce high quality seeds for
afforestation within a certain fixed range, and from which the genetic quality of seeds is transferred to the generation. First-
generation seed orchards were established after phenotypic selection of plus trees from natural or artificial forests. Their
genetic structure relationship among clones in seed orchard was not known It is important to know their genetic structure and
genetic diversity for afforestation and forest management .The results could help to make sure the genetic quality of seed,
improvement direction of seed orchard. But until now there is very few report about these.
DNA markers are able to reflect the variation degree directly on the DNA level and are more sensitive than protein markers.
DNA markers are generally used to study the genetic variation because they could detect much more DNA sites and are not
affected by development stages, physiological status and environments, etc (Lin and Sui 2010, Cai and Shao 2014). Under
controlled condition, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers can be used to identify taxons (Williams 1990,
Wachira 1995) with a close relationship and to clarify the genetic variation of population for its higher sensitivity (Lynch
1994, Gillies 1997, Schierenbeck 1997), genetic diversity within and among populations of shortleaf pine and loblolly pine
(Lynch 1994, Gillies 1997; Schierenbeck 1997), Characterization of the genetic diversity of the Tall coconut (Reina &
Baudouin 2010). Genetic diversity within and among populations of shortleaf pine and loblolly pine (Shiqin & Tauer 2008),
the genetic diversity and introgression of Juglans regia and Juglans sigillata in Tibet (Hua & Gang, 2015), patterns of genetic
diversity of Prunus africana in Ethiopia ( Mihreti & Schueler,2015) and genetic diversity and inbreeding in natural and
managed populations of Scots pine (Rosario & Valentina, 2015) were also reported recently. To know the genetic diversity
and variation within and among populations is very important to tree breeding and forest improvement.
Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), one of the most ecologically and economically important coniferous species for
forest products, is widely distributed in 13 provinces of Southern China. It is also provide habitat for wildlife and other
environmental amenities, including soil stabilization, clean water and air, and carbon sequestration. Because Masson Pine is
widely distributed over most of the central and southern China, it is suggested that it possess a large amount of genetic
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 96
variation due to adaptation to a variety of environments. In this paper, the genetic diversity and structure of the clonal seed
orchard of Masson Pine have been studied by RAPD marker. Although, to date, molecular marker-based studies have been
limited to genetic diversity and population structure for Masson Pine, the genetic analysis and structure of its clonal seed
orchard has not been studied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The clonal seed orchard of Masson Pine is located at Jingshan County of Hubei province China ( 112°45′E, 30°57′N). It was
established in 1993 and consisted of 123 clones derived from provinces of Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Anhui, Hunan and Zhejing in China. Grafts were planted at a spacing of 6×6m and the total area was 12 hm2
. The needle
leaves of each clone were collected in November, 2014 and saved at -80℃.
2.2 DNA extraction
Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh needle tissue with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System made by
Viotechnology Corporation.
2.3 PCR reaction and primers selection
Genomic DNA from 123 individuals was amplified by using 10 mer-primers. Amplification reactions were conducted in 15μl
reaction mixture containing 25 ng of template DNA, 0.45μmol of primer(Operon), 15μM of each of dNTP, 1.5μl of 10×PCR
buffer(Mgcl2 free), and 0.5 U Platinum Taq DNA polymerase(Invitrogen). The PCR amplifications were carried out using
PTC-2000 Thermo-cycler (MJ-Research). The PCR conditions were pre-denatured for 3 min at 940
C followed by 40 cycles
of 1 min at 940
C, 45 sec at an annealing temperature of 370
C and 90 sec at 720
C. After the amplification, the programme
allowed a final extension of 2 min at 720
C before maintained at 40
C. Amplified DNA fragments were separated
electrophoretically in 2.0% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 μg/ml) in 1×TBE buffer. The banding patterns
were compared with a DNA marker DL 2000 (Takara, China), which was used to know about the size of amplified DNA
fragments. All reactions were repeated at least twice to test their repeatability. 8 samples from 8 provenances were used to
select the polymorphic primers. 118 10-mer primers were screened.
2.4 Data analysis
For clarity, only clear and reproducible bands were scored as present (1) or absent (0) in each pattern,as showed in figure 1.
Data spreadsheet was prepared with binary data of RAPD markers, which were used to estimate genetic parameters and to
construct the dendrogram by using POPEGENE version 1.32 (Yeh et al. 1999).
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 97
FIG. 1 SEGREGATION OF RAPD BANDS AMPLIFIED WITH PRIMER OPB11
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Marker analysis and individual identification
9 polymorphic primers were proved useful for producing valuable RAPD bands (Table 1). A total of 69 bands were detected
from these RAPD markers, out of which 49 bands were found polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 71.0%,
which was similar to the results of natural population of Masson pine indicated by allozyme (Wu Ruojing, 2002). 123
individuals could be divided by these polymorphic markers, and each one had its own profile.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 98
TABLE 1
SEQUENCE AND NUMBER OF TOTAL AMPLIFICATION BANDS IN MASSON PINE BY 9 RANDOM PRIMERS
No. Primer Sequence Total bands
1 OPB11 GTAGACCCGT 8
2 OPB12 CCTTGACGCA 3
3 OPC13 AAGCCTCGTC 9
4 OPF03 CCTGATCACC 13
5 OPF05 CCGAATTCCC 10
6 OPF16 GGAGTACTGG 6
7 OPG09 CTGACGTCAC 7
8 OPG12 CAGCTCACGA 5
9 OPG13 CTCTCCGCCA 8
Total 69
3.2 Genetic diversity analysis of clonal seed orchard
Nei’s gene diversity(h)and Shannon’s information index were 0.3169 and 0.4687, respectively. The averaged total genetic
diversity (HT) among the populations was higher (0.292) than that within population (HS=0.220). The mean coefficient of
population differentiation (GST) among the populations was 0.247, showing that 75.3% of the variation was present within
populations. The estimated gene flow (Nm) from the estimated GST was high (1.528).
3.3 Genetic diversity comparison among populations
Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I)
and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) within population of Jiangxi, the results indicated that Hunan and Zhejiang were
bigger than that of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan, which maybe was related to the number of population samples
(Table 2). The number of population samples of Jiangxi, Hunan, and Zhejiang were much greater than that of Guangdong,
Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan.
TABLE 2
GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN POPULATION OF MASSON PINE
Population
No. of
sample
Observed
number of
alleles(Na)
Effective
number of
alleles(Ne)
Nei’s gene
diversity(H)
Shannon
information
index(I)
Percentage of
polymorphic
loci(p)
Jiangxi 18 1.8980 1.5007 0.2985 0.4512 89.80%
Guizhou 9 1.7143 1.4711 0.2642 0.3885 71.43%
Sichuan 5 1.5918 1.3260 0.1961 0.2988 59.18%
Guangdong 2 1.2245 1.1587 0.0930 0.1358 22.45%
Guangxi 2 1.3265 1.2309 0.1353 0.1975 32.65%
Anhui 5 1.4490 1.3159 0.1759 0.2573 44.90%
Hunan 42 2.0000 1.5472 0.3246 0.4896 100.00%
Zhejiang 40 1.8776 1.4586 0.2718 0.4124 87.76%
Nei’s genetic distance and genetic identity among populations in this study were present in table 3. Genetic
distances among 8 populations were range from 0.0225 to 0.2175. The lowest genetic distance recorded between
population Hunan and Jiangxi was 0.0225, and the highest genetic distance recorded between population
Guangdong and Jiangxi with the value of 0.2175. On the contrary, genetic identities among 8 populations were
range from 0.8045 to 0.9777. The lowest genetic recorded between population Guangdong and Jiangxi was
0.8045, and the highest genetic distance recorded between population Hunan and Jiangxi with the value of
0.9777.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 99
TABLE 3
GENETIC IDENTITY (BELOW DIAGONAL) AND GENETIC DISTANCE (ABOVE DIAGONAL) AMONG8
POPULATIONS
Pop ID Jiangxi Guizhong Sichuan Guangdong Guangxi Anhui Hunan Zhejiang
Jiangxi 0.9594 0.9221 0.8045 0.8368 0.8905 0.9777 0.9771
Guizhou 0.0414 0.9244 0.8584 0.8493 0.9128 0.9539 0.9740
Sichuan 0.0811 0.0787 0.8308 0.8537 0.9279 0.9467 0.9461
Guangdong 0.2175 0.1527 0.1854 0.8347 0.8815 0.8477 0.8614
Guangxi 0.1781 0.1634 0.1582 0.1807 0.8605 0.8460 0.8766
Anhui 0.1160 0.0912 0.0748 0.1261 0.1502 0.9205 0.9397
Hunan 0.0225 0.0472 0.0548 0.1653 0.1672 0.0829 0.9756
Zhejiang 0.0231 0.0263 0.0554 0.1492 0.1317 0.0622 0.0247
FIG.2 DENDROGRAM DEVELOPED USING UPGMA BASED ON NEI’S GENETIC DISTANCE, SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG 8 POPULATIONS
As in the dendrogram (Fig. 2), there were 7 clusters. To be specific, Jiangxi population and Hunan population were classified
into the first sub-cluster 1; Zhejiang population and Guizhou population were classified into the second sub-cluster 2; sub-
cluster 3 consisted of sub-cluster 1 and sub-cluster 2, and the 2 sub-clusters were the same close to Sichuan population,
which clustered into the sub-cluster 4; sub-cluster 5 contained sub-cluster 4 and Anhui population; sub-cluster 6 contained
sub-cluster 5 and Guangxi population; finally, sub-cluster 6 and Guangdong population formed the sub-cluster 7. Based on
the cluster analysis, it was indicated that population with similar latitude were clustered together and the clustering had
nothing with geographic distributing. Other researches also indicated there was no relation between growth characteristics,
longitude, geographic distance but associated with latitude. Thus it could be speculated that the primary factors affecting
genetic differentiation of Masson pine most likely were temperature and moisture.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study showed that the clonal seed orchard of Masson Pine had a higher level of genetic diversity, which was similar to
the results of Lai’s study. As a kind of explanation verified by Wheeler & Jech, natural forests differentiated geographically
and genetically, from which plus trees were selected, then, the higher genetic diversity was transferred to the seed orchards.
Genetic structure between filial and parental generations had a close correlation, which was proved by a lot of studies.
Szmidt also had verified that the genetic diversity of the offspring of seed orchard did not decline obviously compared with
that of the offspring of the natural forests (Szmidt 1984, Reina 2010, Mihreti 2015, Hua 2015). Lai drew a conclusion that
there was no significant change of frequency between seed orchard and its progeny forest.
Genetic diversity among forest population had been revealed in this study, perhaps, which was connected with the different
population samples. Providing that raising the number of population samples of Gongdong, Guangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, the
genetic diversity of this seed orchard would be much higher. Therefore, quantifying the total number of the seed orchard and
the number of each provenance is the most concern in seed orchard establishment, which is related both to the level of
genetic diversity and genetic gain obtained from afforestation. As for the next step for seed orchard management, mating
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
This paper is a part of project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570551) Page | 100
ability and inbreeding depression should be estimated via controlled pollination, based on which and the genetic structure
clarified above, the seed orchard should be improved, or the second generation seed orchard should be established.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The stand of clonal orchard for masson pine was founded under the supports of China–Japan Cooperation of Forest Tree
Improvement Project and Taizishan Forest Farm. This experiment was a part of project supported by National Natural
Science Foundation of China (31570551).
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