The document discusses the t-test for dependent means, which is used to analyze differences in scores for the same participants under different conditions. It involves subtracting the first score from the second score for each participant to get a difference score. The null hypothesis assumes there is no difference between the conditions, so the population mean of the difference scores is zero. The calculation and assumptions for the t-test for dependent means are similar to the independent t-test, but it accounts for the dependency between each participant's scores.
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research and quality control. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypothesis. Decision makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypothesis on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In Six –Sigma methodology, hypothesis testing is a tool of substance and used in analysis phase of the six sigma project so that improvement can be done in right direction
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research and quality control. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypothesis. Decision makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypothesis on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In Six –Sigma methodology, hypothesis testing is a tool of substance and used in analysis phase of the six sigma project so that improvement can be done in right direction
Research Evaluation FormCCMH525 Version 32University of.docxaudeleypearl
Research Evaluation Form
CCMH/525 Version 3
2
University of Phoenix Material
Research Evaluation Form
Use this form for both your individual and Learning Team article reviews.
Name(s): ______________________________________________
Quantitative study: __________
Qualitative study: _____________
Location of Researcher’s Observation or Experiment
None _________ Home ________ Clinic _________ Lab __________
Residential facility _________ School _________ Hospital _________ Other __________
Were children involved? Yes _____ No ______ If your answer is yes, how many? _________
Introduction
Research hypothesis or research questions/problem behaviors: ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Operational definitions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Consider the following questions:
Is the need for the study clearly stated in the introduction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Were the research questions and hypothesis clearly stated? Note that research questions are often presented implicitly within a description of the purpose of the study section.
Review of literature as relevant to the study: _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Method
Sample size (total): ________________
Size per group or cell: _______________
Consider the following questions:
_______ Were the methods described so that the study could be replicated without further information?
Subjects
_______ Were subject recruitments and selection methods described?
_______ Were subjects randomly selected? Were there any biases in sampling?
_______ Were the samples appropriate for the population to which the researcher wished to generalize?
_______ Were characteristics of the sample adequately described?
_______ Are two or more groups being compared? Are they shown to be comparable on potentially confounding v ...
Module 01 – Basics of StatisticsClass Objectives· Define and ca.docxroushhsiu
Module 01 – Basics of Statistics
Class Objectives:
· Define and categorize variables.
· Calculate measures of center and variation using formulas and excel.
Module 01 - Part 1
In statistics, we want to study populations to understand how they function and work. To do this, we need to use variables to identify what we would like to study.
· A _________________________ is a characteristic or property of an individual experimental (or observational) unit in the population.
· This term comes from the idea that a characteristic will vary among the units in a population.
Example. Looking at this class as a population, what could be a variable that we may want to study?
Depending on the response to your variables, they can be classified as either quantitative or qualitative variables.
· _________________________________ variables have a response that requires a numerical answer.
· Which variables that we found would be quantitative?
· _________________________________ variables have a response that requires a non-numerical answer.
· Which variables that we found would be qualitative?
Examples. Define the following variables as quantitative or qualitative.
a) How many pets do you own?
b) What types of pets do you own?
c) How friendly are your pets on a scale from 1-4 (4 being very friendly and 1 being mean)?
d) How much does your pet weigh?
Looking specifically at quantitative variables, we can label them as discrete or continuous.
*Note: this categorization does NOT apply to qualitative variables!
· A __________________________________ variable is a quantitative variable that can take on any value between two specific values. (infinite possibilities)
· Examples:
· A ___________________________ variable is a quantitative variable that can only take on a certain number of values (limited possibilities).
· Examples:
Examples. Define the following variables as discrete or continuous.
a) Number of students who are blonde
b) Students’ heights
c) Color of students’ hair
d) Dog’s weight
e) Sum of rolling two dice
For both qualitative and quantitative variables, we also have another level of classification: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
· ________________________ scales are used for labeling variables without any quantitative value.
· All qualitative variables will fall into this category along with any quantitative variables that don’t hold any numerical significance.
· Hint: “nominal” sounds like “name”.
· Examples:
· ________________________ scales the order of the values is what’s important and significant, but the differences between each on its own is not really known.
· They are typically scales of non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness, discomfort, etc.
· Hint: “Ordinal” sounds like “order”
· Examples:
· ___________________________ scales are numeric scales in which we know not only the order, but also the differences between the values.
· Note: They don’ ...
Critical Analysis of Research Article (Team Assignment)· ·.docxfaithxdunce63732
Critical Analysis of Research Article (Team Assignment)
·
· Due Jan 11
Read the article provided by your instructor, and discuss it with your Learning Team. Discuss the research question posed, the authors' hypotheses, the research methodology, and the statistical concepts used. Consider the implications of the study. How did the authors interpret the results? Discuss the meaning and importance of the study.
Create a list of questions for those areas you know little about, and save these questions for discussion in the classroom. Include statistical questions, concepts, terminology, or anything that may be confusing to you.
Complete the Research Evaluation Form provided. The completed form--one per Learning Team--and the list of questions are due this week.
Note. There may be questions you are not able to answer at this time, but do your best. Confer with your Learning Team for clarification and assistance.
Research Evaluation Form
CCMH/525 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix Material
Research Evaluation Form
Use this form for both your individual and Learning Team article reviews.
Name(s): ______________________________________________
Quantitative study: __________
Qualitative study: _____________
Location of Researcher’s Observation or Experiment
none _________ home ________ clinic _________ lab __________
residential facility ________ school _________ hospital _________ other __________
Were children involved? Yes _____ No ______ If your answer is yes, how many? _________
Introduction
Research hypothesis or research questions/problem behaviors: ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Operational definitions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Consider the following questions:
Is the need for the study clearly stated in the introduction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Were the research questions and hypothesis clearly stated? Note that research questions are often presented implicitly within a description of the purpose of the study section.
Review of literature as relevant to the study: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
A Critical Thinking Analysis (Analyzing the Logic of the Article.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A Critical Thinking Analysis (Analyzing the Logic of the Article)
Community College of Philadelphia
(The work is to be formatted according to APA writing style)
Sociology 101 Fall 2014
Title of Article: ____________________________________________
Group Name: _____________________________________________
List Group Members (List):
Group Coordinator: ___________________J#: __________Date: ______Score: ___
Student
____________________J#: __________
Student: _____________________ J#: __________
Student: ____________________ J#: __________
Student: ____________________ J#: ___________
Note: Group members select student coordinator
Comments (Instructor only):
Note: This is a professional document, so it must be treated as such by the student. Remember as you type into the document the lines will shift or move, so double check when adjusting the final paper.
Sociology 101 Assignment Checklist
(Must be attached to paper or assignment)
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have addressed all parts of the report or assignment.
a. Abstract
FORMCHECKBOX
b. Introduction
FORMCHECKBOX
c. Summary
FORMCHECKBOX
d. Conclusion
FORMCHECKBOX
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/My paragraphs are organized logically and help advance my argument.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I used a variety of evidence (for example, quotes, footnotes, examples, facts and illustrations) to reinforce my group’s or individual arguments.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my conclusion summaries our/my argument and explores its implications; it does not simply restate the topic paragraph.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have proofread our/my report or paper carefully, not relying on my computer to do it for us/me.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my name is at the top of the paper.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my paper is collated/file name/emailed to instructor.
FORMCHECKBOX
I have not used anyone else’s work, ideas, or language without citing them appropriately.
FORMCHECKBOX
All our/my sources are on the reference page, which is formatted in APA style.
FORMCHECKBOX
All student names are attached to the report.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have read the plagiarism statement in the syllabus, understand it, and agree to abide by the definitions and penalties described there.
Student(s) Signatures: _________________________________ Date: _____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
Note: The above information should be completed after the document is finished, not before, in order to double check your work results prior to handing in for grading.
Abstract
(After the paper is completed “provide the main generalizable statement about resulting you uncovered doing the paper.”).
Introduction
(“After a brief explanation of the assignment topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence, as well as because of the role thesis statements (author’s) play.
Research Evaluation FormCCMH525 Version 32University of.docxaudeleypearl
Research Evaluation Form
CCMH/525 Version 3
2
University of Phoenix Material
Research Evaluation Form
Use this form for both your individual and Learning Team article reviews.
Name(s): ______________________________________________
Quantitative study: __________
Qualitative study: _____________
Location of Researcher’s Observation or Experiment
None _________ Home ________ Clinic _________ Lab __________
Residential facility _________ School _________ Hospital _________ Other __________
Were children involved? Yes _____ No ______ If your answer is yes, how many? _________
Introduction
Research hypothesis or research questions/problem behaviors: ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Operational definitions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Consider the following questions:
Is the need for the study clearly stated in the introduction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Were the research questions and hypothesis clearly stated? Note that research questions are often presented implicitly within a description of the purpose of the study section.
Review of literature as relevant to the study: _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Method
Sample size (total): ________________
Size per group or cell: _______________
Consider the following questions:
_______ Were the methods described so that the study could be replicated without further information?
Subjects
_______ Were subject recruitments and selection methods described?
_______ Were subjects randomly selected? Were there any biases in sampling?
_______ Were the samples appropriate for the population to which the researcher wished to generalize?
_______ Were characteristics of the sample adequately described?
_______ Are two or more groups being compared? Are they shown to be comparable on potentially confounding v ...
Module 01 – Basics of StatisticsClass Objectives· Define and ca.docxroushhsiu
Module 01 – Basics of Statistics
Class Objectives:
· Define and categorize variables.
· Calculate measures of center and variation using formulas and excel.
Module 01 - Part 1
In statistics, we want to study populations to understand how they function and work. To do this, we need to use variables to identify what we would like to study.
· A _________________________ is a characteristic or property of an individual experimental (or observational) unit in the population.
· This term comes from the idea that a characteristic will vary among the units in a population.
Example. Looking at this class as a population, what could be a variable that we may want to study?
Depending on the response to your variables, they can be classified as either quantitative or qualitative variables.
· _________________________________ variables have a response that requires a numerical answer.
· Which variables that we found would be quantitative?
· _________________________________ variables have a response that requires a non-numerical answer.
· Which variables that we found would be qualitative?
Examples. Define the following variables as quantitative or qualitative.
a) How many pets do you own?
b) What types of pets do you own?
c) How friendly are your pets on a scale from 1-4 (4 being very friendly and 1 being mean)?
d) How much does your pet weigh?
Looking specifically at quantitative variables, we can label them as discrete or continuous.
*Note: this categorization does NOT apply to qualitative variables!
· A __________________________________ variable is a quantitative variable that can take on any value between two specific values. (infinite possibilities)
· Examples:
· A ___________________________ variable is a quantitative variable that can only take on a certain number of values (limited possibilities).
· Examples:
Examples. Define the following variables as discrete or continuous.
a) Number of students who are blonde
b) Students’ heights
c) Color of students’ hair
d) Dog’s weight
e) Sum of rolling two dice
For both qualitative and quantitative variables, we also have another level of classification: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
· ________________________ scales are used for labeling variables without any quantitative value.
· All qualitative variables will fall into this category along with any quantitative variables that don’t hold any numerical significance.
· Hint: “nominal” sounds like “name”.
· Examples:
· ________________________ scales the order of the values is what’s important and significant, but the differences between each on its own is not really known.
· They are typically scales of non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness, discomfort, etc.
· Hint: “Ordinal” sounds like “order”
· Examples:
· ___________________________ scales are numeric scales in which we know not only the order, but also the differences between the values.
· Note: They don’ ...
Critical Analysis of Research Article (Team Assignment)· ·.docxfaithxdunce63732
Critical Analysis of Research Article (Team Assignment)
·
· Due Jan 11
Read the article provided by your instructor, and discuss it with your Learning Team. Discuss the research question posed, the authors' hypotheses, the research methodology, and the statistical concepts used. Consider the implications of the study. How did the authors interpret the results? Discuss the meaning and importance of the study.
Create a list of questions for those areas you know little about, and save these questions for discussion in the classroom. Include statistical questions, concepts, terminology, or anything that may be confusing to you.
Complete the Research Evaluation Form provided. The completed form--one per Learning Team--and the list of questions are due this week.
Note. There may be questions you are not able to answer at this time, but do your best. Confer with your Learning Team for clarification and assistance.
Research Evaluation Form
CCMH/525 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix Material
Research Evaluation Form
Use this form for both your individual and Learning Team article reviews.
Name(s): ______________________________________________
Quantitative study: __________
Qualitative study: _____________
Location of Researcher’s Observation or Experiment
none _________ home ________ clinic _________ lab __________
residential facility ________ school _________ hospital _________ other __________
Were children involved? Yes _____ No ______ If your answer is yes, how many? _________
Introduction
Research hypothesis or research questions/problem behaviors: ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Operational definitions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Consider the following questions:
Is the need for the study clearly stated in the introduction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Were the research questions and hypothesis clearly stated? Note that research questions are often presented implicitly within a description of the purpose of the study section.
Review of literature as relevant to the study: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
A Critical Thinking Analysis (Analyzing the Logic of the Article.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A Critical Thinking Analysis (Analyzing the Logic of the Article)
Community College of Philadelphia
(The work is to be formatted according to APA writing style)
Sociology 101 Fall 2014
Title of Article: ____________________________________________
Group Name: _____________________________________________
List Group Members (List):
Group Coordinator: ___________________J#: __________Date: ______Score: ___
Student
____________________J#: __________
Student: _____________________ J#: __________
Student: ____________________ J#: __________
Student: ____________________ J#: ___________
Note: Group members select student coordinator
Comments (Instructor only):
Note: This is a professional document, so it must be treated as such by the student. Remember as you type into the document the lines will shift or move, so double check when adjusting the final paper.
Sociology 101 Assignment Checklist
(Must be attached to paper or assignment)
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have addressed all parts of the report or assignment.
a. Abstract
FORMCHECKBOX
b. Introduction
FORMCHECKBOX
c. Summary
FORMCHECKBOX
d. Conclusion
FORMCHECKBOX
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/My paragraphs are organized logically and help advance my argument.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I used a variety of evidence (for example, quotes, footnotes, examples, facts and illustrations) to reinforce my group’s or individual arguments.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my conclusion summaries our/my argument and explores its implications; it does not simply restate the topic paragraph.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have proofread our/my report or paper carefully, not relying on my computer to do it for us/me.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my name is at the top of the paper.
FORMCHECKBOX
Our/my paper is collated/file name/emailed to instructor.
FORMCHECKBOX
I have not used anyone else’s work, ideas, or language without citing them appropriately.
FORMCHECKBOX
All our/my sources are on the reference page, which is formatted in APA style.
FORMCHECKBOX
All student names are attached to the report.
FORMCHECKBOX
We/I have read the plagiarism statement in the syllabus, understand it, and agree to abide by the definitions and penalties described there.
Student(s) Signatures: _________________________________ Date: _____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
__________________________________ Date: ____________
Note: The above information should be completed after the document is finished, not before, in order to double check your work results prior to handing in for grading.
Abstract
(After the paper is completed “provide the main generalizable statement about resulting you uncovered doing the paper.”).
Introduction
(“After a brief explanation of the assignment topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence, as well as because of the role thesis statements (author’s) play.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Review
• Last class we learned:
– t-test – hypothesis testing where the population
________________- is unknown
– t-test for ______________- One sample vs
population
– Went through all the steps –
• Estimate new pop variance
• Estimate new DofM
• Use new type of sig. test (t-score)
3. t-test for Dependent Means
• t-test for Dependent Means – uses
___________________for each person and pop
_____________ is still not known; want to see
the ____________ in scores for
___________________________.
• This t-test uses a
__________________________design – each
participant is measured
________________, usually
______________________some
“____________________”
• The means are dependent on each
other, because they are both from the same
4. Calculation
• There are 2 differences between t-tests for
single samples and t-tests for dep. Means
– 1. __________________________– need to
subtract scores to get 1 score
• _________ score _____________ score = __________
(the difference) score
– 2. Assume new ________________– since we are
now using _____________________scores, and
the null hypothesis is that there is ______
difference between scores, we assume that the
_____________________is now __
5. Example
• Hypothesis: Statistics students who get help from
statistics tutors will have ___________ GPAs then
statistics students in general.
• 1. Begin with stating what your two populations are:
– _____________– Students who went to stats tutors’ GPAs
– _____________– All stats students’ GPAs
• 2. Next, state your hypotheses:
– __________________– there is_____difference between
students who went to stats tutors and all stats students.
– ___________________– there _____ a difference
between students who went to stats tutors and all stats
students.
• 3. Goal:
– What is the probability of getting certain results, if there
is no difference
6. • 4. Determine probability:
– _________
• 5. Determine your sample’s t-score (if sample
mean difference score is ___, and DofM SD is __)
t = M-u / Sm = _________ = ____ = __
• 6. Decide whether to reject or accept the null
hypothesis with a sample size of ____
7. df = ____
probability = ___
One or two tailed = ____
t-score = ___
Cut-off value = ____
_________
.05
1.71 2
8. • Can also have 2 scores from
__________people – if you want to examine
________________, _________, etc
• Called a ________________________
9. Assumptions
• Conditions/ __________________ for
hypothesis testing
• We have already talked about
________________ (ch 14)
– in order to make assumptions about our data
(the _________ is just like the pop;
_________________ to a population), we must
always assume the ________________ to be
______________, and make our ____________as
normal as possible
10. Assumptions cont.
• We will learn more assumptions later. . . BUT
• Assumptions are commonly
____________(data usually isn’t normal), so
we make corrections (such as ___________
estimates) to help with this problem
• T-test is very ____________ – good at
“_________________” for violated
assumptions, i.e. non-normal populations and
samples
